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social science
psychology 2e
Essentials Of Understanding Psychology 13th International Edition Robert Feldman - Solutions
What chemicals are released in the human body as a result of a stressful event? What are their effects on behavior?
Match each subfield of psychology with the issues or questions posed below.Luis is unique in his manner of responding to crisis situations, with an even temperament and a positive outlook.
The teachers of 8-year-old Jack are concerned that he has recently begun to withdraw socially and to show little interest in schoolwork.
Match each subfield of psychology with the issues or questions posed below.Janetta's job is demanding and stressful. She wonders if her lifestyle is making her more prone to certain illnesses, such as cancer and heart disease.
Match each subfield of psychology with the issues or questions posed below.A psychologist is intrigued by the fact that some people are much more sensitive to painful stimuli than others are.
Match each subfield of psychology with the issues or questions posed below.A strong fear of crowds leads a young man to seek treatment for his problem.
What mental strategies are involved in solving complex word problems?
What teaching methods most effectively motivate elementary school students to successfully accomplish academic tasks?
Jessica is asked to develop a management strategy that will.
Wundt described psychology as the study of conscious experience, a perspective he called____________.
Early psychologists studied the mind by asking people to describe what they were experiencing when exposed to various stimuli. This procedure was known as____________.
The statement "In order to study human behavior, we must consider the whole of perception rather than its component parts" might be made by a person subscribing to which perspective of psychology?
Jeanne's therapist asks her to recount a violent dream she recently experienced in order to gain insight into the unconscious forces affecting her behavior. Jeanne's therapist is working from a perspective____________.
"It is behavior that can be observed that should be studied, not the suspected inner workings of the mind." This statement was most likely made by someone with which perspective?a. Cognitive perspectiveb. Neuroscience perspective C. Humanistic perspectived. Behavioral perspective
"My therapist is wonderful! He always points out my positive traits. He dwells on my uniqueness and strength as an individual. I feel much more confident about myself as if I'm really growing and reaching my potential." The therapist being described most likely follows a____________ perspective.
In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to heredity, and nurture refers to the____________.
Race is a biological concept, not a psychological one. True or false?
An explanation for a phenomenon of interest is known as a __________.
To test this explanation, a researcher must state it in terms of a testable question known as a __________.
An experimenter is interested in studying the relationship between hunger and aggression. She decides that she will measure aggression by counting the number of times a participant will hit a punching bag. In this case, her __________definition of aggression is the number of times the participant
Match the following forms of research to their definitions: 1. Archival research 2. Naturalistic observation 3. 4. Case study Survey research a. Directly asking a sample of people questions about their behavior b. Examining existing records to test a hypothesis C. Looking at behavior in its true
Match each of the following research methods with its primary disadvantage: 1. Archival research 2. Naturalistic observation 3. Survey research 4. Case study a. The researcher may not be able to generalize to the population at large. b. People's behavior can change if they know they are being
A psychologist wants to study the effect of attractiveness on willingness to help a person with a math problem. Attractiveness would be the __________variable, and the amount of helping would be the __________variable.
Ethical research begins with the concept of informed consent. Before signing up to participate in an experiment, participants should be informed of: a. the procedure of the study, stated generally. b. the risks that may be involved. C. their right to withdraw at any time. d. all of these.
List three benefits of using animals in psychological research.
Deception is one means experimenters can use to try to eliminate participants’ expectations. True or false?
A false treatment, such as a pill that has no significant chemical properties or active ingredient, is known as a __________.
A study has shown that men differ from women in their preference for ice cream flavors. This study was based on a sample of two men and three women. What might be wrong with this study?
Do you think intuition and common sense are sufficient for understanding why people act the way they do? In what ways is a scientific approach appropriate for studying human behavior?
Focusing on one of the five major perspectives in use today (that is, neuroscience, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic), can you describe the kinds of research questions and studies that researchers using that perspective might pursue?
Starting with the theory that diffusion of responsibility causes responsibility for helping to be shared among bystanders, Latané and Darley derived the hypothesis that the more people who witness an emergency situation, the less likely it is that help will be given to a victim. Can you think of
A researcher strongly believes that college professors tend to show female students less attention and respect in the classroom than they show male students. He sets up an experimental study involving observations of classrooms in different conditions. In explaining the study to the professors and
How are the structures of the nervous system linked?
How does the endocrine system affect behavior?
Why do psychologists study the brain and the nervous system?
What are the basic elements of the nervous system?
How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another?
How are the structures of the nervous system linked?
How does the endocrine system affect behavior?
How do researchers identify the major parts and functions of the brain?
What are the major parts of the brain, and for what behaviors is each part responsible?
How do the two halves of the brain operate interdependently?
How can an understanding of the nervous system help us find ways to alleviate disease and pain?
The __________is the fundamental element of the nervous system.
Neurons receive information through their __________and send messages through their __________.
Just as electrical wires have an outer coating, axons are insulated by a coating called the ____________________.
The gap between two neurons is bridged by a chemical connection called a __________.
Endorphins are one kind of __________, the chemical “messengers” between neurons.
If you put your hand on a red-hot piece of metal, the immediate response of pulling it away would be an example of a(n) __________.
The central nervous system is composed of the __________and the __________.
In the peripheral nervous system, the __________division controls voluntary movements, whereas the __________division controls organs that keep us alive and function without our awareness.
Maria saw a young boy run into the street and get hit by a car. When she got to the fallen child, she was in a state of panic. She was sweating, and her heart was racing. Her biological state resulted from the activation of what division of the nervous system? parasympathetic a. b. central C.
The emerging field of __________studies ways in which our genetic inheritance predisposes us to behave in certain ways.
Match the name of each brain scan with the appropriate description: a. b. C. EEG fMRI PET 1. By locating radiation within the brain, a computer can provide a striking picture of brain activity. 2. Electrodes placed around the skull record the electrical signals transmitted through the brain. This
Match the portion of the brain with its function: medulla pons C. cerebellum d. reticular formation a. b. 1. Maintains breathing and heartbeat 2. Controls bodily balance 3. Coordinates and integrates muscle movements 4. Activates other parts of the brain to produce general bodily arousal
A surgeon places an electrode on a portion of your brain and stimulates it. Immediately, your right wrist involuntarily twitches. The doctor has most likely stimulated a portion of the __________area of your brain.
Each hemisphere controls the __________side of the body.
Nonverbal realms, such as emotions and music, are controlled primarily by the __________hemisphere of the brain, whereas the __________hemisphere is more responsible for speaking and reading.
How might psychologists use drugs that mimic the effects of neurotransmitters to treat psychological disorders?
In what ways might endorphins help to produce the placebo effect? Is there a difference between believing that one’s pain is reduced and actually experiencing reduced pain? Why or why not?
In what ways is the “fight-or-flight” response helpful to humans in emergency situations?
How might communication within the nervous system result in human consciousness?
Before sophisticated brain-scanning techniques were developed, behavioral neuroscientists’understanding of the brain was based largely on the brains of people who had died. What limitations would this pose, and in what areas would you expect the most significant advances once brain-scanning
Could personal differences in people’s specialization of right and left hemispheres be related to occupational success?
What is sensation, and how do psychologists study it?
What is the relationship between a physical stimulus and the kinds of sensory responses that result from it?
What basic processes underlie the sense of vision?
How do we see colors?
What role does the ear play in the senses of sound, motion, and balance?
How do smell and taste function?
What are the skin senses, and how do they relate to the experience of pain?
What principles underlie our organization of the visual world and allow us to make sense of our environment?
How are we able to perceive the world in three dimensions when our retinas are capable of sensing only two-dimensional images?
What clues do visual illusions give us about our understanding of general perceptual mechanisms?
__________is the stimulation of the sense organs; __________is the sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and the brain.
The term absolute threshold refers to the __________intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be detected.
Weber discovered that for a difference between two stimuli to be perceptible, the stimuli must differ by at least a __________proportion.
After completing a very difficult rock climb in the morning, Carmella found the afternoon climb unexpectedly easy. This example illustrates the phenomenon of __________.
Light entering the eye first passes through the __________, a protective window.
The structure that converts light into usable neural messages is called the __________.
A woman with blue eyes could be described as having blue pigment in her __________.
What is the process by which the thickness of the lens is changed in order to focus light properly?
The proper sequence of structures that light passes through in the eye is the __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Match each type of visual receptor with its function. a. rods 1. b. cones 2. used for dim light, largely insensitive to color detect color, good in bright light
__________theory states that there are three types of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a different color.
The tube-like passage leading from the outer ear to the eardrum is known as the __________ __________.
The purpose of the eardrum is to protect the sensitive nerves underneath it. It serves no purpose in actual hearing. True or false?
The three middle ear bones transmit their sound to the __________ __________.
The __________theory of hearing states that the entire basilar membrane responds to a sound, vibrating more or less, depending on the nature of the sound.
The three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are responsible for our sense of balance are known as the ____________________.
The ____________________theory states that when certain skin receptors are activated as a result of an injury, a “pathway” to the brain is opened, allowing pain to be experienced.
Match each of the following organizational laws with its meaning: a. closure 1. b. proximity 2. C. similarity 3. d. simplicity 4. Elements close together are grouped together. Patterns are perceived in the most basic, direct manner possible. Groupings are made in terms of complete figures. Elements
__________analysis deals with the way in which we break an object down into its component pieces in order to understand it.
Processing that involves higher functions such as expectations and motivations is known as __________, whereas processing that recognizes the individual components of a stimulus is known as __________.
When a car passes you on the road and appears to shrink as it gets farther away, the phenomenon of __________ __________permits you to realize that the car is not in fact getting smaller.
__________ __________is the ability to view the world in three dimensions instead of two.
The brain makes use of a phenomenon known as ____________________, or the difference in the images the two eyes see, to give three dimensions to sight.
How might it be possible to have sensation without perception? Conversely, might it be possible to have perception without sensation?
How is sensory adaptation essential for everyday psychological functioning?
If the eye had a second lens that “unreversed” the image hitting the retina, do you think there would be changes in the way people perceive the world?
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