New Semester
Started
Get
50% OFF
Study Help!
--h --m --s
Claim Now
Question Answers
Textbooks
Find textbooks, questions and answers
Oops, something went wrong!
Change your search query and then try again
S
Books
FREE
Study Help
Expert Questions
Accounting
General Management
Mathematics
Finance
Organizational Behaviour
Law
Physics
Operating System
Management Leadership
Sociology
Programming
Marketing
Database
Computer Network
Economics
Textbooks Solutions
Accounting
Managerial Accounting
Management Leadership
Cost Accounting
Statistics
Business Law
Corporate Finance
Finance
Economics
Auditing
Tutors
Online Tutors
Find a Tutor
Hire a Tutor
Become a Tutor
AI Tutor
AI Study Planner
NEW
Sell Books
Search
Search
Sign In
Register
study help
medical sciences
biology
Foundations in Microbiology 8th edition Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess - Solutions
Fill in the following table:
a. Explain how osmotic pressure and pH are used in preserving foods. b. What effects do they have on microbes?
Could anaerobes and aerobes coexist in the same habitat? Why or why not?
a. If an egg salad sandwich sitting in a warm car for 4 hours develops 40,960 bacterial cells, how many more cells would result with just one more hour of incubation? Use the same criteria that were stated in the sample problem on page 209. b. With 10 additional hours of incubation? c. What do your
Figure 7.9. Draw a growth curve for a psychrotroph on the following diagram.
Microorganisms are being developed to control human-made pollutants and oil spills that are metabolic poisons to animal cells. A promising approach has been to genetically engineer bacteria to degrade these chemicals. What is actually being manipulated in these microbes?
Explain the relationship between enzyme sensitivity and the adaptations microbes make to their environments.
Using terminology introduced in chapter 7, describe ruminant microbes according to their nutritional, temperature, pH, and oxygen adaptations.
Using the following simplified chart, fill in a summary of the major starting compounds required and the products given off by each phase of metabolism. Use arrows to pinpoint approximately where the reactions take place on the pathways.
Describe the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration with regard to CO2 and O2.
Explain how it is possible for certain microbes to survive and grow in the presence of cyanide, which would kill many other organisms.
Suggest the advantages of having metabolic pathways staged in specific membrane or organelle locations rather than being free in the cytoplasm.
Two steps in glycolysis are catalyzed by allosteric enzymes. These are: (1) step 2, catabolized by phosphoglucoisomerase, and (2) step 9, catabolized by pyruvate kinase. Suggest what metabolic products might regulate these enzymes. How might one place these regulators in figure 8.18?
Give the general name of the enzyme that a. synthesizes ATP; digests RNA b. phosphorylates glucose c. reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid d. reduces nitrate to nitrite
Beer production requires an early period of rapid aerobic metabolism of glucose by yeast. Given that anaerobic conditions are necessary to produce alcohol; can you explain why this step is necessary?
Draw a model of ATP synthase in three dimensions, showing how it works. Where in the mitochondrion does the ATP supply collect?
From chapter 7, figure 7.12. Describe the likely metabolic strategies of the microbes growing in tubes 1 through 4. Specify the pathways, final electron acceptor, and end products.
Find examples of reactions that are exergonic and some that are endergonic, using figures 8.18, 8.26, and 8.30.Figure 8.18
Using the piece of DNA in writing-to-learn question 3, show a deletion, an insertion, a substitution, and nonsense mutations. Which ones are frameshift mutations? Are any of your mutations nonsense? Missense? (Use the universal code to determine this.)
Using figure 9.13 and table 9.4, go through the steps in mutation of a codon followed by its transcription and translation that will give the end result in silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. Why is a change in the RNA code alone not really a mutation?
The enzymes required to carry out transcription and translation are themselves produced through these same processes. Speculate which may have come first in evolution—proteins or nucleic acids—and explain your choice.
Why can one not reliably predict the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA or DNA by observing the amino acid sequence of proteins?
Explain the various mechanisms by which RNA can control transcription, translation, and gene expression.
Explain how epigenetics is related to the expression: phenotype = genotype + environment.
Compare and contrast the actions of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.
Explain how replication shown in these steps from figure 6.17 would differ from those in figure 9.29.
a. Give an example of a benefit of genetic engineering to society and a possible adverse outcome. Discuss. b. Give an example of an ecological benefit and a possible adverse side effect. Discuss.
Recently a woman at high risk for breast cancer was directed by her physician to be tested for the breast cancer (BRCA) genes. When her blood was sent to the company that performs the tests, it denied her health insurance and told her she would have to cover the cost ($4,000). No other companies do
What are some of the major impediments to genetically modifying human embryos?
a. In reference to Insight 10.2, how do you feel about the potential dangers of genetic engineering? b. Most of us would agree to growth hormone therapy for a child with dwarfism, but how do we deal with parents who want to give growth hormones to their 8-year-old-son so that he will be “better
a. When gene probes, fingerprinting, and mapping make it possible for you to know of future genetic diseases in you or one of your children, would you wish to use this technology to find out? b. What if it were used as a screen for employment or insurance?
a. Describe how a virus might be genetically engineered to make it highly virulent. b. Can you trace the genetic steps in the development of a tomato plant that has become frost-free from the addition of a flounder’s antifreeze genes?
You have obtained a blood sample in which only red blood cells are left to analyze. a. Can you conduct a DNA analysis of this blood? b. If no, explain why.
The way that PCR amplifies DNA is similar to the doubling in a population of growing bacteria; a single DNA strand is used to synthesize 2 DNA strands, which become 4, then 8, then 16, etc. If a complete cycle takes 3 minutes, how many strands of DNA would theoretically be present after 10 minutes?
a. How do you suppose the fish and game department, using DNA evidence, could determine whether certain individuals had poached a deer or if a particular mountain lion had eaten part of a body? b. Can you think of some reasons that it would not be possible to recreate dinosaurs using the technology
From chapter 9, figure 9.24 d. Use the technology from figure 10.11 as your guide to arrive at the same result as shown here, but without the mouse.Figure 10.11
For each item on the following list, give a reasonable method of sterilization. You cannot use the same method more than three times for the whole list. The method must sterilize, not just disinfect; and the method must not destroy the item or render it useless unless there is no other choice.
Using pasteurization techniques as a model compare the TDTs and explain the relationships between temperature and length of exposure.
It may seem contradictory that lyophilization can be used to preserve foods yet also be used to keep cultures of microbes viable. Explain how these applications can be reconciled.
A supermarket/drugstore assignment: Look at the labels of 10 different products used to control microbes, and make a list of their active ingredients, their suggested uses, and information on toxicity and precautions.
Devise an experiment that will differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects.
From chapter 2, figure 2.20. Study this illustration of a cell membrane. In what ways could alcohol damage this membrane? How would that harm the cell?Figure 2.20
From chapter 4, figure 4.22. Explain the main features this microbe has that contribute to its resistance to control agents.
Occasionally, one will hear the expression that a microbe has become “immune” to a drug. a. What is a better way to explain what is happening? b. Explain a simple test one could do to determine if drug resistance was developing in a culture.
a. Using table 12.9 as a reference, find and explain the differences between the results for Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas. Are any of these drugs broad spectrums?b. Explain the difference in the MIC of E. coli for penicillin versus ampicillin. c. Refer to figure 12.18 a, take measurements, and
a. Your pregnant neighbor has been prescribed a daily dose of oral tetracycline for acne. Do you think this therapy is advisable for her? Why or why not? b. A woman has been prescribed a broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin for a strep throat. What are some possible consequences in addition to cure of
You have been directed to take a sample from a growth-free portion of the zone of inhibition in the Kirby-Bauer test and inoculate it onto a plate of nonselective medium. a. What does it mean if growth occurs on the new plate? b. What if there is no growth?
Explain the differences between the uses of prophylaxis and combined therapy.
Reviewing drug characteristics choose an antimicrobial for each of the following situations (explain your choice): a. For an adult patient suffering from Mycoplasma pneumonia b. For a child with meningitis (drug must enter into cerebrospinal fluid) c. For a patient who has chlamydiosis and an
How would you personally feel about being told by a physician that your infection cannot be cured by an antibiotic and that the best thing to do is go home, drink a lot of fluids, and take aspirin or other symptom-relieving drugs?
For the following figures 1€“5, research the chapter to find an appropriate drug to treat an infection with the microbe shown, and explain what its effects will be.
a. Discuss the relationship between the vaginal residents and the colonization of the newborn. b. Can you think of some serious medical consequences of this relationship? c. How could normal microbial residents cause some infections to be more severe and other infections to be less severe?
If the following patient specimens produced positive cultures when inoculated and grown on appropriate media, indicate whether this result indicates a disease state and why or why not: Urine Lung biopsy Saliva Cerebrospinal fluid Liver biopsy Throat Feces Blood Urine from bladder Semen
Assume that you have been given the job of developing a colony of germ-free chickens. a. What will be the main steps in this process? b. What possible experiments can you do with these animals?
a. Use the following statistics to make simple maps and graphs of the following three diseases. Determine which show endemic, sporadic, or epidemic patterns. Explain how you can determine each type.b. Explain what would have to occur for these diseases to have a pandemic distribution. c. Look at
Describe each of the following infections using correct technical terminology. (Descriptions may fit more than one category.) Use terms such as primary, secondary, nosocomial, STD, mixed, latent, toxemia, chronic, zoonotic, asymptomatic, local, systemic -itis, -emia. Caused by needlestick in dental
a. Suggest several reasons why urinary tract, respiratory tract, and surgical infections are the most common nosocomial infections. b. Name several measures that health care providers must exercise at all times to prevent or reduce nosocomial infections.
From figure summarize the trends in TB incidence with regard to age, sex, and ethnicity.
Suggest some reasons that there is so much redundancy of action and there are so many interacting aspects of immune responses.
Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them from being killed by phagocytes. a. Suggest two or three factors that help them avoid destruction by the powerful antiseptics in macrophages. b. Suggest the potential implications that these infected
Account for the several inflammatory symptoms that occur in the injection site when one has been vaccinated against influenza and tetanus.
a. Knowing that fever is potentially both harmful and beneficial, what are some possible guidelines for deciding whether to suppress it or not? b. What is the specific target of fever-suppressing drugs?
a. What are some possible elements missing in children born without a functioning lymphocyte system? b. What is the most important component extracted in bone marrow transplants?
a. What is the likelihood that plants have some sort of immune protection? b. Explain your reasoning.
A patient’s chart shows an increase in eosinophil levels. a. What does this cause you to suspect? b. What does it mean if the basophil levels are very high? c. What if the neutrophil levels are very high?
How can adults continue to function relatively normally after surgery to remove the thymus, tonsils, spleen, or lymph nodes?
Explain why the X-linked form of CGD is more common in boys and more severe than autosomal forms of the disease.
What elements of host defenses and immunity would remain intact in a person with CGD?
An obsolete treatment for syphilis involved inducing fever by deliberately infecting patients with the agent of relapsing fever. A recent experimental AIDS treatment involved infecting patients with malaria to induce high fevers. Can you provide some possible explanations behind these peculiar
Patients with a history of tuberculosis often show scars and other lesions in the lungs and experience recurrent infection. Account for these effects on the basis of the inflammatory response.
Each numbered figure 1€“4 represents a cell that provides an immune defense. Each lettered figure A€“D shows a pathogenic microbe. Name the cell and match it with its primary target microbe and effects.
A recent study by the CDC reported that only 73% of children in the United States are being adequately vaccinated. Several million children are at high risk for infections. a. Name some factors that account for this trend. b. Explain how the reduction in vaccination impacts herd immunity.
a. From table 15.6 and the back inside cover, determine the vaccines you have been given and those for which you will require periodic boosters.b. Suggest vaccines you may need in the future.Table 15.6
When traders and missionaries first went to the Hawaiian Islands, the natives there experienced severe disease and high mortality rates from smallpox, measles, and certain STDs. a. Explain what immunologic factors are involved in the devastating effects of new diseases in previously unexposed
Cells contain built-in suicide genes to self-destruct by apoptosis under certain conditions. Can you explain why development of the immune system might depend in part on this sort of adaptation?
a. Describe what could be summarized as the three Rs of immunity: recognize, react, remember. b. Why would it be necessary for the T cells to bind both antigen and self (MHC) receptors?
Double-stranded DNA is a large, complex molecule, but it is not generally immunogenic unless it is associated with proteins or carbohydrates. Can you think why this might be so?
Describe the cellular/microscopic pathology in the immune system of AIDS patients that results in opportunistic infections and cancers.
Describe the relationship between an antitoxin, a toxin, and a toxoid.
It is often said that a vaccine does not prevent infection; rather, it primes the immune system to undergo an immediate response to prevent an infection from spreading. Explain what is meant by this statement, and outline what is happening at the cellular/molecular level from the time of
Describe the specific components of acquired immunity that would be necessary to control rabies virus.
Using figure 15.10, label the lines and arrows, and explain what is happening at numbers 1, 2, and 3.
a. Discuss the reasons that the immune system sometimes behaves like a double-edged sword. b. Suggest a possible function of allergy.
In what ways can cancer be both a cause and a symptom of immunodeficiency?
A 3-week-old neonate develops severe eczema after being given penicillin therapy for the first time. Explain what has happened.
Why would a person be allergic to strawberries when he eats them but show a negative skin test to them?
a. Where in the course of type I allergies do antihistamine drugs, cortisone, and desensitization work? Exactly what do they do? b. Compare the sites of action of Singulair and Xolair.
a. Although we call persons with type O blood universal donors and those with type AB blood universal recipients, what problems might accompany transfusions involving O donors or AB recipients? b. What is the truly universal donor and recipient blood type? (Include Rh type.)
Explain how cleaner living and medical advances could contribute to allergies.
How can a person prevent becoming allergic to poison oak? What is the basis for infectious allergy?
Why are primary immunodeficiencies considered “experiments of nature”?
a. Explain why babies with agammaglobulinemia do not develop opportunistic infections until about 6 months after birth. b. Explain why people with B-cell deficiencies can benefit from artificial passive immunotherapy. Explain whether vaccination would work for them. c. Explain why the lack of a
From chapter 15, figure 15.9. Explain how this phenomenon pertains to allergies.
Observe the blood typing results shown here and label the blood types, including Rh. Which types are the most and least common?
How would you explain to a biology class that in the next decade, some diseases currently thought to be noninfectious will probably be found to be caused by microbes?
In what way could the extreme sensitivity of the PCR method be a problem when working with clinical specimens?
Why do some tests for antibody in serum (such as for HIV and syphilis) require backup verification with additional tests at a later date?
a. Look at figure 17.9 b. What is the titer as shown?In Figureb. If the titer had been 40, would a different interpretation be made as to the immune status of the patient? c. Which patients are positive in figure 17.10 b? In Figure d. What would it mean if a test 2 weeks later revealed a titer of
Observe figure 17.15 and make note of the several steps in the indirect ELISA test. What four essential events are necessary to develop a positive reaction (besides having antibody A)?
Explain how an immunoassay method could use monoclonal antibodies to differentiate between B and T cells and between different subsets of T cells.
Showing 300 - 400
of 4619
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Last
Step by Step Answers
Get 50% OFF
Claim Now
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
-1.png)
-2.png)
.png)
.png)
-1.png)
-2.png)
.png)
.png)
-1.png)
-2.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
-1.png)
-2.png)
.png)
