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social science
psychology 2e
Psychology 2nd Edition Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett - Solutions
If you designed an assessment of job satisfaction, what elements would it include?
Downsizing has commonly shown to result in a period of lowered productivity for the organizations experiencing it. What might be some of the reasons for this observation?
What role could a flight simulator play in the design of a new aircraft?
Which of the broad areas of I-O psychology interests you the most and why?
What are some of the KSAs (knowledge, skills, and abilities) that are required for your current position or a position you wish to have in the future?
How would you handle the situation if you were being sexually harassed? What would you consider sexual harassment?
Describe an example of a technology or team and technology interaction that you have had in the context of school or work that could have benefited from better design. What were the effects of the poor design? Make one suggestion for its improvement.
Negative effects of stress are most likely to be experienced when an event is perceived as ________.a. Negative, but it is likely to affect one’s friends rather than oneselfb. Challengingc. Confusingd. Threatening, and no clear options for dealing with it are apparent
Between 2006 and 2009, the greatest increases in stress levels were found to occur among ________.a. Black peopleb. Those aged 45–64c. The unemployedd. Those without college degrees
List some of the risk factors associated with the development of PTSD following a traumatic event.
Researchers have identified a number of factors that are related to happiness. Which of the following is not one of them?a. Ageb. Annual income up to $75,000c. Physical attractivenessd. Marriage
How does positive affect differ from optimism?a. Optimism is more scientific than positive affect.b. Positive affect is more scientific than optimism.c. Positive affect involves feeling states, whereas optimism involves expectations.d. Optimism involves feeling states, whereas positive affect
Carson enjoys writing mystery novels, and has even managed to publish some of his work. When he’s writing, Carson becomes extremely focused on his work; in fact, he becomes so absorbed that that he often loses track of time, often staying up well past 3 a.m. Carson’s experience best illustrates
Provide an example (other than the one described earlier) of a situation or event that could be appraised as either threatening or challenging.
Provide an example of a stressful situation that may cause a person to become seriously ill. How would Selye’s general adaptation syndrome explain this occurrence?
Review the items on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Select one of the items and discuss how it might bring about distress and eustress.
Job burnout tends to be high in people who work in human service jobs. Considering the three dimensions of job burnout, explain how various job aspects unique to being a police officer might lead to job burnout in that line of work.
Discuss the concept of Type A behavior pattern, its history, and what we now know concerning its role in heart disease.
Consider the study in which volunteers were given nasal drops containing the cold virus to examine the relationship between stress and immune function (Cohen et al., 1998). How might this finding explain how people seem to become sick during stressful times in their lives (e.g., final exam week)?
Although problem-focused coping seems to be a more effective strategy when dealing with stressors, do you think there are any kinds of stressful situations in which emotion-focused coping might be a better strategy?
Describe how social support can affect health both directly and indirectly.
In considering the three dimensions of happiness discussed in this section (the pleasant life, the good life, and the meaningful life), what are some steps you could take to improve your personal level of happiness?
The day before the drawing of a $300 million Powerball lottery, you notice that a line of people waiting to buy their Powerball tickets is stretched outside the door of a nearby convenience store. Based on what you’ve learned, provide some perspective on why these people are doing this, and what
Think of a time in which you and others you know (family members, friends, and classmates) experienced an event that some viewed as threatening and others viewed as challenging. What were some of the differences in the reactions of those who experienced the event as threatening compared to those
Suppose you want to design a study to examine the relationship between stress and illness, but you cannot use the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. How would you go about measuring stress? How would you measure illness? What would you need to do in order to tell if there is a cause-effect
If a family member or friend of yours has asthma, talk to that person (if they are willing) about their symptom triggers. Does this person mention stress or emotional states? If so, are there any commonalities in these asthma triggers?
Think of an activity you participate in that you find engaging and absorbing. For example, this might be something like playing video games, reading, or a hobby. What are your experiences typically like while engaging in this activity? Do your experiences conform to the notion of flow? If so, how?
In the harmful dysfunction definition of psychological disorders, dysfunction involves ________.a. The inability of a psychological mechanism to perform its functionb. The breakdown of social order in one’s communityc. Communication problems in one’s immediate familyd. All the above
Patterns of inner experience and behavior are thought to reflect the presence of a psychological disorder if they ________.a. Are highly atypicalb. Lead to significant distress and impairment in one’s lifec. Embarrass one’s friends and/or familyd. Violate the norms of one’s culture
The letters in the abbreviation DSM-5 stand for ________.a. Diseases and Statistics Manual of Medicineb. Diagnosable Standards Manual of Mental Disordersc. Diseases and Symptoms Manual of Mental Disordersd. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
A study based on over 9,000 U. S. residents found that the most prevalent disorder was ________.a. Major depressive disorderb. Social anxiety disorderc. Obsessive-compulsive disorderd. Specific phobia
The diathesis-stress model presumes that psychopathology results from ________.a. Vulnerability and adverse experiencesb. Biochemical factorsc. Chemical imbalances and structural abnormalities in the braind. Adverse childhood experiences
Dr. Anastasia believes that major depressive disorder is caused by an over-secretion of cortisol. His view on the cause of major depressive disorder reflects a ________ perspective.a. Psychologicalb. Supernaturalc. Biologicald. Diathesis-stress
In which of the following anxiety disorders is the person in a continuous state of excessive, pointless worry and apprehension?a. Panic disorderb. Generalized anxiety disorderc. Agoraphobiad. Social anxiety disorder
Which of the following would constitute a safety behavior?a. Encountering a phobic stimulus in the company of other peopleb. Avoiding a field where snakes are likely to be presentc. Avoiding eye contactd. Worrying as a distraction from painful memories
Which of the following best illustrates a compulsion?a. Mentally counting backward from 1,000b. Persistent fear of germsc. Thoughts of harming a neighbord. Falsely believing that a spouse has been cheating
Research indicates that the symptoms of OCD ________.a. Are similar to the symptoms of panic disorderb. Are triggered by low levels of stress hormonesc. Are related to hyperactivity in the orbitofrontal cortexd. Are reduced if people are asked to view photos of stimuli that trigger the symptoms
Symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except ________.a. Intrusive thoughts or memories of a traumatic eventb. Avoidance of things that remind one of a traumatic eventc. Jumpinessd. Physical complaints that cannot be explained medically
Which of the following elevates the risk for developing PTSD?a. Severity of the traumab. Frequency of the traumac. High levels of intelligenced. Social support
Common symptoms of major depressive disorder include all of the following except ________.a. Periods of extreme elation and euphoriab. Difficulty concentrating and making decisionsc. Loss of interest or pleasure in usual activitiesd. Psychomotor agitation and retardation
Suicide rates are ________ among men than among women, and they are ________ during the winter holiday season than during the spring months.a. Higher; higherb. Lower; lowerc. Higher; lowerd. Lower; higher
A study of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia found that the adoptees were most likely to develop schizophrenia ________.a. If their childhood friends later developed schizophreniab. If they abused drugs during adolescencec. If they were raised in a disturbed adoptive home
Dissociative amnesia involves ________.a. Memory loss following head traumab. Memory loss following stressc. Feeling detached from the selfd. Feeling detached from the world
Dissociative identity disorder mainly involves ________.a. Depersonalizationb. Derealizationc. Schizophreniad. Different personalities
Which of the following is not a primary characteristic of ADHD?a. Short attention spanb. Difficulty concentrating and distractibilityc. Restricted and fixated interestd. Excessive fidgeting and squirming
One of the primary characteristics of autism spectrum disorder is ________.a. Bed-wettingb. Difficulty relating to othersc. Short attention spand. Intense and inappropriate interest in others
People with borderline personality disorder often ________.a. Try to be the center of attentionb. Are shy and withdrawnc. Are impulsive and unpredictabled. Tend to accomplish goals through cruelty
Antisocial personality disorder is associated with ________.a. Emotional deficitsb. Memory deficitsc. Parental overprotectiond. Increased empathy
Discuss why thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that are merely atypical or unusual would not necessarily signify the presence of a psychological disorder. Provide an example.
Describe the DSM-5. What is it, what kind of information does it contain, and why is it important to the study and treatment of psychological disorders?
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the DSM differ in various ways. What are some of the differences in these two classification systems?
Why is the perspective one uses in explaining a psychological disorder important?
Describe how cognitive theories of the etiology of anxiety disorders differ from learning theories.
Discuss the common elements of each of the three disorders covered in this section: obsessive compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder.
Describe several of the factors associated with suicide.
Why is research following individuals who show prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia so important?The prevalence of most psychological disorders has increased since the 1980s. However, as discussed in this section, scientific publications regarding dissociative amnesia peaked in the mid-1990s but
The prevalence of most psychological disorders has increased since the 1980s. However, as discussed in this section, scientific publications regarding dissociative amnesia peaked in the mid-1990s but then declined steeply through 2003. In addition, no fictional or nonfictional description of
Compare the factors that are important in the development of ADHD with those that are important in the development of autism spectrum disorder.
Imagine that a child has a genetic vulnerability to antisocial personality disorder. How might this child’s environment shape the likelihood of developing this personality disorder?
Identify a behavior that is considered unusual or abnormal in your own culture; however, it would be considered normal and expected in another culture.
Even today, some believe that certain occurrences have supernatural causes. Think of an event, recent or historical, for which others have provided supernatural explanation.
Think of someone you know who seems to have a tendency to make negative, self-defeating explanations for negative life events. How might this tendency lead to future problems? What steps do you think could be taken to change this thinking style?
Try to find an example (via a search engine) of a past instance in which a person committed a horrible crime, was apprehended, and later claimed to have dissociative identity disorder during the trial. What was the outcome? Was the person revealed to be faking? If so, how was this determined?
Discuss the characteristics of autism spectrum disorder with a few of your friends or members of your family (choose friends or family members who know little about the disorder) and ask them if they think the cause is due to vaccinations. If they indicate that they believe this to be true, why do
Who of the following does not support the humane and improved treatment of people with mental illness?a. Philippe Pinelb. Medieval priestsc. Dorothea Dixd. All of the above
The process of closing large asylums and providing for people to stay in the community to be treated locally is known as ________.a. Deinstitutionalizationb. Exorcismc. Deactivationd. Decentralization
Joey was convicted of domestic violence. As part of his sentence, the judge has ordered that he attend therapy for anger management. This is considered ________ treatment.a. Involuntaryb. Voluntaryc. Forcedd. Mandatory
Today, most people with mental health issues are not hospitalized. Typically they are only hospitalized if they ________.a. Have schizophreniab. Have insurancec. Are an imminent threat to themselves or othersd. Require therapy
The idea behind ________ is that how you think determines how you feel and act.a. Cognitive therapyb. Cognitive-behavioral therapyc. Behavior therapyd. Client-centered therapy
Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________.a. Anxiety disordersb. Depressionc. Bipolar disorderd. ADHD
Clay is in a therapy session. The therapist asks him to relax and say whatever comes to his mind at the moment. This therapist is using ________, which is a technique of ________.a. Active listening; client-centered therapyb. Systematic desensitization; behavior therapyc. Transference;
A treatment modality in which 5–10 people with the same issue or concern meet together with a trained clinician is known as ________.a. Family therapyb. Couples therapyc. Group therapyd. Self-help group
What happens during an intake?a. The therapist gathers specific information to address the client’s immediate needs such as the presenting problem, the client’s support system, and insurance status. The therapist informs the client about confidentiality, fees, and what to expect in a therapy
What is the minimum amount of time addicts should receive treatment if they are to achieve a desired outcome?a. 3 monthsb. 6 monthsc. 9 monthsd. 12 months
When an individual has two or more diagnoses, which often includes a substance-related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis, this is known as ________.a. Bipolar disorderb. Comorbid disorderc. Codependencyd. Bi-morbid disorder
John was drug-free for almost six months. Then he started hanging out with his addict friends, and he has now started abusing drugs again. This is an example of ________.a. Releaseb. Reversionc. Re-addictiond. Relapse
The sociocultural perspective looks at you, your behaviors, and your symptoms in the context of your ________.a. Educationb. Socioeconomic statusc. Culture and backgroundd. Age
Which of the following was not listed as a barrier to mental health treatment?a. Fears about treatmentb. Languagec. Transportationd. Being a member of the ethnic majority
People with psychological disorders have been treated poorly throughout history. Describe some efforts to improve treatment, include explanations for the success or lack thereof.
Usually someone is hospitalized only if they are an imminent threat to themselves or others. Describe a situation that might meet these criteria.
Imagine that you are a psychiatrist. Your patient, Pat, comes to you with the following symptoms: anxiety and feelings of sadness. Which therapeutic approach would you recommend and why?
Compare and contrast individual and group therapies.
You are conducting an intake assessment. Your client is a 45-year-old single, employed male with cocaine dependence. He failed a drug screen at work and is mandated to treatment by his employer if he wants to keep his job. Your client admits that he needs help. Why would you recommend group therapy
Lashawn is a 24-year-old African American female. For years she has been struggling with bulimia. She knows she has a problem, but she is not willing to seek mental health services. What are some reasons why she may be hesitant to get help?
Do you think there is a stigma associated with mentally ill persons today? Why or why not?
What are some places in your community that offer mental health services? Would you feel comfortable seeking assistance at one of these facilities? Why or why not?
What are some substance-related and addictive disorder treatment facilities in your community, and what types of services do they provide? Would you recommend any of them to a friend or family member with a substance abuse problem? Why or why not?
Your best friend tells you that she is concerned about her cousin. The cousin—a teenage girl—is constantly coming home after her curfew, and your friend suspects that she has been drinking. What treatment modality would you recommend to your friend and why?
What is your attitude toward mental health treatment? Would you seek treatment if you were experiencing symptoms or having trouble functioning in your life? Why or why not? In what ways do you think your cultural and/or religious beliefs influence your attitude toward psychological intervention?
If you were to choose a therapist practicing one of the techniques presented in this section, which kind of therapist would you choose and why?
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