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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

1. Process figure, step 1. Label each of the parts of the illustration.2. From chapter 4, figure. Speculate on why these cells contain two chromosomes (shown inblue).
1. From chapter 6, figure. What has happened to the bacterial DNA in this illustration? What effect can this have on a bacterium? Is this temporary or permanent?2. From chapter 9, process figure.
1. From chapter 2, figure. Study this illustration of a cell membrane. In what ways could alcohol damage this membrane? How would that harm the cell?2. From chapter 4, figure. Why would many chemical
1. Figure. Where could penicillinase affect each of these antibiotics?2. From chapter 6, process figure. Describe as many ways as possible for an antiviral drug to interfere with the activity
1. From chapter 3, figure. What chemical is the organism in this illustration producing? How does this add to an organism€™s pathogenicity?2. From chapter 4, figure. In what setting was
From Chapter 4, figure 4.16:a. In both cell types shown, sketch where the membrane attack complex (MAC) would form.b. Speculate on whether gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial cells are more
From this chapter, process figure. In this figure describing primary and secondary responses to antigen, indicate where a vaccination might be most effective, and also indicate where natural
1. From chapter 15, figure. How would a person€™s immunity be affected if he or she had a deficiency in cytotoxic T cells? Would a deficiency in Thelper cells have a greater or lesser
1. From chapter 3, figure 3.5b.What biochemical characteristic does this figure illustrate? How could this characteristic be used to begin the identification of these two organisms? Explain your
From chapter 13, figure 13.5a. Discuss whether this figure illustrates the pathogenesis of impetigo caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcuspyogenes.
1. From chapter 3, figure. Without looking back to the figure in chapter 3, speculate on which meningitis-causing organism you are seeing here. How could your presumptive diagnosis be confirmed?2.
a. From chapter 14, figure. Imagine that the WBCs shown in this illustration are unable to control the microorganisms. Could the change that has occurred in the vessel wall help the organism spread
1. Figure. Some doctors suggest that gently forcing one€™s ears to €œpop€ is an effective way to prevent ear infection. Use the following illustration to explain how
1. From chapter 13, figure. Imagine for a minute that the organism in this illustration is E. coli O157:H7. What would be one reason not to treat a patient having this infection with powerful
a. From chapters 20 and 23, figures. Compare these two rashes. What kind of information would help you determine the diagnosis in both cases?b. Now compare both of these to the rashes summarized in
1. From chapter 6, figure. We suggested that bacteriophages in the ocean appear to play a role in photosynthesis and the turnover of nutrients. Which of these two activities is more likely to be
1. From chapter 3, figure. If this MacConkey agar plate was inoculated with well water, would you report that coliforms were present in the water?2. From Chapter 3, selective and differential media.
1. Describe the basic differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cell types.2. Fill in the empty boxes to describe how microbes are helpful to humans.3. Fill in the empty boxes to describe how
1. What are two examples of polysaccharides in a cell?2. What are four functions of proteins?3. Where are phospholipids found?4. What carbon-based molecules combine to formDNA?
1. What is the purpose of solid microbial media?2. What are the benefits of agar?3. Give an example of each: defined and complex media.4. What are the purposes of general-purpose, selective,
1. Name at least five structures that are not found in all bacteria but are important in some.2. What characteristics are unique to gram-positive bacteria? What characteristics are unique to
1. What is the endosymbiotic theory?2. What eukaryotic organelles most closely resemble bacteria?3. What other characteristics of these organelles suggest they evolved frombacteria?
1. How does capsid and/or envelope structure determine the type of cells a virus infects?2. Describe the composition of the viral envelope.3. How are enveloped viruses different from nonenveloped
1. Discuss how oxygen can damage cells.2. Describe how organisms can overcome the toxic effects ofoxygen.
This activity ties together multiple concepts in the chapter.1. What are the three types of fermentation discussed in this chapter?2. What are the by- products of each type of fermentative
This activity ties together multiple concepts in the chapter.1. What are the four bases that make up RNA?2. What are the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA? What structures does each form?3. What are
This activity ties together multiple concepts in the chapter.1. What are restriction endonucleases? How are they used by bacteria and archaea?2. What is a €œsticky end€?3. How
1. What physical control methods are used to sterilize? What materials require sterilization?2. What physical control methods disinfect? What types of materials require disinfection but not
1. Give an example of at least one antibiotic that is inactivated by each of the resistance mechanisms presented. Describe how each of these antibiotics normally acts on a bacterium to cause cell
1. Fill in the blanks regarding the types of reservoirs.2. How are incubating carriers different from asymptomatic carriers?3. What type of carrier was Typhoid Mary?4. Describe the difference between
Scenario: It has been a busy day and you haven€™t had time to have lunch. While you€™re getting gas in your car between your classes and work, you decide to run into the
Scenario: It has been a week since your bout of Salmonella food poisoning, and you may never look at an egg salad sandwich the same way again. Your fever has gone down, you€™re starting to
1. From what blood types can a person with type A€“ blood receive donations?2. From what blood types can a person with type B+ blood receive donations?3. What are the consequences if an
1. What direct tests will be performed on the stool sample?2. What culture and isolation tests will be performed on the stool sample?3. What other tests may be performed after isolating Salmonella
1. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are implicated as the causative agents of least three skin diseases. What are they?2. How are S. aureus and S. pyogenes phenotypically similar? How
1. What are the signs and symptoms common to all forms of meningitis?2. How is bacterial meningitis different from viral meningitis?3. What are the treatment options for meningitis caused by
1. What cardiovascular and lymphatic system diseases are transmitted by arthropod vectors?2. Which of these vector-borne diseases are bacterial? Which are protozoan? Which are viral?3. What are the
1. Why is pneumonia considered an anatomical diagnosis?2. What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?3. How is bacterial pneumonia different from viral pneumonia?4. Which form of pneumonia is an
1. What are the general symptoms of hepatitis?2. As a clinician, what is your first assumption about the source of the infection?3. What virus(es) is (are) potentially involved through this source?4.
1. What are the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?2. What organisms are the likely causes of a UTI?3. What are the likely treatments of a UTI?4. If you are a male,
1. What are the roles of microbes in the carbon cycle?2. How are microbes involved in photosynthesis? Give at least one example.3. How do microbes act as consumers? Give at least one example.4. How
1. What precautions are taken at the harvesting step of food production to prevent food-borne diseases?2. What professes do liquid foods go through to remove or destroy microbes?3. How fan the growth
What do you suppose the world would be like if there were cures for all infectious diseases and a means to destroy all microbes? What characteristics of microbes would prevent this from happening?
How would you describe the types of scientific reasoning in the various experiments for supporting and denying spontaneous generation?
Give the technical name of a microbiologist who researches or works with: protozoa in a termite’s gut, bacteria that live in volcanoes, the tapeworms of dogs, molds that cause food poisoning,
Why do you think genetic screening of samples as described in the case file was more effective in mining the ocean’s microbes than traditional methods?
What does it mean to say that the human body is 90% prokaryotic?
What is the ultimate way that microbes will, as Pasteur said, have the “last word”?
Can you develop a scientific hypothesis and means of testing the cause of stomach ulcers? (Are they caused by an infection? By too much acid? By a genetic disorder?)
Refer to figure 1.10 and use the following pattern to construct an outline of the scientific reasoning that was involved in developing the germ theory of disease.Figure 1.10
a. The “octet rule” in chemistry helps predict the types of bonds that atoms will form. In general, an atom will be most stable if it fills its outer shell of 8 electrons. Atoms with fewer than 4
Predict the kinds of bonds that occur in ammonium (NH3), phosphate (PO4), disulfide (S—S), and magnesium chloride (MgCl2).
Work out the following problems:a. What is the number of protons in helium? in iron?b. Will an H bond form between H3C—CH=O and H2O? Draw a simple figure to support your answer.c. Draw the
a. Describe how hydration spheres are formed around cations and anions. b. Distinguish between polar and ionic compounds.
Looking at figure 2.25, can you see why adenine forms hydrogen bonds with thymine and why cytosine forms them with guanine?
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and unsaturated fats are not. a. Is butter an example of a saturated or an unsaturated fat? b. Is olive oil an example of a saturated or an unsaturated
Figures 1 and 2 are both highly magnified views of biological substances. Using figure 2.17 as your basis for comparison, speculate which molecules are shown and give the reasons for them having the
A certain medium has the following composition: Glucose.......... 15g Yeast extract.......... 5g Peptone.......... 5g KH2PO4..........
Some human pathogenic bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics. How would you prove a bacterium is resistant to antibiotics using laboratory culture techniques?
a. Name four categories that blood agar fits.b. Name four differential reactions that TSIA shows.c. Suggest what causes the difference in growth pattern between nonmotile and motile bacteria.d.
a. What kind of medium might you make to selectively grow a bacterium that lives in the ocean? b. One that lives in the human stomach? c. What characteristic of dyes makes them useful in differential
Go back to page 6 and observe the six micrographs in figure 1.3. See if you can tell what kind of microscope was used to make the photograph based on magnification and appearance.
Could the Gram stain be used to diagnose the flu? Why or why not?
Evaluate the following preparations in terms of showing microbial size, shape, motility, and differentiation: spore stain, negative stain, simple stain, hanging drop slide, and Gram stain.
Biotechnology companies have engineered hundreds of different types of mice, rats, pigs, goats, cattle, and rabbits to have genetic diseases similar to diseases of humans or to synthesize drugs and
The image shown here is a Gram stain of spinal fluid. What can you conclude about its appearance and how it came to look this way?
Look at figure 3.1 on page 60. Precisely which of the six €œI€™s€ were used in case file 3? Which ones were used in case file 1? Were any used in case file 2?
What is required to kill endospores? How do you suppose archaeologists were able to date some spores as being thousands (or millions) of years old?
Propose a hypothesis to explain how bacteria and archaea could have, together, given rise to eukaryotes.
Explain or illustrate exactly what will happen to the cell wall if the synthesis of the interbridge is blocked by penicillin. What if the glycan is hydrolyzed by lysozyme?
a. Use the size bars to measure the cells in figure 4.32, 4.33, and Insight 4.2.b. Describe the shapes and arrangements of bacteria in figure 4.23 a, b, e, and f. Figure 4.23
Under the microscope, you see a rod-shaped cell that is swimming rapidly forward. a. What do you automatically know about that bacterium’s structure? b. How would a bacterium use its flagellum for
a. Name an acid-fast bacterium. b. What characteristics make this bacterium different from other gram-positive bacteria?
a. Name a bacterium that uses chlorophyll to photosynthesize. b. Describe the two major groups of photosynthetic bacteria. c. How are they similar? d. How are they different?
a. What are some possible adaptations that the giant bacterium Thiomargarita has had to make because of its large size? b. If a regular bacterium were the size of an elephant, estimate the size of a
Using figure 4.22 as a guide, label the stages in the endospore cycle shown in the figure, and explain the events depicted.
Suggest some ways that one would go about determining if mitochondria and chloroplasts are a modified prokaryotic cell.
a. Name two parasites that are transmitted in the cyst form. b. How must a non-cyst-forming pathogenic protozoan be transmitted? Why?
Explain what factors could cause opportunistic mycoses to be a growing medical problem.
a. How are bacterial endospores and cysts of protozoa alike? b. How do they differ?
You have gone camping in the mountains and plan to rely on water present in forest pools and creeks for drinking. Certain encysted pathogens often live in this type of water, but you do not discover
Can you think of a way to determine if a child is suffering from pinworms?
Label the major structures you can observe in figures 5.18 d, 5.23, 5.24 b, and 5.29 b.
Comment on the possible origin of viruses. Is it not curious that the human cell welcomes a virus in and hospitably removes its coat as if it were an old acquaintance?
Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of bacteriophage therapy in treating bacterial infections.
a. Consult table 6.2, right-hand column to determine which viral diseases you have had and which ones you have been vaccinated against. b. Which viruses would more likely be possible oncoviruses and
a. If viruses that normally form envelopes were prevented from budding, would they still be infectious? Why or why not? b. If only the RNA of an influenza virus were injected into a cell by itself,
The end result of most viral infections is death of the host cell. a. If this is the case, how can we account for such differences in the damage that viruses do? b. Describe the adaptation of viruses
a. Given that DNA viruses can actually be carried in the DNA of the host cell’s chromosomes, comment on what this phenomenon means in terms of inheritance in the offspring. b. Discuss the
One early problem in cultivating HIV was the lack of a cell line that would sustain indefinitely in vitro, but eventually, one was developed. What do you expect were the stages in developing this
a. If you were involved in developing an antiviral drug, what would be some important considerations? (Can a drug “kill” a virus?) b. How could multiplication be blocked?
Is there such a thing as a “good virus”? Explain why or why not. Consider both bacteriophages and viruses of eukaryotic organisms.
How are computer viruses analogous to real viruses?
Label the parts of viruses in figures 6.7 d, 6.8 a, and 6.10 b, c.
Observe table 6.2 figures and determine which viruses are enveloped, which ones are naked, and which ones have an icosahedral capsid. Provide the sizes for the viruses illustrated there.
a. Is there a microbe that could grow on a medium that contains only the following compounds dissolved in water: CaCO3, MgNO3, FeCl2, ZnSO4, and glucose? Defend your answer. b. Check the last entry
a. The noted microbial ecologist Martin W. Beijerinck has stated “Everything is everywhere, the environment selects.” Use this concept to explain what ultimately determines whether a
a. Place appropriate points on the axes and draw a graph that fits an obligate thermophile.b. Enter points on the axes and show the growth results of an acidophilic microbe.
Describe how one might determine the nutrient requirements of a microbe from Mars. If, after exhausting various nutrient schemes, it still does not grow, what other factors might one take into
Patients with ketoacidosis associated with diabetes are especially susceptible to fungal infections. Propose why this might be the case.

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