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social science
psychology 2e
The Psychology Of Women 7th Edition Margaret W. Matlin - Solutions
During the first few weeks of prenatal development, females and males have similar sex glands and external genitals. True or False
People living in the United States and Canada have strong preferences about the gender of their firstborn child; more than two-thirds would prefer a son rather than a daughter. True or False
When adults think that they are interacting with a baby girl, they typically judge that the baby is more delicate and feminine than if they think they are interacting with a baby boy; this finding is consistent with social constructionism. True or False
Although Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory may have problems explaining adult behavior, it is remarkably accurate in describing children’s gender development. True or False
Mothers talk more about anger to their sons than to their daughters; they talk more about sadness to their daughters than to their sons. True or False
A boy who acts feminine is more likely to be rejected by other children, compared to a girl who acts masculine. True or False
Teachers typically give more educational feedback to boys than to girls. True or False
Research conducted during the past 10 years shows that boys and girls are now almost equally represented in children’s television programs and advertisements. True or False
By the age of 6 months, infants can perceive that a male face belongs in a different category from a series of female faces. True or False
In general, girls are more likely than boys to reject an occupation that would be considered more appropriate for the other gender. True or False
Most researchers believe that there is no physical explanation for menstrual pain. True or False
A clear-cut cluster of symptoms—often called premenstrual syndrome (PMS)—typically affects between 50% and 60% of adolescent females in the United States and Canada. True or False
Recent research confirms that females are much lower than males in their selfesteem, beginning in childhood and continuing through middle age. True or False
In the United States, Adolescents are relatively likely to say that they support feminist principles such as gender equality; they are less likely to say that they are feminists. True or False
During the current decade, schools, teachers, and peers offer strong support for young women who want to pursue careers in math and science. True or False
For all major ethnic groups in the United States, women are more likely than men to attend college. True or False
Adolescent males and females are equally interested in pursuing careers that are prestigious. True or False
According to the research, most adolescents get along fairly well with their parents. True or False
Researchers have found that the friendships of adolescent women are consistently more intimate than the friendships of adolescent men. True or False
Young lesbians are more likely to “come out” to their mothers than to their fathers. True or False
In general, males and females earn similar scores on a wide variety of tests that assess cognitive ability. True or False
Males typically score higher than females on many kinds of memory tests. True or False
In Canada and the United States, females score consistently higher than males on tests of language and verbal ability; the differences are moderate but statistically significant. True or False
The research shows no significant gender differences for students’ grades in mathematics courses. True or False
The largest gender difference for any measure of cognitive ability is that males are typically faster than females in mentally rotating a geometric shape. True or False
More than half of the gender differences in mathematics ability can be traced to gender differences in brain functioning. True or False
Men usually try to achieve success to gain money or fame; in contrast, women usually try to achieve success for their own personal satisfaction. True or False
According to several studies, men are often more confident than women when they judge their academic abilities. True or False
Women are more likely than men to find that their self-confidence is influenced by the evaluations provided by other people. True or False
When a woman succeeds on some tasks, she typically says that her success is due to ability, whereas a man tends to attribute his success to hard work. True or False
Suppose that your local newspaper carries the headline: “Test Shows Males Are More Creative.” The article reports that males had an average score of 78 on a creativity test compared to an average score of 75 for females. Based on the cautions discussed at the beginning of this chapter, why
Recall the cognitive abilities for which researchers have reported no consistent gender differences. Think of several men and several women whom you know well.Do the conclusions about those abilities match your observations about these individuals?
When we examined gender comparisons in memory, we noted that researchers have not conducted general meta-analyses in this area. Describe the specific gender comparisons that researchers have conducted, and note whether these results apply to the women and men whom you know well.
Imagine that a third-grade teacher tells you that the girls in her class are much better readers than the boys. What would you answer, based on the information in this chapter?
The sections on mathematics and spatial abilities revealed inconsistent gender differences.Which areas showed the smallest gender differences, and which showed the largest? Which potential biological and/or social explanations might account for these differences?
Imagine that your local newspaper features an article that claims there are large gender differences in math ability. You decide to write a letter to the editor; describe four points that you would emphasize in your letter.
The research on topics related to achievement motivation illustrates how gender differences rarely apply to all people in all situations. Describe some variables that determine whether gender differences will occur in self-confidence and in attributions for one’s own success.
We discussed two factors that influence whether women and men differ with respect to self-confidence in achievement settings.Keeping these factors in mind, think of a concrete situation in which gender differences are relatively large. Then think of an example of a situation in which gender
In Chapter 6, we’ll see that—in comparison to men—women are somewhat more attuned to the emotions of other people.How is this sensitivity to emotions related to an observation in the current chapter that women are somewhat more attuned to social factors and other people’s emotions when they
To solidify your knowledge in preparation for the chapter on women and work(Chapter 7), think of a prestigious profession that employs relatively few women.Review each of the cognitive abilities and motivational factors discussed in this chapter.Do any of these factors sufficiently explain the
In the discussion of communication styles, we pointed out that men seem to take up more space than women, whether we use the word space to refer to physical space or, more figuratively, to conversational space.Discuss this point, making as many gender comparisons as possible.
Imagine that two college students—a male and a female—are sitting next to each other on a bench somewhere on your college campus. They have never met before, but they begin a conversation. Compare how they would act, with respect to verbal communication (talkativeness, interruptions, language
Turn back to Chapter 3, and review the social learning and cognitive developmental approaches to gender development (pp. 83–85). Point out how these two approaches could explain each of the gender differences in verbal and nonverbal communication.How could the power explanation and the social
The social constructionist perspective emphasizes that our cultural lenses shape the way we ask questions. In particular, these lenses influence the choices that psychologists make when they select topics for research. Summarize the topics of helpfulness, aggression, leadership, and persuasion,
According to stereotypes, women care about interpersonal relationships, whereas men care about dominating other people.As with many stereotypes, this contrast contains a grain of truth. Discuss the grain of truth with respect to helping, friendship, aggression, leadership, and persuasion.Then point
What kinds of factors influence gender differences in aggression? Combining as many factors as possible, describe a situation in which gender differences are likely to be exaggerated. Then describe a situation in which gender differences are likely to be small.
Some researchers argue that gender differences are likely to emerge in areas in which men and women have had different amounts of practice or training. Using the chapter outline on page 173, point out how differential practice might account for many of the gender differences.
Page 176 lists three circumstances in which we tend to find large gender differences in social and personality characteristics.Describe what these factors would predict about gender comparisons in the following situations: (a) a male professor and a female professor who have similar status are
In most of this chapter, we focused on the gender of the subject. However, we also discussed the gender of the stimulus. How do people react to male and female leaders and to females who are trying to influence other people? Why is the phrase “double bind” often relevant to this question?
To solidify your knowledge in preparation for studying women and work (Chapter 7), think of a profession in which relatively few women are employed. Review each of the social and personality characteristics that this chapter discusses. Note whether any of these factors provides a sufficient
In many ways, women’s work experiences have changed dramatically during the past few decades. Turn to the chapter outline on page 207 and describe which factors have changed and which ones have stayed reasonably constant.
The beginning of Chapter 7 discusses“Women, Welfare, and TANF.” Where have you previously heard information about this topic: from other classes, from the media, or from people you know? Which aspects of this chapter’s discussion match your previous information, and which aspects are new?
Based on this chapter’s examination of access discrimination, describe a situation in which a woman would be especially likely to face access discrimination when she applies for a job. What five factors would make a woman least likely to face access discrimination? How should affirmativeaction
What kinds of treatment discrimination do women usually face in the workplace? Discuss the research on this topic, and supplement it with some of the issues mentioned in the section on women’s experiences in selected occupations.
Some people claim that the wage gap can be entirely explained by the fact that women are more likely than men to stop working once they have children and that women have less education than men. How would you respond to this claim? How should the concept of comparable worth apply to women’s and
Compare the experiences of employed women and employed men with respect to the labyrinth metaphor, the sticky floor, and the glass escalator. Also compare the personal characteristics of men and women who have the same high-prestige occupation.
Outline the two general kinds of explanations that have been offered for women’s under-representation in certain jobs(pp. 231–232). Review the section summaries in Chapters 5 and 6, and note which of these two explanations is most supported by the evidence from cognitive and social gender
Suppose that you know several women who earn lower salaries than comparable men in the same company, yet they don’t seem very upset by the discrepancy. How would you explain why they are not angry? What similar process operates when a woman considers the gap in the amount of housework and child
Imagine that you are a 25-year-old woman and that you have decided to return to your former job after the birth of your first baby.Suppose that a neighbor tells you that your child will probably develop psychological problems if you work outside the home.Cite evidence to defend your decision.
Imagine that you are part of a new task force in your state or province. This task force has been instructed to make recommendations to improve the situation of women in the workplace. Based on the information in this chapter, make a list of 8 to 10 recommendations.
At several points in this chapter, we discussed cross-cultural studies as well as research focusing on North American women of color. Summarize this research with respect to the following topics: (a) the ideal romantic partner, (b) marriage, (c)lesbian women, and (d) single women of color.
What is evolutionary psychology, and how does it explain women’s and men’s choices for an ideal romantic partner? Why is it inadequate in explaining cross-cultural research? How can the social-roles theory account for that research? Finally, why would evolutionary psychology have difficulty
The issue of power is an important topic in this chapter. Describe the division of power in traditional and egalitarian marriages, as well as in lesbian relationships. Also discuss how power operates for married women of color.
Discuss how this chapter contains many examples of the theme that women differ widely from one another. Be sure to include topics such as patterns of living together, reactions to divorce, sexual orientation, and the social relationships of single women.
Discuss gender comparisons that were described throughout this chapter. Be sure to include topics such as the ideal sexual partner, the ideal marriage partner, reactions to breaking up, satisfaction with marriage, and the decision to seek a divorce.
We noted that people who like clear-cut categories often experience frustration when they try to understand lesbians and bisexual women. Discuss Lisa Diamond’s research about the fluid nature of sexual orientation, the experiences of bisexual women, and theories about sexual orientation.
Lesbians, bisexuals, and single women all have lifestyles that differ from the traditional norm. What are people’s attitudes toward women in these three groups?
Imagine that you are having a conversation with a friend from your high school, whom you know well. This friend says that she thinks that lesbians are more likely than heterosexual women to have psychological problems and relationship difficulties. She also opposes same-gender marriages. How could
Suppose that you continue to talk with the high-school friend mentioned in Question 8, and the conversation turns to people who have never married. She tells you that she is worried about a woman you both know who doesn’t seem to be interested in dating or finding a husband. How would you respond
Over the past 10 to 20 years, people’s behaviors and attitudes about love relationships have changed a great deal. Using the chapter outline on page 244 as a guideline, describe between five and ten substantial changes.
At several points throughout this chapter, we have seen that sexuality has traditionally been male centered. Address this issue, focusing on topics such as (a) theoretical perspectives on sexuality, (b) sexual scripts, and (c) sexual disorders. Also, compare how the essentialist perspective and the
In the first section of this chapter, we noted that men and women differ more in the intensity of sexual desires than in most other psychological gender comparisons.What are some of the potential consequences of this difference, with respect to sexual behavior and sexual disorders?
In many sections of this chapter, we discussed adolescent women. Describe the experiences a young woman might face as she discusses sexuality with her parents, listens to a sex-education session in her high school, has her first experience with sexual intercourse, makes decisions about
How are gender roles relevant in (a) the initiation of sexual relationships, (b) sexual activity, (c) sexual disorders, and (d) decisions about contraception and abortion?
Describe the information in this chapter that would be helpful for a sexually active woman to know regarding communication about sexuality, self-objectification, and methods of birth control.
Describe attitudes about sexuality in the current era. Does the sexual double standard still hold true in North America in the 21st century?
What information do we have about sexuality in lesbian couples, including sexual activity and sexual problems? Why would a male-centered approach to sexuality make it difficult to decide what “counts” as sexual activity in a lesbian relationship? Why is this same problem relevant when we
Describe the two sexual disorders discussed in this chapter. Why might older women be especially likely to experience these disorders?Briefly describe the general approach to therapy for sexual disorders, including the feminist perspective on sex therapy.
Imagine that you have received a large grant to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies at the high school you attended.What kinds of programs would you plan in order to achieve both immediate and longterm effects?
Discuss the information that we have about unwanted pregnancies. Include such topics as (a) the safety of abortion; (b) a woman’s psychological reactions to an abortion;(c) the consequences for a child whose mother had been denied an abortion; and(d) the consequences for a mother who has given up
Pregnancy and childbirth both involve biological processes. However, social factors are also very influential. Describe how social factors can operate during pregnancy and childbirth.
This chapter emphasizes ambivalent feelings and thoughts more than any other chapter in the book. Address the issue of ambivalence with respect to six topics: (a) emotional reactions to pregnancy, (b) emotional reactions to childbirth, (c) the reality of motherhood, (d) the decision to have
Describe how people react to pregnant women. How might these reactions contribute to women’s emotional responses to pregnancy? Be sure to discuss both hostile and benevolent sexism.
Contrast the high-tech approach to childbirth with the natural-childbirth approach. List the reasons that the natural-childbirth approach would make women feel more in control of their experience during childbirth.
Throughout this chapter, we have seen that stereotypes often do not match reality.Address this issue with respect to some of the problems of motherhood.
In the chapter on women and work (Chapter 7), we discussed Francine Deutsch’s(1999) research on families in which the mother and father take almost equal responsibility for child care. Based on the information in this chapter, describe how an ideal father would offer the best possible support
What are the stereotypes about women of color who are mothers, and how is reality different from these stereotypes? What are the stereotypes and the reality for lesbian mothers?
Childbirth educators have made impressive changes in the way childbirth is now approached. However, motherhood is still extremely stressful. Imagine that our society valued motherhood enough to fund programs aimed at decreasing the difficulties that women experience during the postpartum phase.
Psychologists have conducted less research on pregnancy, childbirth, and motherhood than on any other topic in this book.Review this chapter, and suggest several research projects that could clarify how women experience these three important events in their lives.
As we pointed out in this chapter, women often face a no-win situation with respect to decisions about childbearing and employment.Consider the options for three categories of women: married, lesbian, and single.What kinds of prejudices would be aimed at each category of women (e.g., a lesbian who
This chapter starts by discussing three general trends in the medical treatment of women. Consult pages 351–352, and provide additional information about each of these trends.
At the beginning of this chapter, we examined gender comparisons in life expectancy, morbidity, and the number of visits to health-care providers. Summarize this information, and describe how these factors may be related.
One theme of this book is that men and women are often treated differently. Apply this theme to the following topics: (a) biases against women in health care, (b) women with disabilities, (c) diagnosis of specific diseases, and (d) the availability of substance-abuse programs.
What are some of the specific health problems that women are likely to face, and how can women reduce the chances of developing these life-threatening problems?What are other serious health problems for women who smoke or abuse alcohol?
Define the terms “disability” and“ableism.” How do women with disabilities differ from one another? In what ways does the life of a woman with a disability differ from the life of a woman who is not disabled?
Imagine that you are counseling high-school females about AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Describe each of them and explain why a sexually active woman should be concerned about this health problem.
Some people argue that sexually transmitted diseases are biologically “sexist”; that is, they hurt women more than they hurt men.Provide some examples to support this statement. How does this statement also apply to smoking and alcohol abuse?
How is social class relevant when we consider health care, morbidity, and drug therapy for people with AIDS? How is ethnicity relevant when we consider the following topics: (a) women’s life expectancy, (b)women’s morbidity, (c) the incidence of AIDS, and (d) substance abuse?
Explain why gender comparisons are complicated when we consider the topic of substance abuse. Before you had read the section on substance abuse, what did you believe about gender comparisons in this area?
One theme of this book is that women are relatively invisible, compared to men. Relate this theme to topics such as the general research on women’s health and the specific research on women with disabilities and on women who abuse alcohol. In what areas are women relatively visible?
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