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social science
psychology 2e
Essentials Of Understanding Psychology 13th International Edition Robert Feldman - Solutions
From an evolutionary standpoint, why might the eye have evolved so that the rods, which we rely on in low light, do not provide sharp images? Are there any advantages to this system?
Much research is being conducted on repairing faulty sensory organs through devices such as personal guidance systems and eyeglasses, among others. Do you think that researchers should attempt to improve normal sensory capabilities beyond their “natural” range (for example, make human visual or
Why might sensitivity to pheromones have evolved differently in humans than in other species?What cultural factors might have played a role?
In what ways do painters represent three-dimensional scenes in two dimensions on a canvas? Do you think artists in non-Western cultures use the same or different principles to represent threedimensionality?Why?
Can you think of examples of the combined use of top-down and bottom-up processing in everyday life? Is one type of processing superior to the other?
What are the states of consciousness?
What happens when we sleep, and what are the meaning and function of dreams?
What are the major sleep disorders, and how can they be treated?
How much do we daydream?
What is hypnosis, and are hypnotized people in a different state of consciousness?
What are the effects of meditation?
What are the major classifications of drugs, and what are their effects?
__________is the term used to describe our understanding of the world external to us, as well as our own internal world.
A great deal of neural activity goes on during sleep. True or false?
Dreams most often occur in __________sleep.
__________ __________are internal bodily processes that occur on a daily cycle.
Freud’s theory of unconscious __________ __________states that the actual wishes an individual expresses in dreams are disguised because they are threatening to the person’s conscious awareness.
Match the theory of dreaming with its definition.i. activation-synthesis theory ii. dreams-for-survival theory iii. dreams as wish fulfillment iv. Dreams permit important information to be reprocessed during sleep.v. The manifest content of dreams disguises the latent content of the dreams.
__________is a state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others.
A friend tells you, “I once heard of a person who was murdered by being hypnotized and then told to jump from the Golden Gate Bridge!” Could such a thing have happened? Why or why not?
__________ is a learned technique for refocusing attention to bring about an altered state of consciousness.
Leslie repeats a unique sound, known as a __________when she engages in meditation.
Drugs that affect a person’s consciousness are referred to as __________.
Match the type of drug to an example of that type.i. narcotic—a pain reliever ii. amphetamine—a strong stimulant iii. hallucinogen—capable of producing hallucinationsa. LSDb. heroinc. dexedrine, or speed
Classify each drug listed as a stimulant (S), depressant (D), hallucinogen (H), or narcotic (N).i. nicotine ii. cocaine iii. alcohol iv. morphine v. marijuana
The effects of LSD can recur long after the drug has been taken. True or false?
__________is a drug that has been used to treat people with heroin addiction.
Suppose that a new “miracle pill” allows a person to function with only 1 hour of sleep per night.However, because a night’s sleep is so short, a person who takes the pill will never dream again.Knowing what you do about the functions of sleep and dreaming, what would be some advantages and
How would studying the sleep patterns of nonhuman species potentially help us figure out which of the theories of dreaming provides the best account of the functions of dreaming?
Why do you think people in almost every culture seek ways of altering their states of consciousness?
Meditation produces several physical and psychological benefits. Does this suggest that we are physically and mentally burdened in our normal state of waking consciousness? Why?
Why have drug education campaigns largely been ineffective in stemming the use of illegal drugs?Should the use of certain now-illegal drugs be made legal? Would stressing reduction of drug use be more effective than completely prohibiting drug use?
People often use the word addiction loosely, speaking of an addiction to candy or a television show.Can you explain the difference between this type of “addiction” and a true physiological addiction?Is there a difference between this type of “addiction” and a psychological addiction?
What is learning?
How do we learn to form associations between stimuli and responses?
What are the roles of reward and punishment in learning?
What are some practical methods for bringing about behavior change, both in ourselves and in others?
What are the roles of cognition and thought in learning?
__________involves changes brought about by experience, whereas maturation describes changes resulting from biological development.
__________is the name of the scientist responsible for discovering the learning phenomenon known as __________conditioning, whereby an organism learns a response to a stimulus to which it normally would not respond.Refer to the passage below to answer questions 3 through 5:The last three times
The painful shot that Theresa received during each visit was a(n) __________ __________that elicited the ____________________, her tears.
Dr. Lopez is upset because his presence has become a __________ __________for Theresa’s crying.
Fortunately, Dr. Lopez gave Theresa no more shots for quite some time. Over that period, she gradually stopped crying and even came to like him. __________had occurred.
__________conditioning describes learning that occurs as a result of reinforcement.
Match the type of operant learning with its definition: 1. An unpleasant stimulus is presented to a. positive reinforcement
Sandy had had a rough day, and his son’s noisemaking was not helping him relax. Not wanting to resort to scolding, Sandy told his son in a serious manner that he was very tired and would like the boy to play quietly for an hour. This approach worked. For Sandy, the change in his son’s behavior
In a __________reinforcement schedule, behavior is reinforced some of the time, whereas in a __________reinforcement schedule, behavior is reinforced all the time.
Match the type of reinforcement schedule with its definition. 1. Reinforcement occurs after a set time period. 2. Reinforcement occurs after a set number of C. 3. responses. Reinforcement occurs after a varying time period. 4. Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses. a. fixed-ratio
Cognitive learning theorists are concerned only with overt behavior, not with its internal causes.True or false?
In cognitive learning theory, it is assumed that people develop a(n) __________about receiving a reinforcer when they behave a certain way.
In __________learning, a new behavior is learned but is not shown until appropriate reinforcement is presented.
Bandura’s __________theory of learning states that people learn through watching a(n)__________(another person displaying the behavior of interest).
How likely is it that Little Albert, Watson’s experimental subject, might have gone through life afraid of Santa Claus? Describe what could have happened to prevent his continual dread of Santa.
Can you think of ways that classical conditioning is used by politicians? Advertisers? Moviemakers?Do ethical issues arise from any of these uses?
Using the scientific literature as a guide, what would you tell parents who want to know if the routine use of physical punishment is a necessary and acceptable form of child rearing?
How might operant conditioning be used to address serious personal concerns, such as smoking and unhealthy eating?
The relational style of learning sometimes conflicts with the traditional school environment. Could a school be created that takes advantage of the characteristics of the relational style? How? Are there types of learning for which the analytical style is clearly superior?
What is the relationship between a model (in Bandura’s sense) and a role model (as the term is used popularly)? Celebrities often complain that their actions should not be scrutinized closely because they do not want to be role models. How would you respond?
What is memory?
Are there different kinds of memory?
What are the biological bases of memory?
What causes difficulties and failures in remembering?
What are the major memory impairments?
Match the type of memory with its definition: 1. Long-term memory a. 2. Short-term memory b. 3. Sensory memory C. Holds information 15 to 25 seconds Stores information on a relatively permanent basis Direct representation of a stimulus
A(n) __________is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored together in short-term memory.
There appear to be two types of declarative memory: __________memory for knowledge and facts and __________memory for personal experiences.
Some memory researchers believe that long-term memory is stored as associations between pieces of information in __________networks.
While with a group of friends at a dance, Eva bumps into a man she dated last month. But when she tries to introduce him to her friends, she cannot remember his name. What is the term for this occurrence?
__________ is the process of retrieving a specific item from memory.
A friend tells you, “I know exactly where I was and what I was doing when I heard that Michael Jackson died.” What is this type of memory phenomenon called?
__________ __________ __________theory states that the more a person analyzes a statement, the more likely he or she is to remember it later.
If, after learning the history of the Middle East for a class 2 years ago, you now find yourself unable to recall what you learned, you are experiencing memory __________, caused by nonuse.
Difficulty in accessing a memory because of the presence of other information is known as __________.
__________interference occurs when material is difficult to retrieve because of subsequent exposure to other material; __________interference refers to difficulty in retrieving material as a result of the interference of previously learned material.
Match the following memory disorders with the correct information:i. Affects alcoholics; may result in hallucinations ii. Memory loss occurring without other mental problems iii. Beta amyloid defect; progressive forgetting and physical deteriorationa. Alzheimer’s diseaseb. Korsakoff’s
It is a truism that “you never forget how to ride a bicycle.” Why might this be so? In what type of memory is information about bicycle riding stored?
The ability to remember specific skills and the order in which they are used is known as procedural memory. Because driving involves procedural memory, why is it so unsafe to use a cell phone while driving?
Research shows that an eyewitness’s memory for details of crimes can contain significant errors.How might a lawyer use this information when evaluating an eyewitness’s testimony? Should eyewitness accounts be permissible in a court of law?
How do schemas help people process information during encoding, storage, and retrieval? In what ways are they helpful? How can they contribute to inaccurate autobiographical memories?
What are the implications of proactive and retroactive interference for learning multiple foreign languages? Would earlier language training in a different language help or hinder learning a new language?
Does the phenomenon of interference help to explain the unreliability of autobiographical memory?Why?
What is thinking?
What processes underlie decision making?
How do people approach and solve problems?
What are the major obstacles to problem solving?
How do people use language?
How does language develop?
What are the different definitions and conceptions of intelligence?
What are the major approaches to measuring intelligence, and what do intelligence tests measure?
How can the extremes of intelligence be characterized?
Are traditional IQ tests culturally biased?
To what degree is intelligence influenced by the environment and to what degree by heredity?
__________ __________are representations in the mind of an object or event.
__________are categorizations of objects that share common properties.
Solving a problem by trying to reduce the difference between the current state and the goal state is known as a ____________________.
__________is the term used to describe the sudden “flash” of revelation that often accompanies the solution to a problem.
Thinking of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as ____________________. A broader, related tendency to approach a problem in a certain way because that method worked previously is known as a ____________________.
Generating unusual but appropriate approaches to a question is known as ____________________.
Match the component of grammar with its definition: 1. Syntax a. Rules showing how words can be combined into sentences. 2. Phonology b. Rules governing the meaning of words and sentences. 3. Semantics c. The study of the sound units that affect speech.
Language production and language comprehension develop in infants about the same time. True or false?
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