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chemistry and chemical reactivity

Questions and Answers of Chemistry And Chemical Reactivity

For many chemical reactions in the laboratory, a percent yield of the correct product of 95% is considered very good. Many biochemical reactions, however, require a much greater percent yield of the
(a) Describe what occurs in the process of transcription.(b) Describe what occurs in the process of translation.
Which of the following statements is/are true?(a) Breaking the P—O bond in ATP is an exothermic process.(b) Making a new bond between the phosphorus atom in the phosphate group being cleaved off
Rank the three types of natural radiation (α, β, γ):(a) In order of increasing mass(b) In order of increasing penetrating power
A graph of binding energy per nucleon is shown in Figure 25.4. Explain how the data used to construct this graph were obtained.Data given in Figure 25.4 Binding energy (kJ/mol of nucleons) 9.0 x
What information was used to identify α and β particles?
How is Figure 25.3 used to predict the type of decomposition for unstable (radioactive) isotopes?Data given in Figure 25.3 Number of
Outline how the synthesis of new isotopes is carried out in the laboratory. Why are neutrons so effective when used as a bombarding particle?
Cobalt-60, used as a source of high-energy gamma radiation in medical procedures, is made in a nuclear reactor by neutron irradiation of cobalt-59. Write an equation for this reaction.
Describe the process that uses carbon-14 for estimating the ages of archeological artifacts.
Explain why carbon-14 dating is limited to the range of 100 to about 60,000 years.
How many alpha and beta emissions occur in the uranium-238 radioactive decay series ending with lead-206?
The uranium-235 radioactive decay series includes 7 alpha emissions and 4 beta emissions. Identify the stable isotope at the end of this series.
Chain reactions occur in a series of steps described as initiation, propagation, and termination. Describe each of these steps for the fission of uranium-235.
The fission of uranium-235 releases 2 × 1010 kJ/ mol. Calculate the quantity of mass converted to energy in this process.
Identify the other element generated in the reaction 235U In 141Ba + 2 'n + ?
In a nuclear reactor, what is a moderator and what is its function?
What are the units associated with each of the following:(a) Curie (b) Rad
The interaction of radiation with matter has both positive and negative consequences. Discuss briefly the hazards of radiation and the way that radiation can be used in medicine.
What are the essential criteria for a radioactive isotope to be used for medical imaging?
Write equations that describe the preparation of technetium-99m from molybdenum-98.
Oxygen-15 is used in the medical procedure called positron emission tomography. This isotope is prepared on a cyclotron from irradiation of nitrogen-14 with deuterium nuclei. It decays to nitrogen-15
Complete the following nuclear equations. Write the mass number and atomic number for the remaining particle, as well as its symbol. (a) Fe + He 2 on + ? (b) Al + He 3P + ? (c) 2S + n →→→→H +
Complete the following nuclear equations. Write the mass number, atomic number, and symbol for the remaining particle. (a) Be + ? (b) ? + in (c) Ca + ? (d) 2 Am + He 96 (e) 246Cm + ¹C (f) 23 U +
What are the advantages and disadvantages of food preservation using radiation?
Complete the following nuclear equations. Write the mass number, atomic number, and symbol for the remaining particle. (a) (b) Kr 36 Ag (c) 23 Pa (d) 23 Th 90 (e) (f) ? Br 12 111 48 -iß + ? 23Ac +
Complete the following nuclear equations. Write the mass number, atomic number, and symbol for the remaining particle. (a) Ne (b) Fe +iß + ? -iß + ? (c) 18K > -9B+ ? (d) Ar+ -e (electron capture)
The uranium-235 radioactive decay series, beginning with and ending with occurs in the following sequence: α, β, α, β, α, α, α, α, β, β, α. Write an equation for each step in this
The thorium-232 radioactive decay series, beginning with and ending withoccurs in the following sequence: α, β, β, α, α, α, α, β, β, α. Write an equation for each step in this series.
What particle is emitted in the following nuclear reactions? Write an equation for each reaction.(a) Gold-198 decays to mercury-198.(b) Radon-222 decays to polonium-218.(c) Cesium-137 decays to
(a) Which of the following nuclei decay by decay?(b) Which of the following nuclei decays by decay? ย
What is the product of the following nuclear decay processes? Write an equation for each process.(a) Gallium-67 decays by electron capture.(b) Potassium-38 decays with positron emission.(c)
(a) Which of the following nuclei decay bydecay?(b) Which of the following nuclei decay bydecay? ย
Predict the probable mode of decay for each of the following radioactive isotopes, and write an equation to show the products of decay.(a) Bromine-80(b) Californium-240(c) Cobalt-61(d) Carbon-11
Predict the probable mode of decay for each of the following radioactive isotopes, and write an equation to show the products of decay.(a) Manganese-54(b) Americium-241(c) Silver-110(d) Mercury-197m
Boron has two stable isotopes, 10B and 11B. Calculate the binding energies per mole of nucleons of these two nuclei. The required masses (in g/mol) are are H = 1.00783, n = 1.00867, ¹B 1.00867, ¹B
Calculate the binding energy in kilojoules per mole of nucleons of P for the formation of 30P and 31P. The required masses (in g/mol) are H = 1.00783, n = 1.00867, P 1.00867, P = 29.97832, 15 and P =
Calculate the binding energy per mole of nucleons for calcium-40, and compare your result with the value in Figure 25.4. Masses needed for this calculation are (in g/mol)Data given in Figure 25.4 H =
Calculate the binding energy per mole of nucleons for iron-56. Masses needed for this calculation (in g/mol) are H = 1.00783, n = 1.00867, and 56Fe = 55.9349
Calculate the binding energy per mole of nucleons for Masses needed for this calculation are 16 8 O.
Calculate the binding energy per mole of nucleons for nitrogen-14. The mass of nitrogen-14 is 14.003074.
Copper(II) acetate containing 64Cu is used to study brain tumors. This isotope has a half-life of 12.7 hours. If you begin with 25.0 μg of 64Cu, what mass remains after 63.5 hours?
Gold-198 is used in the diagnosis of liver problems. The half-life of 198Au is 2.69 days. If you begin with 2.8 μg of this gold isotope, what mass remains after 10.8 days?
Iodine-131 is used to treat thyroid cancer.(a) The isotope decays by β-particle emission. Write a balanced equation for this process.(b) Iodine-131 has a half-life of 8.04 days. If you begin with
Phosphorus-32 is used in the form of Na2HPO4 in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, among other things.(a) The isotope decays by β-particle emission. Write a balanced equation for this
Gallium-67 (t½ = 78.25 hours) is used in the medical diagnosis of certain kinds of tumors. If you ingest a compound containing 0.015 mg of this isotope, what mass (in milligrams) remains in your
Iodine-131 (t½ = 8.04 days), a β emitter, is used to treat thyroid cancer.(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of 131I.(b) If you ingest a sample of NaI containing 131I, how much time is
Radon has been the focus of much attention recently because it is often found in homes. Radon-222 emits α particles and has a half-life of 3.82 days.(a) Write a balanced equation to show this
Strontium-90 is a hazardous radioactive isotope that resulted from atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. A sample of strontium carbonate containing 90Sr is found to have an activity of 1.0 × 103
Radioactive cobalt-60 is used extensively in nuclear medicine as a γ-ray source. It is made by a neutron capture reaction from cobalt-59 and is a β emitter; β emission is accompanied by strong γ
Scandium occurs in nature as a single isotope, scandium-45. Neutron irradiation produces scandium-46, a β emitter with a half-life of 83.8 days. If the initial activity is 7.0 × 104 dpm, draw a
Americium-240 is made by bombarding plutonium-239 with α particles. In addition to 240Am, the products are a proton and two neutrons. Write a balanced equation for this process.
There are two isotopes of americium, both with half-lives sufficiently long to allow the handling of large quantities. Americium-241, with a half-life of 432 years, is an α emitter used in smoke
The superheavy element 287Fl (element 114) was made by firing a beam of 48Ca ions at 242Pu. Three neutrons were ejected in the reaction. Write a balanced nuclear equation for the synthesis of 287Fl.
To synthesize the heavier transuranium elements, a nucleus must be bombarded with a relatively large particle. If you know the products are californium-246 and four neutrons, with what particle would
Some important discoveries in scientific history that contributed to the development of nuclear chemistry are listed below. Briefly, describe each discovery, identify prominent scientists who
Some of the reactions explored by Ernest Rutherford and others are listed below. Identify the unknown species in each reaction. (a) ¹4N + He (b) Be + He (c) ? + He (d) 2 Pu + He 94 ¹0+? → ? +
Boron is an effective absorber of neutrons. When boron-10 is bombarded by neutrons, an α particle is emitted. Write an equation for this nuclear reaction.
Tritium,is one of the nuclei used in fusion reactions. This isotope is radioactive, with a half life of 12.3 years. Like carbon-14, tritium is formed in the upper atmosphere from cosmic radiation,
A technique to date geological samples uses rubidium-87, a long-lived radioactive isotope of rubidium (t½ = 4.8 × 1010 years). Rubidium-87 decays by β emission to strontium-87. If rubidium-87 is
When a neutron is captured by an atomic nucleus, energy is released as γ radiation. This energy can be calculated based on the change in mass in converting reactants to products.For the nuclear
Phosphorus occurs in nature as a single isotope, phosphorus-31. Neutron irradiation of phosphorus-31 produces phosphorus-32, a β emitter with a half-life of 14.28 days. Assume you have a sample
In June 1972, natural fission reactors, which operated billions of years ago, were discovered in Oklo, Gabon . At present, natural uranium contains 0.72% 235U. How many years ago did natural uranium
If a shortage in worldwide supplies of fissionable uranium arose, it would be possible to use other fissionable nuclei. Plutonium, one such fuel, can be made in “breeder” reactors that
The synthesis of livermorium:(a) Lv-296 is made from the collision of a relatively light atom with curium-248. What is the lighter particle?(b) Lv-296 is not stable, decaying to Lv-293. What
Some important discoveries in scientific history that contributed to the development of nuclear chemistry are listed below. Briefly, describe each discovery, identify prominent scientists who
A piece of charred bone found in the ruins of a Native American village has a 14C/12C ratio that is 72% of the ratio found in living organisms. Calculate the age of the bone fragment. (t½ for 14C is
The isotope of polonium that was most likely isolated by Marie Curie in her pioneering studies is polonium-210. A sample of this element was prepared in a nuclear reaction. Initially, its activity
A sample of wood from a Thracian chariot found in an excavation in Bulgaria has a 14C activity of 11.2 dpm/g. Estimate the age of the chariot and the year it was made. (t½ for 14C is 5.73 × 103
Sodium-23 (in a sample of NaCl) is subjected to neutron bombardment in a nuclear reactor to produce 24Na. When removed from the reactor, the sample is radioactive, with β activity of 2.54 × 104
The average energy output of a good grade of coal is 2.6 × 107 kJ/ton. Fission of 1 mol of 235U releases 2.1 × 1010 kJ. Find the number of tons of coal needed to produce the same energy as 1 lb of
The age of minerals can sometimes be determined by measuring the amounts of 206Pb and 238U in a sample. This determination assumes that all of the 206Pb in the sample comes from the decay of 238U.
To measure the volume of the blood system of an animal, the following experiment was done. A 1.0-mL sample of an aqueous solution containing tritium, with an activity of 2.0 × 106 dps, was injected
Collision of an electron and a positron results in formation of two γ rays. In the process, their masses are converted completely into energy.(a) Calculate the energy evolved from the annihilation
Radioactive decay series begin with a very long lived isotope. For example, the half-life of 238U is 4.5 × 109 years. Each series is identified by the name of the long-lived parent isotope of
The principle underlying the isotope dilution method of analysis can be applied to many kinds of problems. Suppose that you, a marine biologist, want to estimate the number of fish in a lake. You
The thorium decay series includes the isotope Determine the sequence of nuclei on going from to 228 90 Th.
Radioactive isotopes are often used as “tracers” to follow an atom through a chemical reaction. The following is an example of this process: Acetic acid reacts with methanol, CH3OH, by
The last unknown element between bismuth and uranium was discovered by Lise Meitner (1878–1968) and Otto Hahn (1879–1968) in 1918. They obtained 231Pa by chemical extraction of pitchblende, in
You might wonder how it is possible to determine the half-life of long-lived radioactive isotopes such as 238U. With a half-life of more than 109 years, the radioactivity of a sample of uranium will
Marie and Pierre Curie isolated radium and polonium from uranium ore (pitchblende, which contains 238U and 235U). Which of the following isotopes of radium and polonium can be found in the uranium
What is the name of the straight (unbranched) chain alkane with the formula C7H16?
What is the molecular formula for an alkane with 12 carbon atoms?
Which of the following compounds can be an alkane?(a) C2H4(b) C5H12(c) C14H30(d) C7H8
Which of the following compounds can be a cyclo alkane?(a) C3H5(b) C5H10(c) C14H30(d) C8H8
One of the structural isomers with the formula C9H20 has the name 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane. Draw its structure. Draw and name another structural isomer of C9H20 in which there is a fivecarbon chain.
Identify the class of each of the following compounds, and give the systematic name for each: (a) (b) CH,CCH, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH (c) CH₂CCH₂CH₂CH3
Give the structural formula and systematic name for the organic product, if any, from each of the following reactions:(a) Pentanal and KMnO4(b) 2-octanone and LiAlH4
Give the structural formula and name for the organic product from the following reactions.(a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO + LiAlH4(b) CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + KMnO4
Describe how to prepare propyl propanoate beginning with 1-propanol as the only carbon-containing reagent.
Give the name and structure of the product of the reaction of benzoic acid and 2-propanol.
Draw structural formulas and give the names for the products of the following reaction: CH,COCH,CH,CH,CH, + NaOH
Draw structural formulas, and give the names for the products of the following reaction: CH C−o—CH +NaOH CH₂
The structure of phenylalanine, one of the 20 amino acids that make up proteins, is drawn below (without lone pairs of electrons). The carbon atoms are numbered for the purpose of this question.(a)
The structure of vitamin C, whose chemical name is ascorbic acid, is drawn below (without lone pairs of electrons).(a) What is the approximate value for the O—C—O bond angle?(b) There are four OH
What is the structure of the product from the reaction of butanoic acid and methylamine? To what class of compounds does this belong? Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
The structure of acetaminophen is shown on page 1095. Using structural formulas, write an equation for the reaction of an acid and an amine to form this compound.Data given on page 1095
Identify the functional groups in the following molecules. 3 (a) CH3CH₂CH₂OH (b) (c) (d) O H₂CCNHCH, O CH₂CH₂COH CH₂CH₂COCH,
Once you have separated the three salts in Study Question 111 into three test tubes, you now need to confirm their presence.(a) For Pb2+ ion, one way to do this is to treat a precipitate of PbCl2
For each of the following electrochemical cells, write equations for the oxidation and reduction half-reactions and for the overall reaction. (a) Pb(s) | Pb²+ (aq) || Sn4+ (aq), Sn²+ (aq) |

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