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chemistry and chemical reactivity

Questions and Answers of Chemistry And Chemical Reactivity

Nickel(II) formate [Ni(HCO2)2] is widely used as a catalyst precursor and to make metallic nickel. It can be prepared in the general chemistry laboratory by treating nickel(II) acetate with formic
Spinels are solids with the general formula M2+(M′3+)2O4 (where M2+ and M′3+ are metal cations of the same or different metals). The bestknown example is common magnetite, Fe3O4 [which you can
Why is the radius of Li+ so much smaller than the radius of Li? Why is the radius of F− so much larger than the radius of F?
Which ions in the following list are not likely to be found in chemical compounds: K2+, Cs+, Al4+, F2−, and Se2−? Explain briefly.
The ionization of the hydrogen atom can be calculated from Bohr’s equation for the electron energy.where NARhc = 1312 kJ/mol and Z is the atomic number. Let us use this approach to calculate a
Answer the following questions about first ionization energies.(a) Generally ionization energies increase on proceeding across a period, but this is not true for magnesium (738 kJ/mol) and aluminum
Compare the configurations below with two electrons located in p orbitals. Which would be the most stable (have the lowest energy)? Which would be the least stable? Explain your answers. (a)
The bond lengths in Cl2, Br2, and I2 are 200, 228, and 266 pm, respectively. Knowing that the tin radius is 141 pm, estimate the bond distances in SnOCl, SnOBr, and SnOI. Compare the estimated values
Write electron configurations to show the first two ionization processes for potassium. Explain why the second ionization energy is much greater than the first.
What is the trend in ionization energy when proceeding down a group in the periodic table. Rationalize this trend.
(a) Explain why the sizes of atoms change when proceeding across a period of the periodic table.(b) Explain why the sizes of transition metal atoms change very little across a period.
Which of the following elements has the greatest difference between its first and second ionization energies: C, Li, N, Be? Explain your answer.
What arguments would you use to convince another student in general chemistry that MgO consists of the ions Mg2+ and O2− and not the ions Mg+ and O−? What experiments could be done to provide
The energies of the orbitals in many elements have been determined. For the first two periods they have the following values:(a) Why do the orbital energies generally become more negative on
Explain why the first ionization energy of Ca is greater than that of K, whereas the second ionization energy of Ca is lower than the second ionization energy of K.
The ionization energies for the removal of the first electron in Si, P, S, and Cl are as listed in the table below. Briefly rationalize this trend. Element First lonization Energy
Using your knowledge of the trends in element sizes on going across the periodic table, explain briefly why the density of the elements increases from K through V. The densities (in g/cm3) of
Transition metals in the sixth period all have much greater densities than the elements in the same groups in the fourth and fifth periods. Refer to Figure 7.8, and explain this observation.Data
The discovery of two new elements (atomic numbers 113 and 115) was announced in February 2004. (a) Use spdf and noble gas notations to give the electron configurations of these two elements. (b)
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following molecules or ions:(a) BrF3(b) I3−(c) XeO2F2(d) XeF3+
Consider the following molecules:(a) CH4(b) NH2Cl(c) BF3(d) CS2(i) In which compound are the bonds most polar?(ii) Which compounds are not polar?(iii) Are the H atoms in NH2Cl negative or positive?
Compare the nitrogen–nitrogen bond in hydrazine, H2NNH2, with that in “laughing gas,” N2O. In which molecule is the nitrogen–nitrogen bond shorter? In which is the bond stronger?
Specify the number of valence electrons for Li, Ti, Zn, Si, and Cl.
What are the orders of the N—O bonds in NO2− and NO2+? The nitrogen–oxygen bond length in one of these ions is 110 pm and 124 pm in the other. Which bond length corresponds to which ion?
Hydroxyproline is a less-common amino acid.(a) Give approximate values for the indicated bond angles.(b) Which are the most polar bonds in the molecule?
Draw the electron dot structure for the sulfite ion, SO32−. In aqueous solution, the ion interacts with H+. Predict whether a H+ ion will attach to the S atom or the O atom of SO32−.
In the text, it is stated that the pressure of 4.00 mol of Cl2 in a 4.00-L tank at 100.0°C should be 26.0 atm if calculated using the van der Waals equation. Verify this result, and compare it with
You want to store 165 g of CO2 gas in a 12.5-L tank at room temperature (25°C). Calculate the pressure the gas would have using(a) The ideal gas law and(b) The van der Waals equation. (For CO2, a =
Consider a 5.00-L tank containing 325 g of H2O at a temperature of 275°C.(a) Calculate the pressure in the tank using both the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation.(b) Which correction term,
Consider a 5.00-L tank containing 375 g of Ar at a temperature of 25 °C.(a) Calculate the pressure in the tank using both the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation.(b) Which correction term,
On combustion, 1.0 L of a gaseous compound of hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen gives 2.0 L of CO2, 3.5 L of H2O vapor, and 0.50 L of N2 at STP. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
You have a sample of helium gas at −33°C, and you want to increase the rms speed of helium atoms by 10.0%. To what temperature should the gas be heated to accomplish this?
If 12.0 g of O2 is required to inflate a balloon to a certain size at 27°C, what mass of O2 is required to inflate it to the same size (and pressure) at 5.0°C?
Butyl mercaptan, C4H9SH, has a very bad odor and is among the compounds added to natural gas to help detect a leak of otherwise odorless natural gas. In an experiment, you burn 95.0 mg of C4H9SH and
A bicycle tire has an internal volume of 1.52 L and contains 0.406 mol of air. The tire will burst if its internal pressure reaches 7.25 atm. To what temperature, in degrees Celsius, does the air in
If you place 2.25 g of solid silicon in a 6.56-L flask that contains CH3Cl with a pressure of 585 mm Hg at 25°C, what mass of dimethyldichlorosilane, (CH3)2SiCl2, can be formed?What pressure of
The temperature of the atmosphere on Mars can be as high as 27°C at the equator at noon, and the atmospheric pressure is about 8 mm Hg. If a spacecraft could collect 10. m3 of this atmosphere,
What volume (in liters) of O2, measured at standard temperature and pressure, is required to oxidize 0.400 mol of phosphorus (P4)? P4(s) + 5 O₂(g) → P4O10(S)
Nitroglycerin decomposes into four different gases when detonated:The detonation of a small quantity of nitroglycerin produces a total pressure of 4.2 atm at a temperature of 450°C.(a) What is the
Ethane burns in air to give H2O and CO2.(a) Four gases are involved in this reaction. Place them in order of increasing rms speed. (Assume all are at the same temperature.)(b) A 3.26-L flask contains
Ni(CO)4 can be made by reacting finely divided nickel with gaseous CO. If you have CO in a 1.50-L flask at a pressure of 418 mm Hg at 25.0°C, along with 0.450 g of Ni powder, what is the theoretical
Propane reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water vapor.If you mix C3H8 and O2 in the correct stoichiometric ratio, and if the total pressure of the mixture is 288 mm Hg, what are the
You have four gas samples:1. 1.0 L of H2 at STP2. 1.0 L of Ar at STP3. 1.0 L of H2 at 27°C and 760 mm Hg4. 1.0 L of He at 0°C and 900 mm Hg(a) Which sample has the largest number of gas particles
Iron carbonyl can be made by the direct reaction of iron metal and carbon monoxide.What is the theoretical yield of Fe(CO)5 if 3.52 g of iron is treated with CO gas having a pressure of 732 mm Hg in
A miniature volcano can be made in the laboratory with ammonium dichromate. When ignited, it decomposes in a fiery display.If 0.95 g of ammonium dichromate is used and the gases from this reaction
Analysis of a gaseous chlorofluorocarbon, CClxFy, shows that it contains 11.79% C and 69.57% Cl. In another experiment, you find that 0.107 g of the compound fills a 458-mL flask at 25°C with a
There are five compounds in the family of sulfur–fluorine compounds with the general formula SxFy. One of these compounds is 25.23% S. If you place 0.0955 g of the compound in a 89-mL flask at
A 3.0-L bulb containing He at 145 mm Hg is connected by a valve to a 2.0-L bulb containing Ar at 355 mm Hg (see figure). Calculate the partial pressure of each gas and the total pressure after the
The density of air 20 km above Earth’s surface is 92 g/m3. The pressure of the atmosphere is 42 mm Hg, and the temperature is −63°C.(a) What is the average molar mass of the atmosphere at this
Chlorine dioxide, ClO2, reacts with fluorine to give a new gas that contains Cl, O, and F. In an experiment, you find that 0.150 g of this new gas has a pressure of 17.2 mm Hg in a 1850-mL flask at
A xenon fluoride can be prepared by heating a mixture of Xe and F2 gases to a high temperature in a pressure-proof container. Assume that xenon gas was added to a 0.25-L container until its pressure
Several small molecules (besides water) are important in biochemical systems: O2, CO, CO2, and NO. You have isolated one of these and to identify it you determine its molar mass. You release 0.37 g
Consider the following gases: He, SO2, CO2, and Cl2.(a) Which has the largest density (assuming that all gases are at the same T and P)?(b) Which gas will effuse fastest through a porous plate?
Which of the following is not correct?(a) Diffusion of gases occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures.(b) Effusion of H2 is faster than effusion of He (assume similar conditions and a rate
The ideal gas law is least accurate under conditions of high pressure and low temperature. In those situations, using the van der Waals equation is advisable.(a) Calculate the pressure exerted by
Carbon dioxide, CO2, was shown to effuse through a porous plate at the rate of 0.033 mol/min. The same quantity of an unknown gas, 0.033 moles, is found to effuse through the same porous barrier in
In an experiment, you have determined that 0.66 moles of CF4 effuse through a porous barrier over a 4.8‑minute period. How long will it take for 0.66 moles of CH4 to effuse through the same barrier?
A balloon is filled with helium gas to a gauge pressure of 22 mm Hg at 25°C. The volume of the gas is 305 mL, and the barometric pressure is 755 mm Hg. What amount of helium is in the balloon?
You are given 1.56 g of a mixture of KClO3 and KCl. When heated, the KClO3 decomposes to KCl and O2,and 327 mL of O2 with a pressure of 735 mm Hg is collected at 19°C. What is the weight percentage
If you have a sample of water in a closed container, some of the water will evaporate until the pressure of the water vapor, at 25°C, is 23.8 mmHg. How many molecules of water per cubic centimeter
Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen to give nitrogen dioxide:(a) Place the three gases in order of increasing rms speed at 298 K.(b) If you mix NO and O2 in the correct stoichiometric ratio and NO
A study of climbers who reached the summit of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen showed that the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in their lungs were 35 mm Hg and 7.5 mm Hg, respectively. The
You have two pressure-proof steel cylinders of equal volume, one containing 1.0 kg of CO and the other containing 1.0 kg of acetylene, C2H2.(a) In which cylinder is the pressure greater at 25°C?(b)
Two flasks, each with a volume of 1.00 L, contain O2 gas with a pressure of 380 mm Hg. Flask A is at 25°C, and flask B is at 0°C. Which flask contains the greater number of O2 molecules?
State whether each of the following samples of matter is a gas. If there is not enough information for you to decide, write “insufficient information.”(a) A material is in a steel tank at 100 atm
Each of four flasks is filled with a different gas. Each flask has the same volume, and each is filled to the same pressure, 3.0 atm, at 25°C. Flask A contains 116 g of air, flask B has 80.7 g of
The sodium azide required for automobile air bags is made by the reaction of sodium metal with dinitrogen monoxide in liquid ammonia:(a) You have 65.0 g of sodium, a 35.0-L flask containing N2O gas
You have two gas-filled balloons, one containing He and the other containing H2. The H2 balloon is twice the volume of the He balloon. The pressure of gas in the H2 balloon is 1 atm, and that in the
Chlorine gas (Cl2) is used as a disinfectant in municipal water supplies, although chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone are becoming more widely used. ClO2 is a better choice than Cl2 in this
If the absolute temperature of a gas doubles, by how much does the rms speed of the gaseous molecules increase?
What intermolecular force(s) must be overcome to perform the following?(a) Melt ice(b) Sublime solid I2(c) Convert liquid NH3 to NH3 vapor
Intermolecular forces: What type of forces must be overcome between I2 molecules when solid I2 dissolves in methanol, CH3OH? What type of forces must be disrupted between CH3OH molecules when I2
What type of intermolecular forces must be overcome in converting each of the following from a liquid to a gas?(a) Liquid O2(b) Mercury(c) CH3I (methyl iodide)(d) CH3CH2OH (ethanol)
What type of intermolecular forces must be overcome in converting each of the following from a liquid to a gas?(a) CO2(b) NH3(c) CHCl3(d) CCl4
Considering intermolecular forces in the pure substance, which of these substances exists as a gas at 25°C and 1 atm?(a) Ne(b) CH4(c) CO(d) CCl4
When solutions of BaCl2 and Na2SO4 are mixed, the mixture becomes cloudy. After a few days, a white solid is observed on the bottom of the beaker with a clear liquid above it.(a) Write a balanced
A 100.-gram sample of sodium chloride (NaCl) is added to 100. mL of water at 0°C. After equilibrium is reached, about 64 g of solid remains undissolved. Describe the equilibrium that exists in this
Which of the following substances is/are likely to dissolve in water, and which is/are likely to dissolve in benzene (C6H6)?(a) NaNO3(b) Diethyl ether, CH3CH2OCH2CH3(c) NH4Cl(d) Naphthalene, C10H8
Account for the fact that alcohols such as methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH) are quite miscible with water, whereas an alcohol with a long-carbon chain, such as octanol (C8H17OH), is poorly
Starch contains C—C, C—H, C—O, and O—H bonds. Hydrocarbons have only C—C and C—H bonds. Both starch and hydrocarbons can form colloidal dispersions in water. Which dispersion is
Which substance would have the greater influence on the vapor pressure of water when added to 1000. g of water: 10.0 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) or 10.0 g of ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH)?
You have two aqueous solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. One contains 5.85 g of NaCl dissolved in 100. mL of solution, and the other contains 8.88 g of KNO3 dissolved in 100. mL of
A protozoan (single-celled animal) that normally lives in the ocean is placed in freshwater. Will it shrivel or burst? Explain briefly.
In the process of distillation, a mixture of two (or more) volatile liquids is first heated to convert the volatile materials to the vapor state. Then the vapor is condensed, reforming the liquid.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is commonly used to melt ice on roads during the winter. Calcium chloride(CaCl2) is sometimes used for this purpose too. Let us compare the effectiveness of equal masses of
Review the trend in values of the van’t Hoff factor i as a function of concentration (Table 13.4). Use the following data to calculate the van’t Hoffweight) (for which ΔT =−3.05°C) and a
Many biochemical reactions are catalyzed by acids. A typical mechanism consistent with the experimental results (in which HA is the acid and X is the reactant) isStep 1: Fast, reversible:Step 2:
You want to study the hydrolysis of the beautiful green, cobalt-based complex called transdichlorobis-( ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) ion,In this hydrolysis reaction, the green complexion
The color change accompanying the reaction of phenolphthalein with strong base is illustrated below. The change in concentration of the dye can be followed by spectrophotometry (Section 4.9), and
The oxidation of iodide ion by the hypochlorite ion in the presence of hydroxide ionswas studied at 25°C, and the following initial rates data (Y. Chia and R. E. Connick, Journal of Physical
The enzyme chymotrypsin catalyzes the hydrolysis of a peptide containing phenylalanine. Using the data below at a given temperature, calculate the maximum rate of the reaction, Ratemax. Peptide
The substitution of CO in Ni(CO)4 by another molecule L [where L is an electron-pair donor such as P(CH3)3] was studied some years ago and led to an understanding of some of the general principles
The acid-catalyzed iodination of acetoneis a common laboratory experiment used in general chemistry courses to teach the method of initial rates. The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by
Hydrogenation reactions, processes wherein H2 is added to a molecule, are usually catalyzed. An excellent catalyst is a very finely divided metal suspended in the reaction solvent. Explain why finely
The table below gives experimentally determined values for freezing points of 1.00% solutions (mass %) of a series of acids.(a) Calculate the molality of each solution, determine the calculated
It is interesting how the Fahrenheit temperature scale was established. One report, given by Fahrenheit in a paper in 1724, stated that the value of 0°F was established as the freezing temperature
In the synthesis of ammonia, if −Δ[H2]/Δt = 4.5 × 10−4 mol/L ∙ min, what is Δ[NH3]/Δt? N₂(g)+ 3 H₂(g) → 2 NH3(g)
The decomposition of N2O5 in CCl4 is a first-order reaction. If 2.56 mg of N2O5 is present initially and 2.50 mg is present after 4.26 minutes at 55°C, what is the value of the rate constant, k?
Nitramide, NO2NH2, decomposes slowly in aqueous solution according to the following reaction:The reaction follows the experimental rate law(a) What is the apparent order of the reaction in a pH
Suppose you have 1000 blocks, each of which is 1.0 cm on a side. If all 1000 of these blocks are stacked to give a cube that is 10. cm on a side, what fraction of the 1000 blocks have at least one

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