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mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

A cast aluminum 195-T6 has an ultimate strength in tension of Sut = 36 kpsi and ultimate strength in compression of Suc = 35 kpsi, and it exhibits a true strain at fracture εf = 0.045. Choose
An ASTM cast iron, grade 30 (see Table A–24), carries static loading resulting in the stress state listed below at the critical locations. Choose the appropriate failure locus, plot it and the load
This problem illustrates that the factor of safety for a machine element depends on the particular point selected for analysis. Here you are to compute factors of safety, based upon the
The figure shows a crank loaded by a force F = 190 lbf which causes twisting and bending of the ¾ -in-diameter shaft fixed to a support at the origin of the reference system. In actuality, the
Solve Prob. 5–15 using the distortion energy theory. If you have solved Prob. 5–15, compare the results and discuss the difference.
Design the lever arm CD of Fig. 5–16 by specifying a suitable size and material.
A spherical pressure vessel is formed of 18-gauge (0.05-in) cold-drawn AISI 1018 sheet steel. If the vessel has a diameter of 8 in, estimate the pressure necessary to initiate yielding. What is the
This problem illustrates that the strength of a machine part can sometimes be measured in units other than those of force or moment. For example, the maximum speed that a flywheel can reach without
A light pressure vessel is made of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy tubing with suitable end closures. This cylinder has a 3 ½ -in OD, a 0.065-in wall thickness, and ν = 0.334. The purchase order
A cold-drawn AISI 1015 steel tube is 300 mm OD by 200 mm ID and is to be subjected to an external pressure caused by a shrink fit. What maximum pressure would cause the material of the tube to yield?
What speed would cause fracture of the ring of Prob. 5–19 if it were made of grade 30 cast iron?
The figure shows a shaft mounted in bearings at A and D and having pulleys at B and C. The forces shown acting on the pulley surfaces represent the belt tensions. The shaft is to be made of ASTM
By modern standards, the shaft design of Prob. 5–23 is poor because it is so long. Suppose it is redesigned by halving the length dimensions. Using the same material and design factor as in Prob.
The gear forces shown act in planes parallel to the yz plane. The force on gear A is 300 lbf. Consider the bearings at O and B to be simple supports. For a static analysis and a factor of safety of
Repeat Prob. 5–25 using maximum-shear-stress
The figure is a schematic drawing of a countershaft that supports two V-belt pulleys. For each pulley, the belt tensions are parallel. For pulley A consider the loose belt tension is 15 percent of
Repeat Prob. 5–27 using maximum shear stress
The clevis pin shown in the figure is 12 mm in diameter and has the dimensions a = 12 mm and b = 18 mm. The pin is machined from AISI 1018 hot-rolled steel (Table A€“20) and is to be loaded
Repeat Prob. 5–29, but this time use the distortion-energy theory.
A split-ring clamp-type shaft collar is shown in the figure. The collar is 2 in OD by 1 in ID by ½ in wide. The screw is designated as ¼ -28 UNF. The relation between the screw
Suppose the collar of Prob. 5–31 is tightened by using a screw torque of 190 lbf .in. The collar material is AISI 1040 steel heat-treated to a minimum tensile yield strength of 63 kpsi. (a)
In Prob. 5–31, the role of the screw was to induce the hoop tension that produces the clamping. The screw should be placed so that no moment is induced in the ring. Just where should the screw be
A tube has another tube shrunk over it. The specifications are
Steel tubes with a Young€™s modulus of 207 GPa have the specifications:
Repeat Prob. 5–35 for maximum shrink-fit conditions.
A 2-in-diameter solid steel shaft has a gear with ASTM grade 20 cast-iron hub (E = 14.5 Mpsi) shrink-fitted to it. The specifications for the shaft are
Two steel tubes are shrink-fitted together where the nominal diameters are 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00 in. Careful measurement before fitting revealed that the diametral interference between the tubes to be
Repeat Prob. 5–38 for the inner tube.
For Eqs. (5€“36) show that the principal stresses are given by
Use the results of Prob. 5–40 for plane strain near the tip with θ = 0 and ν = 1/3 . If the yield strength of the plate is Sy , what is σ1 when yield occurs? (a) Use the
A plate 4 in wide, 8 in long, and 0.5 in thick is loaded in tension in the direction of the length. The plate contains a crack as shown in Fig. 5–26 with the crack length of 0.625 in. The material
A cylinder subjected to internal pressure pi has an outer diameter of 350 mm and a 25-mm wall thickness. For the cylinder material, KI c = 80 MPa, √m, Sy = 1200 MPa, and Sut = 1350 MPa. If the
A carbon steel collar of length 1 in is to be machined to inside and outside diameters, respectively, of
Suppose the collar of Prob. 5–44 has a yield strength of Sy = N (95.5, 6.59) kpsi. What is the probability that the material will not yield?
A carbon steel tube has an outside diameter of 1 in and a wall thickness of 1/8 in. The tube is to carry an internal hydraulic pressure given as p = N (6000, 500) psi. The material of the tube has a
A power screw is 25 mm in diameter and has a thread pitch of 5 mm. (a) Find the thread depth, the thread width, the mean and root diameters, and the lead, provided square threads are used. (b)
Using the information in the footnote of Table 8–1, show that the tensile-stress area is
Show that for zero collar friction the efficiency of a square-thread screw is given by the equation. Plot a curve of the efficiency for lead angles up to 45◦ . Use f = 0.08.
A single-threaded 25-mm power screw is 25 mm in diameter with a pitch of 5 mm. A vertical load on the screw reaches a maximum of 6 kN. The coefficients of friction are 0.05 for the collar and 0.08
The machine shown in the figure can be used for a tension test but not for a compression test. Why? Can both screws have the same hand?
The press shown for Prob. 8–5 has a rated load of 5000 lbf. The twin screws have Acme threads, a diameter of 3 in, and a pitch of ½ in. Coefficients of friction are 0.05 for the threads and 0.06
A screw clamp similar to the one shown in the figure has a handle with diameter 3/16 in made of cold-drawn AISI 1006 steel. The overall length is 3 in. The screw is 7/16 in-14 UNC and is 5 ¾ in
The C clamp shown in the figure for Prob. 8–7 uses a 5/8 in-6 Acme thread. The frictional coefficients are 0.15 for the threads and for the collar. The collar, which in this case is the anvil
Find the power required to drive a 40-mm power screw having double square threads with a pitch of 6 mm. The nut is to move at a velocity of 48 mm/s and move a load of F = 10 kN. The frictional
A single square-thread power screw has an input power of 3 kW at a speed of 1 rev/s. The screw has a diameter of 36 mm and a pitch of 6 mm. The frictional coefficients are 0.14 for the threads and
A bolted joint is to have a grip consisting of two ½ -in steel plates and one wide ½ -in American Standard plain washer to fit under the head of the ½ in-13 X 1.75 in UNC hex-head bolt. (a) What
A bolted joint is to have a grip consisting of two 14-mm steel plates and one 14R metric plain washer to fit under the head of the M14 ?2 hex-head bolt, 50 mm long. (a) What is the length of the
A blanking disk 0.875 in thick is to be fastened to a spool whose flange is 1 in thick, using eight ½ in-13 X 1.75 in hex-head cap screws. (a) What is the length of threads LT for this cap
A blanking disk is 20 mm thick and is to be fastened to a spool whose flange is 25 mm thick, using eight M12 ?40 hex-head metric cap screws. (a) What is the length of the threads LT for this
A ¾ in-16 UNF series SAE grade 5 bolt has a ¾ -in ID tube 13 in long, clamped between washer faces of bolt and nut by turning the nut snug and adding one-third of a turn. The tube OD is the
From your experience with Prob. 8–15, generalize your solution to develop a turn-of-nut equation Where Nt = turn of the nut from snug tight θ = turn of the nut in degrees N = number
RB&W11 recommends turn-of-nut from snug fit to preload as follows: 1/3 turn for bolt grips of 1–4 diameters, 1/2 turn for bolt grips 4–8 diameters, and 2/3 turn for grips of 8–12 diameters.
Take Eq. (8–22) and express km /(Ed) as a function of l/d, then compare with Eq. (8–23) for d / l = 0.5.
A joint has the same geometry as Ex. 8–4, but the lower member is steel. Use Eq. (8–23) to find the spring rate of the members in the grip. Hint: Equation (8–23) applies to the stiffness of two
The figure illustrates the connection of a cylinder head to a pressure vessel using 10 bolts and a confined-gasket seal. The effective sealing diameter is 150 mm. Other dimensions are: A = 100, B =
Figure P8–20 illustrates the connection of a cylinder head to a pressure vessel using 10 bolts and a confined-gasket seal. The effective sealing diameter is 150 mm. Other dimensions are: A = 100, B
We wish to alter the figure for Prob. 8–22 by decreasing the inside diameter of the seal to the diameter A = 100 mm. This makes an effective sealing diameter of 120 mm. Then, by using cap screws
In the figure for Prob. 8–20, the bolts have a diameter of ½ in and the cover plate is steel, with D = ½ in. The cylinder is cast iron, with E = 5/8 in and a modulus of elasticity of 18 Mpsi. The
The same as Prob. 8–24, except that ½ -in cap screws are used with washers (see Fig. 8–21).
In addition to the data of Prob. 8–24, the dimensions of the cylinder are A = 3.5 in and an effective seal diameter of 4.25 in. The internal static pressure is 1500 psi. The outside diameter of the
A 3/8 -in class 5 cap screw and steel washer are used to secure a cap to a cast-iron frame of a machine having a blind threaded hole. The washer is 0.065 in thick. The frame has a modulus of
Bolts distributed about a bolt circle are often called upon to resist an external bending moment as shown in the figure. The external moment is 12 kip? In and the bolt circle has a diameter of 8 in.
The figure shows a cast-iron bearing block that is to be bolted to a steel ceiling joist and is to support a gravity load. Bolts used are M20 ISO 8.8 with coarse threads and with 3.4-mmthick steel
The upside-down steel A frame shown in the figure is to be bolted to steel beams on the ceiling of a machine room using ISO grade 8.8 bolts. This frame is to support the 40-kN radial load as
If the pressure in Prob. 8–20 is cycling between 0 and 6 MPa, determine the fatigue factor of safety using the: (a) Goodman criterion. (b) Gerber criterion. (c) ASME-elliptic criterion.
In the figure for Prob. 8–20, let A = 0.9 m, B = 1 m, C = 1.10 m, D = 20 mm, and E = 25 mm. The cylinder is made of ASTM No. 35 cast iron (E = 96 GPa), and the head, of low-carbon steel. There are
A 1-in-diameter hot-rolled AISI 1144 steel rod is hot-formed into an eyebolt similar to that shown in the figure for Prob. 3–74, with an inner 2-in-diameter eye. The threads are 1 in-12 UNF and are
The section of the sealed joint shown in the figure is loaded by a repeated force P = 6 kip. The members have E = 16 Mpsi. All bolts have been carefully preloaded to Fi = 25 kip each
Suppose the welded steel bracket shown in the figure is bolted underneath a structural-steel ceiling beam to support a fluctuating vertical load imposed on it by a pin and yoke. The bolts are ½ in
Using the Gerber fatigue criterion and a fatigue-design factor of 2, determine the external repeated load P that a 1 ¼ -in SAE grade 5 coarse-thread bolt can take compared with that for a
An M30 X 3.5 ISO 8.8 bolt is used in a joint at recommended preload, and the joint is subject to a repeated tensile fatigue load of P = 80 kN per bolt. The joint constant is C = 0.33. Find the load
The figure shows a fluid-pressure linear actuator (hydraulic cylinder) in which D = 4 in, t = 3/8 in, L = 12 in, and w = ¾ in. Both brackets as well as the cylinder are of steel. The actuator has
The figure shows a bolted lap joint that uses SAE grade 8 bolts. The members are made of cold-drawn AISI 1040 steel. Find the safe tensile shear load F that can be applied to this connection if the
The bolted connection shown in the figure uses SAE grade 5 bolts. The members are hot-rolled AISI 1018 steel. A tensile shear load F = 4000 lbf is applied to the connection. Find the factor of safety
A bolted lap joint using SAE grade 5 bolts and members made of cold-drawn SAE 1040 steel is shown in the figure. Find the tensile shear load F that can be applied to this connection if the following
The bolted connection shown in the figure is subjected to a tensile shear load of 20 kip. The bolts are SAE grade 5 and the material is cold-drawn AISI 1015 steel. Find the factor of safety of the
A beam is made up by bolting together two cold-drawn bars of AISI 1018 steel as a lap joint, as shown in the figure. The bolts used are ISO 5.8. Ignoring any twisting, determine the factor of safety
Standard design practice, as exhibited by the solutions to Probs. 8–39 to 8–43, is to assume that the bolts, or rivets, share the shear equally. For many situations, such an assumption may lead
The bearing of Prob. 8–29 is bolted to a vertical surface and supports a horizontal shaft. The bolts used have coarse threads and are M20 ISO 5.8. The joint constant is C = 0.30, and the dimensions
A split-ring clamp-type shaft collar such as is described in Prob. 5–31 must resist an axial load of 1000 lbf. Using a design factor of n = 3 and a coefficient of friction of 0.12, specify an SAE
A vertical channel 152 x 76 (see Table A–7) has a cantilever beam bolted to it as shown. The channel is hot-rolled AISI 1006 steel. The bar is of hot-rolled AISI 1015 steel. The shoulder bolts are
Find the total shear load on each of the three bolts for the connection shown in the figure and compute the significant bolt shear stress and bearing stress. Find the second moment of area of the
A 3/8 – x 2-in AISI 1018 cold-drawn steel bar is cantilevered to support a static load of 300 lbf as illustrated. The bar is secured to the support using two ½ in-13 UNC SAE 5 bolts. Find the
The figure shows a welded fitting which has been tentatively designed to be bolted to a channel so as to transfer the 2500-lbf load into the channel. The channel is made of hot-rolled low carbon
The figure shows a bolted lap joint that uses SAE grade 8 bolts. The members are made of cold-drawn AISI 1040 steel. Find the safe tensile shear load F that can be applied to this connection if the
Make a control volume around the turbine in the steam power plant in Fig. 1.1 and list the flows of mass and energy that are there.
Make a control volume around the whole power plant in Figure 1.2 and with the help of Fig. 1.1 list what flows of mass and energy are in or out and any storage of energy. Make Sure you know what is
Make a control volume that includes the steam flow around in the main turbine loop in the nuclear propulsion system in Fig.1.3. Identify mass flows (hot or cold) and energy transfers that enter or
Take a control volume around your kitchen refrigerator and indicate where the components shown in Figure 1.6 are located and show all flows of energy transfer.
An electric dip heater is put into a cup of water and heats it from 20oC to 80oC. Show the energy flow(s) and storage and explain what changes.
Separate the list P, F, V, v, ρ, T, a, m, L, t and V into intensive, extensive and non-properties.
An escalator brings four people of total 300 kg, 25 m up in a building. Explain what happens with respect to energy transfer and stored energy.
Water in nature exist in different phases like solid, liquid and vapor (gas). Indicate the relative magnitude of density and specific volume for the three phases.
Is density a unique measure of mass distribution in a volume? Does it vary? If so, on what kind of scale (distance)?
Density of fibers, rock wool insulation, foams and cotton is fairly low. Why is that?
How much mass is there approximately in 1 L of mercury (Hg)? Atmospheric air?
Can you carry 1 m3 of liquid water?
A manometer shows a pressure difference of 1 m of liquid mercury. Find ΔP in kPa.
You dive 5 m down in the ocean. What is the absolute pressure there?
What pressure difference does a 10 m column of atmospheric air show?

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