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social science
psychology 2e
The Psychology Of Women 7th Edition Margaret W. Matlin - Solutions
Describe the four defining characteristics of major depression. Think of someone you know who currently seems to show no signs of depression. How would you evaluate this person, in terms of each of these four characteristics?
Review the factors that help to explain why women are more likely than men to develop depression. Describe which factors could be related to cultural and societal forces. How could a group of students—working on your own campus—help to reduce the impact of several of these factors?
Define the terms “culture of thinness” and“objectified body consciousness.” Describe how these factors could contribute to eating disorders. In what ways does North American culture discriminate against females who are overweight?
Many women want to lose weight and not regain this lost weight. Describe why the issues of being overweight and dieting make these goals difficult.
Describe the typical characteristics of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, as well as their medical consequences. Explain why women with these two eating disorders would also be likely to experience depression.
Summarize the material on the unique concerns that women of color bring to a psychotherapy session. Why must therapists acknowledge individual differences within every ethnic group?
Based on what you have read in this chapter, why does the psychodynamic approach present major problems for those who favor a nonsexist or feminist approach to therapy?
Suppose that you are a feminist therapist working with a female client who is depressed. Imagine someone who would fit this description, and point out how you would use selected principles of feminist therapy to facilitate her recovery. How might social class be relevant in this situation?
Many therapists favor an eclectic approach to the treatment of psychological disorders, in which they combine elements of several approaches. If you were a therapist, how could you combine elements of cognitivebehavioral therapy and feminist therapy?
This chapter focused on psychological disorders.Some theorists point out that psychologists should place more emphasis on how individuals can achieve positive mental health, rather than just avoiding disorders.Based on the information in this chapter, describe the characteristics of an individual
Throughout this chapter, we emphasized that people often blame female victims for problems that are beyond the control of these women. Describe how this process operates in sexual harassment, rape, and the abuse of women.
According to the introduction of this chapter, a culture that values men more than women encourages some men to feel that they are entitled to certain privileges.Explain how this sense of entitlement is relevant in sexual harassment, rape, and the abuse of women.
What are the two general categories of sexual harassment? Provide at least one example for each category, based on the recent media or on reports from friends. How do these examples illustrate why sexual harassment is an important issue?
Summarize the information about acquaintance rape and child sexual abuse. What does this information tell us about the balance of power and sexual violence in close personal relationships?
What are some of the common myths about sexual harassment, rape, and abuse? What do all these myths reveal about society’s attitudes toward men and women?
In this chapter, we examined attitudes about rape and abuse. Identify any similarities that apply to both of these topics. Also, comment on gender comparisons in these attitudes and the relationship between gender roles and these attitudes.
What information do we have about sexual harassment, rape, and abuse, with respect to countries outside Canada and the United States? Is this information substantially different from information about violence against women in these two North American countries?
Imagine that you have been appointed to a national committee to address the problems of sexual harassment, rape, and abuse.What recommendations would you make for government policy, the legal system, universities, business institutions, the media, and educational programs? Provide several of your
According to Theme 3 of your textbook, women are less visible than men in many important areas; topics important in women’s lives are also considered relatively unimportant. How often had you heard about the topics of sexual harassment, rape, and abuse before the course for which you are reading
Think about a high-school female whom you know well. Imagine that she is about to go off to college. What kind of information could you supply from this chapter that would be helpful for her to know, with respect to violence against women? Now think about a high-school male whom you know. If he
One theme of this book is that women tend to be relatively invisible in society compared with men. Discuss how this tendency is especially true for older women, pointing out topics that have not received enough attention in each of these areas: (a) representation in the media, (b) research on
What is the double standard of aging?When does it seem most likely to operate, and when does it not apply? What other aspects of women’s lives—not mentioned in this chapter—might be affected by the double standard of aging?
From your knowledge about retirement, describe a woman who is likely to adjust well to retirement. Then describe a woman who is likely to adjust poorly to retirement.
Describe the economic situation of elderly women, and list factors that help to explain the gender differences in income for elderly men and women.
Think about several women you know who have retired from their paid employment.How do their lives match the information on retirement that this chapter discussed, with respect to the timing of their retirement, their financial resources during later adulthood, and their adjustment to retirement?
What are some of the physical symptoms of menopause? Imagine that a middle-aged friend is now experiencing menopause.What information would you tell her about hormone replacement therapy?
What psychological reactions do women have to menopause? How does this information compare with (a) your previous knowledge about menopause before reading this chapter, and (b) the general public’s attitudes toward menopause?
Research in the psychology of women often focuses too heavily on the experiences of European American middle-class women.What did you learn in this chapter about the lives of elderly women of color, economically disadvantaged women, and women in other cultures?
The theme of individual differences has been prominent throughout this book.However, some researchers argue that individual differences increase during our lives.Look at the topics outlined on page 454, and describe the nature of those individual differences, where relevant.
In this chapter, we have discussed many legitimate reasons why older women might be dissatisfied with their lives. List as many of these as you can. Then suggest why the paradox of well-being applies to many older women.
What are the trends with respect to the gender ratio for psychology Ph.D. degrees?What is the current gender ratio for the psychology faculty and for psychology majors at your own college or university?Why might the changing gender ratio help the women’s movement?
People concerned about the psychology of women have emphasized that the discipline should include more multicultural research.What are some problems that can arise when researchers use traditional approaches to study people of color?
In the second section of this chapter, we focused on women of color and feminism, and we mentioned that most students have little exposure to research on ethnic groups other than Blacks. Before you enrolled in a course on the psychology of women (or the psychology of gender), what kind of
Why do women of color face special challenges in identifying with the feminist movement? Why would men of color oppose women from their ethnic group who want to be active feminists?
Describe the three basic strands within the men’s movement. Which would be likely to support the growth of the women’s movement?Which would oppose it? Which might consider it irrelevant? Do you see evidence of the men’s movement in your community or in your academic institution?
Briefly trace the history of the women’s movement in North America. What issues were important to the early activists? Then comment on the women’s movement worldwide. What kinds of concerns have these groups addressed?
In several parts of this chapter, we examined attitudes toward feminist issues. Why do you think that people in North America and throughout the world are reluctant to call themselves feminists?
Identify an issue related to women and girls that is especially important to you. If you wanted to increase people’s awareness about this issue, what strategies could you adopt from the section on becoming an activist?(These final two questions require you to review the entire textbook.)
In this chapter, we focused on the current trends with respect to women and gender.To help yourself review this book, go back through the 15 chapters. Note which specific developments are moving in a positive direction and which are moving in a negative direction.
You will need to set aside several hours for this final task: On separate pieces of paper, list each of the four themes of this book.Then skim through each of the 15 chapters and note any mention of the themes on the appropriate piece of paper. (You can determine whether your lists are complete by
Gender differences in social behavior tend to be larger in situations where everyone has the same occupation. True or False
In social conversations, females tend to be more talkative than males. True or False
Women tend to look at their conversational partners more than men do, especially when talking with someone of the same gender. True or False
During the Nazi holocaust, non-Jewish women were more likely than non-Jewish men to save the lives of Jewish people. True or False
Females are consistently more interested in infants than males are, according to several different measures of interest. True or False
The research shows that women are more likely than men to make moral decisions on the basis of caring relationships with other people. True or False
According to self-reports, men and women are equally satisfied with their friendships. True or False
One of the few very consistent gender differences is that men are more physically aggressive than women. True or False
The current research shows that male leaders are more likely than female leaders to encourage employees to develop their potential strengths. True or False
Men are more likely to be persuaded by a woman who uses tentative language than by a woman who uses assertive language. True or False
Most U.S. women who have been on welfare (TANF)—and then find jobs—are still living below the poverty level. True or False
The U.S. affirmative action policy sets strict quotas on the number of women and the number of people of color that companies must hire. True or False
Women earn lower incomes than men, but this wage-gap can be explained by gender differences in education, specific occupations, and the number of years of full-time employment. True or False
Men who are employed in traditionally female occupations—such as nursing—are often quickly promoted to management positions. True or False
Many women who live in Latin America make clothes in a U.S.-run sweatshop (a factory that violates labor laws); these women typically earn about $1.00 an hour. True or False
Women and men in the same profession, such as medicine, are typically similar in their personality characteristics and academic experiences. True or False
Women in blue-collar jobs are usually dissatisfied with their work, especially because their salaries are typically so much lower than the salaries of other employed women. True or False
Research in the United States shows that Latina and Asian American wives spend about twice as long as their husbands on household chores; however, in White and Black families, the wives and husbands spend about the same time. True or False
Children in day-care centers have normal cognitive development, compared to children cared for at home by their mothers; however, they have many more social and emotional problems. True or False
Employed women are significantly more likely than nonemployed women to experience problems with their physical and psychological health. True or False
When looking for an ideal marriage partner, both men and women value honesty, good personality, and intelligence. True or False
Research consistently supports the evolutionary psychology theory that men prefer young, attractive women because these women are more fertile. True or False
According to recent research, heterosexual women tend to have more stable relationships if their romantic partner is a feminist. True or False
People’s satisfaction with their marriage often drops during the first 20 years of marriage, but it typically increases later in life. True or False
For most Latina/o married couples living in the United States, the research shows that the man is clearly dominant and the woman is clearly passive. True or False
In at least half of current first marriages in the United States, the couples had lived together before they were married. True or False
In general, lesbians have higher self-esteem if they have accepted their identity. True or False
Researchers have provided compelling evidence that the sexual orientation of lesbians is largely based on biological factors. True or False
Compared to married women, single women typically have more serious psychological problems. True or False
In the United States, Black women and Latina women are more likely than White women to have never married. True or False
In the textbooks designed for middle-school and high-school students, the discussions of sexuality typically emphasize biological factors. True or False
The gender differences in sexual desire are larger than most other psychological gender differences. True or False
In the current decade, people consistently judge a sexually active unmarried male more positively than a sexually active unmarried female. True or False
Most U.S. parents say that they want high-school sex-education courses to include the topic of birth control. True or False
Almost all women have very positive memories about their first experience of sexual intercourse. True or False
Suppose that some college students are reading a story about a dating couple named Susan and Jack, but it’s not clear whether they are sexually involved; the males are more likely than the females to believe that Susan wants to have a sexual relationship with Jack. True or False
During sexual activity, women are often concerned about their physical attractiveness. True or False
During adolescence, a female in the United States is about three times as likely as a female in Canada to become pregnant. True or False
When women with an unwanted pregnancy have an abortion, they typically do not experience serious psychological consequences. True or False
The current research suggests that teen mothers who remain single are much more likely than married teen mothers to return to school after the birth of their baby. True or False
Psychologists have conducted little research on the psychological aspects of pregnancy and childbirth. True or False
About one-third of pregnant women in developed countries do not receive any prenatal care prior to childbirth. True or False
Women who are pregnant during very stressful events are at risk for premature delivery. True or False
People tend to show either hostile sexism or benevolent sexism toward a pregnant woman, depending on the circumstances. True or False
Medical complications are often reduced during childbirth if a helpful, experienced person is present. True or False
Natural childbirth is a method of learning about breathing and other techniques so that pain is eliminated during childbirth. True or False
During the first month after childbirth, a mother’s dominant emotional response is typically a feeling of fulfillment and inner strength. True or False
Children raised by lesbian mothers resemble children raised by heterosexual mothers in characteristics such as intelligence, psychological adjustment, and popularity. True or False
Approximately half of North American mothers experience postpartum blues within a few days after the birth of their first child; common symptoms include crying, sadness, and irritability. True or False
The research shows that people tend to evaluate a woman positively if she chooses not to have children. True or False
When we consider U.S. women who are 55 or older, more than half are currently experiencing one or more chronic health problems. True or False
Despite progress in many professions, only about one-third of current medical school graduates are female. True or False
In the United States, a person’s social class no longer has an effect on her or his physical health. True or False
The media have publicized the problem of female genital mutilation for young girls in Africa and other regions of the world; however, recent investigations show that only about 5,000 to 7,000 girls have been harmed by this ceremonial procedure. True or False
Women in the United States are more likely to die from cardiovascular disease than from breast cancer and all other forms of cancer. True or False
Between 20% and 30% of U.S. and Canadian women have some form of disability. True or False
A woman who has intercourse with an HIV-positive man is much more likely to become infected than a man who has intercourse with an HIV-positive woman. True or False
Aside from AIDS, the other sexually transmitted diseases may be annoying and painful, but they cause no long-term health problems. True or False
In the United States, cigarette smoking is the most common preventable cause of death. True or False
College graduates in the United States are more likely than high-school dropouts to have tried some kind of illegal drug. True or False
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