The Psychology Of Women 7th Edition Margaret W. Matlin - Solutions

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Describe the various types of research designs.
Discuss the ethical concerns raised about using humans and animals in research.
Explain the steps taken by the brain and body to prepare for a reaction.
Apply the parts of a neuron and neurotransmitters to the process of electrochemical communication.
Summarize and synthesize the methods utilized to understand the parts and operation of the brain.
Identify the nature of plasticity in the brain and how it can be applied to understanding brain injuries.
Compare the methods psychologists use to study activity in the human brain.
Evaluate whether different parts of the brain specialize in certain functions or operate as an integrated system.
Interpret what it means to say we have two copies of the same brain. Explain how the two hemispheres uniquely process information.
Conclude whether the adult brain is fixed in its structure or has a capacity to change as a result of experience.
Discuss whether it is possible for people to recover functions lost to brain damage.
Summarize the evidence that healthy tissue can be transplanted from one brain into another.
1. What is the difference between the “mind” and the “brain”?
2. Advances in brain-imaging technology allow us to observe the human brain at work. What kinds of questions do you think we might be able to answer with these sophisticated techniques?
3. Research investigating neural plasticity suggests that life experiences can alter the neural circuitry of the brain. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon? What are some of the real-world implications of this research (e.g., for child rearing or the treatment of stroke
4. What is your opinion of the concussion protocols in sports? For example, should a sports league be forced to make changes if concussions are a known risk of the sport? Do athletes need to be better educated on the risks involved?In your answer, explain how science and, specifically, psychology
List the ways that perception is an active mental process.
Discuss how we manage to identify objects despite apparent changes in their size, shape, and other features.
Describe how we perceive depth in three-dimensional space.
Examine whether our perceptual skills are inborn or learned from experience.
Critique why humans fall prey to perceptual illusions.
1. Distinguish sensation and perception. Can we have sensation without perception? How about perception without sensation?
2. Gestalt psychologists assume that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. What exactly does this mean, and what does it have to do with perception?
3. Children have more taste buds than adults, and we all have more taste buds at the tip of our tongues than at the center. From an evolutionary perspective, how might these differences be adaptive?
4. Suppose a friend wants to get a tattoo but is worried about the pain involved.Your friend decides to deal with the pain by trying to ignore it. Is this a good strategy for managing pain? What other strategies would you advise?
5. Describe the nature of consciousness and the selectivity of what we attend to and are aware of in our environment.
6. Explain why sleep is a necessary function for many mammals, including humans.
7. Explain the phenomenon of hypnosis and how it is used in therapy.
8. Identify psychoactive and addictive drugs and the effects of drug use on consciousness and long-term health.
9. Discuss whether people, like animals, are influenced by biological rhythms or whether they are flexible in their sleeping schedules.
10. Outline how researchers study sleep in the laboratory. Differentiate among the stages of sleep and identify what makes REM sleep so special.
11. Explain what dreams are, why we have them, and what they mean.
12. Distinguish among common sleep disturbances and approaches suggested to address them.
13. Identify drugs that are considered psychoactive and addictive, and explain their mechanism of action.
14. Describe the effects on consciousness of alcohol and tobacco.Relate the long-term health effects of illicit drugs.
15. Discuss whether people can control what is in the spotlight of consciousness.
1. Is hypnosis an altered state of consciousness? Compare the special-process and social-psychological answers to this question. Which do you find more compelling?
2. In what ways are we influenced by subliminal stimuli (i.e., stimuli presented below the level of conscious awareness)? Why might people continue to believe in the power of subliminal advertising?
3. Consider your cultural identity. Try to recall dreams that you’ve had, whether recently or in the past. How might your culture influence the nature of your dreams and what you dream about?
4. How can we use the concept of lucid dreaming to help people effectively deal with nightmares?
If a corporation refuses to consider hiring a male for a receptionist position, then this corporation is practicing sexism. True or False
If you believe that women should be highly regarded as human beings, then you are a feminist. True or False
Feminists agree that men and women are very different from each other. True or False
The most prominent female psychologists in the early 1900s conducted research designed to demonstrate that men are more intellectually competent than women. True or False
If a box of crayons has one crayon labeled “flesh” and that color is light pink, this is an example of the White-as-normative concept. True or False
In the current decade, Asian American women are much more likely than European American women to graduate from college. True or False
Native Americans in the United States have more than 250 different tribal languages. True or False
An important problem in research on gender is that researchers’ expectations can influence the results of the study. True or False
In general, popular magazines emphasize gender differences, rather than gender similarities. True or False
Gender differences are larger when researchers observe people in real-life situations, rather than in a laboratory setting. True or False
Historians and archeologists have typically paid great attention to men’s lives, whereas they often ignore contributions made by women. True or False
When people hear a sentence such as “Each student took his pencil,” they typically think of a male student, rather than a female student. True or False
Today, women constitute about 40% of all TV sportscasters. True or False
Black women and men are fairly well represented on prime-time television, but Latinas/os, Asians, and Native Americans are rarely seen. True or False
Men typically have more traditional stereotypes about gender than women do. True or False
When people complete a standard questionnaire about stereotypes, their gender stereotypes are stronger than when their stereotypes are measured without their awareness. True or False
People are most likely to be biased against a woman’s competence when she is acting in a stereotypically masculine fashion. True or False
Research shows that approximately half of adult lesbians and gay males report that they have been verbally harassed about their sexual orientation. True or False
When parents are asked to explain why their daughter gets high grades in mathematics, they tend to attribute her success to hard work. In contrast, parents tend to attribute their son’s high grades to his mathematical ability. True or False
When college students make judgments about the personality characteristics that they consider most important for themselves, females and males tend to prefer similar items. True or False
Define the terms sex and gender. Then decide which of the two terms you should use in discussing each of the following topics: (a) how boys learn “masculine”body postures and girls learn “feminine”body postures; (b) how hormones influence female and male fetuses prior to birth; (c) a
Apply the two terms feminism and sexism to your own experience. Do you consider yourself a feminist? Can you identify examples of sexism you have observed during the past week? How do the terms feminism and sexism—as used in this chapter—differ from their popular use in the media?
Define each of the following terms, and then give an example: racism, classism, heterosexism, ableism, ageism, White privilege, the White-as-normative concept, and U.S.-centered nationalism.
Describe the four kinds of feminism discussed in this chapter. How are the similarities perspective and the differences perspective (with respect to gender comparisons)related to those four kinds of feminism? How are social constructionism and essentialism related to these two perspectives?
Describe the early research related to gender and the psychology of women. In the section on problems in research, we discuss biases that arise in formulating hypotheses. How might these problems be relevant in explaining some of this early research?
Turn back to Figures 1.1 and 1.2. Does the information about the diversity of racial and ethnic groups match the diversity at your own college or university? If not, what are the differences? How does the information on ethnicity relate to two of the themes of this book?
Imagine that you would like to examine gender comparisons in leadership ability.Describe at least four biases that might influence your research.
Suppose that you read an article in a news magazine that concludes, “Women are more emotional than men.” From a criticalthinking perspective, what questions would you ask to uncover potential biases and problems with the study? (Check Figure 1.3 to see whether your answers to Questions 7 and 8
Describe each of the four themes of this book, and provide an example for each them, based on your own experiences. Do any of the themes contradict your previous ideas about women and gender? If so, how?
What is the difference between gender as a subject variable and gender as a stimulus variable? Suppose that you read a study comparing the aggressiveness of men and women. Is gender a subject variable or a stimulus variable? Suppose that another study examines how people judge aggressive men versus
How would you define the term gender stereotype? Based on the information in this chapter, why might a stereotype of a female not accurately represent a specific woman whom you know? Why or why not?
What topics related to women have historians previously ignored? Mention several reasons why women have not received much attention in history books.
We discussed in this chapter how women often seem invisible; for example, men are normative, whereas women are secondary.Summarize the information about women’s relative invisibility, mentioning history, religion, mythology, language, and the media. How is this issue relevant to the social
In this chapter, we pointed out that people often hold more positive views about men than about women. Discuss this statement, citing support from philosophers, religion, mythology, language, and the media. Then point out why the issue is more complicated when we consider the current research on
What does the research show about people’s stereotypes regarding women from various ethnic groups (that is, when ethnicity is a stimulus variable)? Similarly, what does the research show about how a person’s ethnicity influences his or her gender stereotypes(that is, when ethnicity is a subject
What is heterosexism, and how are gender stereotypes related to heterosexism? The social cognitive approach proposes that our normal cognitive processes could encourage people to develop stereotypes about many social categories, such as lesbians and gay males. Describe how the four cognitive biases
The social cognitive approach proposes that our gender stereotypes arise from normal cognitive processes, beginning with the two categories “men” and “women.” Describe some of the cognitive biases that would encourage people to believe that women are more talkative than men (a stereotype
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? Why is it relevant when we examine how stereotypes can influence behavior? Identify one of your own behaviors that is more gender stereotyped than you might wish, and point out how a self-fulfilling prophecy might be relevant.
Women and men are represented differently in the media and in our culture’s gender stereotypes, yet people may not incorporate these stereotypes into their own selfconcepts.Discuss this statement, using material from throughout the entire chapter.
Throughout this chapter, we discussed cross-cultural research. How do gender biases and stereotypes operate in cultures outside North America? Propose three additional topics related to gender that would be especially interesting to explore.
Infant boys and girls are similar until the 6th week after conception. By the time they are born, they differ in their gonads, internal reproductive systems, and external genitals. How do these three kinds of differences emerge during normal prenatal development? Also, explain why some infants may
According to a well-known proverb,“Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.”Apparently, the masculinity or femininity of an infant is also in the eye of the beholder.In what ways do both parents and strangers perceive differences between male and female infants?
Five-year-old Darlene is playing with a doll.How do social learning theory and the cognitive developmental approach explain her behavior?
Imagine that a family has twins, a girl named Susan and a boy named Jim. Based on the information on families and gender typing, how would you predict that their parents would treat Susan and Jim? Discuss four areas in which parents might respond differently to boys and girls: (a) gendertyped
Discuss four ways in which peers encourage gender typing. How might skillful teachers minimize gender typing? What other precautions should these teachers take to increase the likelihood that females and males will receive fair treatment in the classroom?
In what way do television, electronic media, and books convey gender stereotypes? How could these media influence children’s toy preferences and other gender-typed activities?
Suppose that you are working at a day-care center where you interact with children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years.What evidence do we have that the 6-month-olds already know some information about gender? Also describe what the older children of different ages will probably know about
As children grow older, they know more about gender stereotypes; however, these stereotypes are also more flexible. Describe the research that supports this statement.What implications does this statement have for the influence of peers on gender typing?
Are gender stereotypes more restrictive for boys than for girls? Are fathers more likely than mothers to encourage these stereotypes?Discuss this question, being sure to mention parents’ reactions to their children’s gender-related activities, children’s ideas about occupations, and any other
Children actively work to construct their ideas about gender. Discuss several ways in which they create gender schemas. With respect to the four topics examined in the discussion about peers, how could these gender schemas encourage children to treat their male and female peers differently?
In the section on menstruation, we examined two topics that the popular media sometimes mention: menstrual pain and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). What did you learn in this section that was different from the impressions the media convey?
Throughout this book, we have discussed the social constructionist perspective, in which people construct or create their own versions of reality, based on prior beliefs, experiences, and social interactions. How does this perspective help explain the following issues: (a) premenstrual syndrome,(b)
This textbook emphasizes that research findings about gender comparisons often vary, depending on the researchers’ operational definitions (e.g., how you measure the relevant variables). How is this statement relevant when we consider the research on feminist identity and cultural identity?
Think about a woman you know who has a career in mathematics, science, or something similar. Consider the factors we examined in this chapter that encourage females to pursue this kind of occupation.Which factors seem to have helped this woman to achieve her goal? Did she have to overcome barriers
Portions of this chapter examined ethnic comparisons. Describe information about relevant comparisons, including age of menarche, self-esteem, and experiences with higher education.
Compare adolescent males’ and females’career aspirations. What factors influence these aspirations for young women?Although we did not consider similar research about young men, what factors might influence the aspirations of adolescent males?
Relate the material in the section on selfconcept to the material on career aspirations and to the material on social interactions.Focus on the struggle between commitment to one’s own pursuits and commitment to social relationships.
We mentioned parents in connection with nontraditional careers, family relationships, and romantic relationships. Discuss this information, and speculate how parents can also be important in a young woman’s attitudes toward menstruation, body image, feminist identity, and cultural identity.
Imagine that you are teaching high school.A group of teachers has obtained a large grant for a program on improving the lives of female adolescents. Review the topics in this chapter, and suggest 8 to 10 important topics that this program should address.
Chapter 5 focuses on gender comparisons in cognitive abilities and interests in achievement.Chapter 6 explores gender comparisons in social and personality characteristics.To prepare for these two chapters, make a list of gender comparisons on these dimensions, based on your knowledge from the

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