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the analysis of biological data
The Analysis Of Biological Data 3rd Edition Michael C. Whitlock, Dolph Schluter - Solutions
Psychologists were interested in whether there is a “denomination effect”—are people more or less likely to spend money if that money is in large bills or in lots of small bills? Such research may help give advice to people with problems controlling their spending, for example. The
Brent et al. (1993) carried out a study to investigate the possible association between firearms in the home and adolescent suicide. How big is the risk? They obtained information on 67 adolescent suicide victims, 70% of whom had died by firearms. The researchers compared this group to a control
Kuru is a prion disease of the Fore people of highland New Guinea. It was once transmitted by the consumption of deceased relatives at mortuary feasts, a ritual that was ended by about 1960. Using archived tissue samples, Mead et al. (2009) investigated genetic variants that might confer resistance
Darwin suggested that plants pollinated by long-tongued insects would benefit by having long flowers, because greater length would cause the insects to press themselves farther into the flower to reach the nectar, increasing deposition and removal of pollen. Several populations of the South African
The number of cases of Lyme disease, a tick-borne illness, more than doubled between 2001 and 2015 in North America. A vaccine for Lyme disease was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998, but it was then removed from the market just 3 years later (Nigrovic and Thompson 2007).
A number of people afflicted with kidney stones have reported that they passed their stones naturally while riding the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad roller coaster at Walt Disney World’s Magic Kingdom theme park. To investigate, Mitchell and Wartinger (2016) brought a silicone pyelocalyceal renal
Reproduction in sea urchins involves the release of sperm and eggs in the open ocean. Fertilization begins when a sperm bumps into an egg and the sperm protein bindin attaches to recognition sites on the egg surface. Gene sequences of bindin and egg-surface proteins vary greatly between closely
The following graph illustrates an association between two variables. The graph shows density of fine roots in Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) planted in three different years of study (redrawn from Moir and Bachelard 1969, with permission). Identify(a) The type of graph,(b) The explanatory and
The accompanying graph indicates the amount of time (latency) that female subjects were willing to leave their hand in icy water while they were swearing (“words you might use after hitting yourself on the thumb with a hammer”) or while not swearing, using other words instead (“words to
Examine the times to rigor mortis of the 114 human corpses tabulated in Practice Problem 9 of Chapter 3.a. What is the standard error of the mean time to rigor mortis?b. The standard error calculated in part (a) measures the spread of what frequency distribution?c. What assumption does your
Refer to the previous problem (Practice Problem 9).a. Using an approximate method, provide a rough 95% confidence interval for the population mean.b. Provide an interpretation of the interval you calculated in part (a).Data from problem 9One of the great discoveries of biology is that organisms
Goldman et al. (1988) analyzed data on 405 patients with white blood cell cancer (chronic myelogenous leukemia) who received bone marrow transplants. They estimated the probability of relapse within 4 years of treatment to be 0.19, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.12 to 0.28. Which of the
An absentminded (and not too clever) scientist friend of yours has just analyzed his data, and he has two numbers—25.4 and 2.54—written on a scrap of paper. He says: “I remember that one of these is the standard deviation of my data and the other is the standard error of the mean, but I
Calculation practice: Addition rule. When women are asked to rate Brussels sprouts, 30% say sprouts are “very repulsive,” 20% say that they are “somewhat repulsive,” 43% are “indifferent,” 6% say sprouts are “somewhat delicious,” and 1% claim they are “especially delicious.”
The following is a list of sample means for human adult height, in centimeters. Each was calculated in the same way from samples taken from the same hypothetical population.The true mean of the population is 158.7 cm. Use the jargon of estimation to describe the likely type of problem in the
When planning to obtain a sample from a population of interest, what can you do to make the standard error of the mean smaller?
A massive survey of sexual attitudes and behavior in Britain between 1999 and 2001 contacted 16,998 households and interviewed 11,161 respondents aged 16–44 years (one per responding household). The frequency distributions of ages of men and women respondents were the same. The following results
Our unique random sample of 100 human genes from the human genome (Example 4.1) was found to have a median length of 2640.5 nucleotides. Specify whether each of the following statements is true or false.a. The median gene length of all human genes is 2640.5 nucleotides.b. The median gene length
The following figure is from the website of a U.S. national environmental laboratory. It displays sample mean concentrations, with 95% confidence intervals, of three radioactive substances. The text accompanying the figure explained that “the first plotted mean is so there is a 95% chance that
Amorphophallus johnsonii is a plant growing in West Africa, and it is better known as a “corpse flower.” Its common name comes from the fact that when it flowers, it gives off a “powerful aroma of rotting fish and faeces” (Beath 1996). The flowers smell this way because their principal
The following three histograms (A, B, and C) plot information about the number of hours of sleep adult Europeans get per night (Roenneberg 2012). One of them shows the frequency distribution of individual values in a random sample. Another shows the distribution of sample means for samples of size
The HIV virus has a high mutation rate compared with bacteria and multicellular life. Many of these mutations are bad for the virus, causing it to replicate more slowly. Theys et al. (2018) assembled a very large database of known HIV mutants and their replication rates.We took a random sample of
Is sleep necessary? To investigate, Lesku et al. (2012) measured the activity patterns of breeding pectoral sandpipers (Calidris melanotos) in the high Arctic in summer, when the sun never sets. The accompanying figure shows the observed percent time that individual males were awake and active in a
Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes are typically carnivorous, obtaining a great deal of their nutrition from insects that become trapped in the pitcher, die, and decay. N. lowii, a pitcher plant from Borneo, produces a second type of pitcher that attracts tree shrews (Tupaia montana), which
Hagen et al. (2011) estimated the home range sizes of four bumblebees (Bombus) by fitting them with tiny radio transmitters and tracking their positions by plane and ground surveys. They estimated the mean home range size to be 20.7 ± 11.6 ha, where the number after the ± sign refers to standard
The following definition of a confidence interval was found on a web page at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. “Confidence intervals are constructed at a confidence level, such as 95%, selected by the user. . . . It means that if the same population is sampled on numerous
When a female jewel wasp (Ampulex compressa) encounters a cockroach (Periplaneta americana), she stings and injects neurotoxins into its head that render the insect unable to initiate self-movement but not paralyzed. The wasp then holds the compliant (zombie) cockroach by the antenna and leads it
Which of the following numerical variables are continuous? Which are discrete?a. Number of injuries sustained in a fallb. Fraction of birds in a large sample infected with avian flu virus.c. Number of crimes committed by a randomly sampled individual.d. Logarithm of body mass
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) occurs in two types: peppered (speckled black and white) and melanic (black). A researcher wished to measure the proportion of melanic individuals in the peppered moth population in England, to examine how this proportion changed from year to year in the past.
What feature of an estimate—precision or accuracy—is most strongly affected when individuals differing in the variable of interest do not have an equal chance of being selected?
In a study of stress levels in U.S. Army recruits stationed in Iraq, researchers obtained a complete list of the names of recruits in Iraq at the time of the study. They listed the recruits alphabetically and then numbered them consecutively. One hundred random numbers between one and the total
An important quantity in conservation biology is the number of plant and animal species inhabiting a given area. To survey the community of small mammals inhabiting Kruger National Park in South Africa, a large series of live traps were placed randomly throughout the park for one week in the main
In a recent study, researchers took electrophysiological measurements from the brains of two rhesus macaques (monkeys). Forty neurons were tested in each monkey, yielding a total of 80 measurements.a. Do the 80 neurons constitute a random sample? Why or why not?b. If the 80 measurements were
Identify which of the following variables are discrete and which are continuous:a. Number of warts on a toadb. Survival time after poisoningc. Temperature of porridged. Number of bread crumbs in 10 meters of traile. Length of wolves’ canines
A study was carried out in women to determine whether the psychological consequences of having an abortion differ from those experienced by women who have lost their fetuses by other causes at the same stage of pregnancy.a. Which is the explanatory variable in this study, and which is the response
For each of the following studies, say which is the explanatory variable and which is the response variable. Also, say whether the study is observational or experimental.a. Forestry researchers wanted to compare the growth rates of trees growing at high altitude to those of trees growing at low
A random sample of 500 households was identified in a major North American city using the municipal voter registration list. Five hundred questionnaires went out, directed at one adult in each household, surveying respondents about attitudes regarding the municipal recycling program. Eighty of the
State whether the following represent cases of estimation or hypothesis testing.a. A random sample of quadrats in Olympic National Forest is taken to determine the average density of Ensatina salamanders.b. A study to determine whether there is extrasensory perception (ESP) is carried out by
A researcher dissected the retinas of 20 randomly sampled fish belonging to each of two subspecies of guppy in Venezuela. Using a sophisticatedlaboratory apparatus, he measured the two groups of fish to find the wavelengths of visible light to which the cones of the retina were most sensitive. The
Identify whether the following variables are numerical or categorical. If numerical, state whether the variable is discrete or continuous. If categorical, state whether the categories have a natural order (ordinal) or not (nominal).a. Number of sexual partners in a yearb. Petal area of rose
In the vermilion flycatcher, the males are brightly colored and sing frequently and prominently. Females are more dull colored and make less sound. In a field study of this bird, a researcher attempted to estimate the fraction of individuals of each sex in the population. She based her estimate on
Not all telephone polls carried out to estimate voter or consumer preferences make calls to cell phones. One reason is that in the United States, automated calls (“robocalls”) to cell phones are not permitted and interviews conducted by humans are more costly.a. How might the strategy of
The average age of piñon pine trees in the coast ranges of California was investigated by placing 500 10-hectare plots randomly on a distribution map of the species using a computer. Researchers then found the location of each random plot in the field, and they measured the age of every piñon
Refer to Problem 18.a. Is the estimate of age based on 500 plots influenced by sampling error?Why?b. How would the sampling error of the estimate of mean age change if the investigators had used a sample of only 100 plots?Data from problem 18The average age of piñon pine trees in the coast
In each of the following examples, indicate which variable is the explanatory variable and which is the response variable.a. The anticoagulant warfarin is often used as a pesticide against house mice, Mus musculus. Some populations of the house mouse have acquired a mutation in the vkorc1 gene
For each of the studies presented in Problem 20, indicate whether the study is an experimental or observational study.Data from problem 20In each of the following examples, indicate which variable is the explanatory variable and which is the response variable.a. The anticoagulant warfarin is often
In a study of heart rate in ocean-diving birds, researchers harnessed 10 randomly sampled, wild-caught cormorants to a laboratory contraption that monitored vital signs. Each cormorant was subjected to six artificial “dives” over the following week (one dive per day). A dive consisted of
In a study of diet preferences in leafcutter ants, a researcher presented 20 randomly chosen ant colonies with leaves from the two most common tree species in the surrounding forest. The leaves were placed in piles of 100, one pile for each tree species, close to colony entrances. Leaves were cut
During World War II, the British Royal Air Force estimated the density of bullet holes on different sections of planes returning to base from aerial sorties. Their goal was to use this information to determine which plane sections most needed additional protective shields. (It was not possible to
Researchers sent out a survey to U.S. war veterans that asked a series of questions, including whether individuals surveyed were smokers or nonsmokers (Seltzer et al. 1974). They found that nonsmokers were 27% more likely than smokers to respond to the survey within 30 days (based on the much
Garaci et al. (2012) examined a sample of people with and without multiple sclerosis (MS) to test the controversial idea that the disease is caused by blood flow restriction resulting from a vein condition known as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Of 39 randomly sampled patients
Refer to Problem 26. If the occurrence of CCSVI was found to be highest in the subjects with MS, would the authors be justified in concluding that CCSVI is a cause of MS? Why or why not?Data from problem 26Garaci et al. (2012) examined a sample of people with and without multiple sclerosis (MS) to
CERN is a European organization based in Switzerland that uses particle accelerators for high-energy physics research. In 2011, researchers at CERN measured the speed of a subatomic particle called a muon neutrino at just over the speed of light. Modern physics was confident that nothing can exceed
A medical researcher wants to know how well a particular drug works at prolonging the lives of patients after diagnosis with Type I diabetes. He decides he needs 50 patients for his study. He realizes that he already has 50 patients who he has been treating for this disease over the past decade.He
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