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medical sciences
biology
Microbiology A Systems Approach 4th edition Marjorie Kelly Cowan - Solutions
a. Describe how the immune system distinguishes foreign cells from cells deemed as self.b. Type I diabetes may be triggered by immune cells attacking one’s own insulin-secreting pancreatic cells. Research shows that this may occur in an individual after a viral infection.Develop a hypothesis to
a. Viewing a prepared slide of a blood smear with a brightfield microscope, you visualize relatively few large stained cells that contain a rounded nucleus. Upon closer inspection, you note the lack of granules in the cytoplasm. What type of blood cell are you most likely viewing based upon this
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease caused by T cells attacking healthy tissue. When diagnosed in early childhood, the treatment often involves the removal of the thymus.Discuss why this treatment is therapeutic for this condition based upon your knowledge of basic immunology.
a. Explain why white cells but not red cells are normally found in lymph.b. Explain why swollen lymph nodes are often indicative of a microbial infection.
a. Inflammation is characterized by heat, pain, redness, and swelling. Discuss the vascular changes that lead to the development of these signs and symptoms.b. Construct a paragraph explaining how immune cells migrate to the site of injury. Use the following terms: vasodilation, margination,
Describe three types of cell markers that allow for the specificity of B- and T- cell action and how they function in immune reactions.
a. Explain how the anamnestic response is triggered by vaccination.b. Conduct additional research and discuss one current example illustrating how lack of herd immunity within a population has led to localized disease outbreaks in the United States.
a. Summarize how T cells are stimulated by antigen, and compare this process with how B cells are activated.b. Define the term tolerance, and explain whether it is necessary for effective humoral and cell- mediated immunity.
Summarize the roles of normal biota and genetics in the development of type I allergic reactions. Discuss how probiotics or gene therapy could be used to alter an individual’s allergic response to antigen.
a. Outline the steps of cellular reactions in response to an antigen.b. You have developed a new treatment for type I allergic responses in your laboratory. This new therapeutic approach completely blocks the degranulation of mast cells.Discuss whether or not this would be an effective treatment
a. Draw a diagram illustrating whether or not each of the following transfusions would be immunologically compatible.Type A donor into a type B recipient Type B donor into a type AB recipientType O– donor into a type O+ recipientb. Explain how xenotransplantation can be successful in light of the
Summarize the role of the immune system in the development of type I diabetes. Propose a strategy that could be used to protect young children from developing an autoimmune reaction, and subsequently type I diabetes, after a viral infection.
a. Explain which have a greater impact on immune function and patient health: T- cell deficiencies or B- cell deficiencies. b. A patient in your unit exhibits frequent bouts of microbial infections and is found to produce extremely low levels of IgG and IgM antibodies. Your colleague suggests that
Explain why it is advisable for an Rh– woman who has had an abortion, miscarriage, or an ectopic pregnancy to be immunized against the Rh factor.
Explain why specimens should be taken aseptically, even when no sterile sites are being sampled and selective media are to be used, and why speed is important in the clinical testing process.
Which category of identification methods does lipid analysis belong to, and how it could be used to differentiate respiratory disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae infection from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?
Discuss how new information on the human microbiome may lead to the identification of specific microbes associated with diseases currently thought to be noninfectious in origin.
a. Define the term seropositivity, and explain whether or not it develops at the same rate in all patients affected by the same microbe.b. Would a high rate of false- positive reactions result from a decrease in the sensitivity or specificity of the test?
a. Explain which type of ELISA can be used to determine an individual’s past exposure to a pathogen.b. Discuss whether immunochromatographic assays are indirect or direct methods of testing.
You are working at a health clinic, and a woman enters suspecting that she has been exposed to HIV two nights ago. a. Discuss whether or not she can be tested for HIV infection at this point.b. Summarize how you would respond to this patient, providing her with appropriate information regarding
a. Compare and contrast the process of restriction analysis used in traditional DNA fingerprinting with the procedure used in pulse- field gel electrophoresis.b. What is the “basic local alignment search tool” (BLAST) maintained by the National Institutes of Health? How can this database be
A microscopic cluster of Staphylococcus aureus is transferred to the surface of your skin.a. Describe any defense mechanisms these cells will have to avoid at this portal of entry.b. The microbial cells have managed to survive these attacks and now enter into a hair follicle. Discuss what skin
A young boy was at the playground when he felt a sharp pain on his leg. Upon inspection, his mother realized he was stung by a bee. They went home and she carefully removed the stinger and washed the site well. Within a week, the site became swollen and painful; a red line appeared at the site,
a. Conduct additional research, and discuss whether “pox parties” represent a safe method of developing immunity to varicella zoster virus.b. Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Shingles develops when you are re-infected with varicella zoster virus later on in
a. Name the three genera of fungi associated with tinea. b. Individuals being treated for fungal infections must often undergo routine blood testing for analysis of liver and kidney function. Explain why antifungal drugs have such toxic side effects in humans.
A 17-year-old male goes to his physician with an uncomfortable condition: a painful bump on the sole of his foot. As the physician examines the lesion, the young man states that he is an active member of the school swim team. a. What type of skin condition do you feel the patient is suffering from,
A 26-year-old female develops what she thinks is pinkeye: reddened eyes producing a clear discharge. She notices that she cannot tolerate bright sunlight and that she constantly feels as if she has sand in her eyes.a. Based upon this evidence, what condition is the patient suffering from? Explain
Smallpox has a rich history—from prompting the first vaccine to potential use as a bioterrorism agent. Given what you know about the etiology of the disease and the current state of the world’s immunity to smallpox, discuss how effective (or ineffective) a smallpox biological weapon could be
A farmer working on a piece of machinery gets his shirtsleeve caught in a moving piece of the equipment. His shirt is sliced, and a sharp blade covered in mud slices through his upper arm. He attempts to control the bleeding and immediately seeks medical attention. After 3 days, he develops a fever
a. List the pathogens targeted by the MMR vaccine, and summarize how the vaccine provides immunologic protection.b. Numerous cases of measles have surfaced recently in the United States. Explain how such extensive outbreaks can occur when the MMR vaccine program aims to establish herd immunity
a. Explain why the nervous system is described as “immunologically privileged,” and discuss whether this provides a beneficial or disadvantageous effect in this system.b. Discuss the defenses a pathogen encounters as it attempts to gain entry into the nervous system.
a. Summarize the classes of pathogens that can cause meningitis, noting which are most pathogenic to the human host.b. What tests are used to identify these causative agents?c. Conduct additional research and summarize the causative agent and mode of transmission behind the multistate meningitis
In 2011, two cases of meningoencephalitis occurred in adults living in the southern United States. Both patients were found to have used untreated tap water in a neti pot to flush their sinuses.a. Based upon the information provided, which microbe was most likely the causative agent of disease in
a. Compare and contrast common characteristics of meningitis and encephalitis.b. Discuss how biological vectors and travel greatly impact the range of arboviral encephalitides today, and explain whether vaccination is a viable option to impede the spread of these diseases.
a. A patient undergoing a medical procedure was unaware that he had a prion disease. Discuss the risks of using non-disposable medical equipment in the treatment of this patient.b. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting white-tailed deer and elk. In
a. Summarize the most common reservoirs of rabies virus today.b. In August of 2011, a soldier from Fort Drum in Watertown, New York, tested positive for rabies; he died less than 3 weeks later. Further investigation revealed that he actually became infected when he was bitten by a dog in January of
a. Describe the defining symptoms of meningitis.b. Pathogens causing meningitis enter the body through which portal(s) of entry?
An HIV-positive individual is prone to developing a variety of nervous system infections. Provide two examples, noting the causative agent involved and summarizing the pathogenesis of disease in the two examples.
As you learned in chapter 8, many types of fruits and vegetables can be fermented into alcoholic beverages. Such was the case recently when prisoners in Utah attempted to make an illegal beverage called “pruno”; however, someone added a weeks-old baked potato to the mix, letting a microbe into
The Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) is currently used in India and other developing countries around the world. Conduct additional research and discuss whether this method of immunization has been safe and effective.
Explain why cases of dengue fever have been observed beyond endemic regions of the world today. Discuss whether or not completely eradicating mosquito (vector) populations from disease-ridden areas is advisable.
Explain why a highly effective vaccine does not yet exist for malaria. What progress is currently being made today?
Today, few cases of natural anthrax are seen in the United States. What group of individuals is primarily affected today, and how do they become infected? Which form of anthrax do they commonly develop?
Several pathogens in this chapter are listed as potential bio-weapons by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Discuss two examples and why they are considered effective for use in bioterrorism.
a. Discuss whether or not genetics plays a role in HIV infection, providing at least one example to illustrate your position.b. Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: An HIV-positive individual will always harbor the virus even if no viral load is detectable by PCR or
a. Explain why over the years the incidence of HIV infection has declined in the United States while the prevalence of AIDS has increased.b. Summarize the four drugs used in HIV therapy today, and describe the mechanism of action of each drug against HIV.
Some South African sex workers regularly exposed to HIV have been known to resist infection for years. Also, the Sydney Blood Bank Cohort represents a group of individuals termed “long-term non-progressors,” who have been infected with HIV for over 30 years. Conduct additional research and see
a. Compare and contrast various characteristics of hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic fever diseases.b. Provide an explanation for the observed increase in incidence of these zoonotic infections around the world today.
a. Smokers tend to suffer from higher rates of lower respiratory tract infections. Based upon your knowledge of respiratory tract defenses, provide at least one explanation for this situation.b. Conduct additional research and discuss how the microbiome of smokers differs from that of healthy,
a. What is DRACO? Describe how it could possibly be used to treat a variety of viral infections including the common cold.b. Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Antibiotic therapy should be used in the treatment of the common cold.
a. Explain why the current recommendation for uncomplicated acute otitis media is “watchful waiting.”b. Compare and contrast the two vaccines currently available for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infection.
Explain why individuals suffering from pertussis often develop secondary infections during the convalescent phase of the disease, and discuss aspects of today’s protective vaccine against B. pertussis.
Construct a paragraph explaining the process of antigenic shift in the evolution of the H1N1 swine flu pandemic strain of influenza virus seen in 2009.
Explain why patients on ventilators are at high risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
In an episode of the television show House, Dr. House pulled the patient’s tracheostomy tube and viewed into the pharynx to find evidence of a pseudomembrane. He then contacted the CDC to obtain the patient’s needed treatment.a. What did he think the patient was suffering from? Is this a
A graduate student from Ireland tests positive in the tuberculin skin test. Upon reading the patient history, the doctor determines that the test is a false positive and does not pursue further treatment. What is the possible explanation for the false-positive skin test?
Conduct additional research and explain where cases of XDR-TB are most prevalent today and the potential risks for global spread of this disease.
a. Summarize the current knowledge of normal biota in the human mouth. To what domain of life do most of these microorganisms belong?b. Explain why many patients undergoing dental surgery are placed on antibiotic therapy before the procedure.
a. Summarize the characteristics that differentiate food poisoning from other gastrointestinal diseases.b. Conduct additional research and discuss at least two new methods for detecting or eliminating microbial contaminants in the global food supply today.
a. In May of 2010, the CDC began to notice a sudden increase in the number of salmonellosis cases reported that month. That trend continued until July 2010, when the number of cases began to slowly decline. Explain what type of epidemic these data represent, and why the number of cases finally went
a. An outbreak of cholera occurred in Haiti following a devastating earthquake in 2010. Based upon your knowledge of the bacterium involved, discuss the factors that may have allowed for the outbreak to develop within this country.b. Explain why many recreational water parks have chosen to use
a. Describe the methods used to definitively diagnose helminthic infections in humans.b. Explain why antihelminthic drugs are so difficult to develop, and list at least three therapeutic targets of successful drugs used today.
Regarding food safety,a. Explain whether there is a greater risk for E. coli O157:H7 infection when consuming a hamburger compared to consuming a steak.b. Discuss whether or not food poisoning can still occur after consuming a reheated pot of soup known to be contaminated with Staphylococcus
List the microorganisms involved in tooth decay and discuss the sequence of events leading to the development of periodontitis.
Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Blood type can help predict your risk of developing ulcers.
One hundred individuals present to a health care clinic complaining of gastrointestinal distress. As the head triage physician, please detail all steps you will take to definitively determine what disease the patients are suffering from and to identify the source of the apparent outbreak.
Because the acidic vaginal pH is maintained in part by normal biota during reproductive years to prevent microbial infection, describe how sperm are capable of gaining entrance into the uterus on their way to fertilizing an ovum.
a. Urine in the bladder has always been thought to be a sterile fluid. Describe the diversity of microbes being identified in urine today, and explain why previous studies did not detect these microbes in the past.b. Describe how ExPEC strains of E. coli are able to cause disease at a site distant
Summarize how a laboratory technologist would identify a case of vaginosis versus a case of vaginitis from a vaginal swab specimen.
Why are urinary tract infections such common healthcare-associated infections? Conduct additional research and provide an update on the significance of VRE, CRE, and E. coli ST131 infections today.
a. Describe the main characteristics of PID, and list the two microorganisms that are most commonly associated with this disease.b. Conduct additional research on current drug-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae and create a map showing their worldwide distribution today.
a. Explain why microscopic analysis of a urine specimen is more accurate for Chlamydia screening in males than in females.b. Describe the life cycle of Chlamydia, and explain how it plays a direct role in the pathogen’s ability to cause pelvic inflammatory disease.
a. A young man presents to his primary care physician with genital lesions and he is told that he has herpes. He refuses to believe this diagnosis because he is in a long-standing relationship with a woman who clearly has never shown signs of vaginal herpes lesions. Construct an informative
Summarize the clinical stages of syphilis. Suggest reasons for the observed increase in the number of syphilis cases identified in recent years in the United States and abroad.
a. List examples of biotic and abiotic factors that contribute to a microbe’s ability to survive within a habitat.b. Define the term niche, and describe the many roles microbes fulfill in an ecosystem.
Using the chapter 24 Case File as an example, construct a paragraph illustrating how a consortium of microbes is often required for the process of bioremediation.
a. Outline the general characteristics of a biogeochemical cycle.b. Conduct additional research, and discuss two recent discoveries in the field of geomicrobiology.
Summarize the role microbes play in the cycling of carbon, and discuss their possible influence on global warming.
a. Outline the modes of cycling water through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.b. In the chapter 1 Case File, you learned about the role of microbes in the formation of precipitation. Expanding on this idea, could changing weather patterns alter the normal habitat range of environmental
a. What causes the formation of the epilimnion, hypolimnion, and thermocline? Explain why many largely populated fisheries are located in areas of the ocean where these layers are mixed by strong currents.b. In the 1970s, Lake Erie became known as the “Dead Sea of North America.” It was found
PCBs are human-made pollutants that are not synthesized in nature. However, a remote lake in Alaska was found to contain PCBs even though humans had never set foot near this body of water. Based upon what you have learned in this chapter, develop a hypothesis that could explain this finding.
Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Microbial life was recently identified on Mars.
a. Looking at the photo of the three plants, explain a symbiotic relationship within the rhizosphere that could account for the observed difference in height among these plants.b. Many people use animal manure to fertilize their garden crops. Discuss how this application benefits the growing
Discuss the impact of global warming on the growth of microbes in the ocean today. How will this affect food webs within marine ecosystems?
a. Summarize one beneficial use of sludge today, and discuss one potential environmental risk in the use of this substance.b. Explain how waste is handled in the United States when the household is not connected to a sewage treatment facility.
Every year, supposedly safe municipal water supplies cause outbreaks of enteric illness.a. Using the Wisconsin outbreak example from the 1990s, explain how pathogens can slip through the processes of water analysis and treatment undetected and untreated.b. Looking at process figure, discuss how
Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Humans consume microbes every day with little health risk.
You are working for the county health department this summer, and your job is to regularly survey the local beaches for microbial contamination.a. Describe the tests you may use to analyze the water quality in these recreational areas.b. You identify high levels of Enterobacter species in a sample
a. List examples of microbes used in the production of fermented products such as beer, cheese, and pickles.b. Explain why only specific microbes are selected to produce each of these distinct fermented products.
a. If fermentation of sugars to produce alcohol in wine is anaerobic, why do winemakers make sure that the early phase of yeast growth is aerobic?b. In many cases, the identification of bacteria in a tank of beer signals trouble for the brewing process. Explain biochemically why this is so.
a. Predict the differences in the outcome if raw milk is incubated for 48 hours versus pasteurized milk being incubated for the same length of time.b. Many soldiers are deployed to areas of the world where there is no refrigeration. Explain how these individuals can still have safe dairy products
Summarize examples of how modern biotechnology is aiding humans medically, nutritionally, and environmentally.
Figure Look at the yellow, green, and red bars (the time that microorganisms have been on earth) and at the icon indicating the time that humans appeared. Speculate on the probability that we will be able to completely disinfect our planet or prevent all microbialdiseases.
Figure. Speculate on why sterols like cholesterol can add €œstiffness€ to membranes that containthem.
1. Figure. If you were using the streak plate method to plate a very dilute broth culture (with many fewer bacteria than the broth used for 3a) would you expect to see single, isolated colonies in quadrant 4 or quadrant 3? Explain your answer.2. From chapter 1, figure. Which of these photos from
1. From chapter 3, figure. Do you believe that the bacteria spelling €œKlebsiella€ or the bacteria spelling €œS. aureus€ possess the larger capsule? Defend your answer.2. From chapter 1,figure. Study this figure. How would it be drawn differently if the
1. From chapter 4, figure. You may have seen similar sites in the environment. Can you think of two locations you encountered that have shown colorful evidence of microbial growth?2. From chapter 1, figure. Which of the groups of organisms from this figure will contain a nucleus?Why?
From chapter 1, table: This table from chapter 1 identifies diseases most clearly caused by microorganisms. Considering what you have learned in this chapter, are there more deaths caused by microorganisms than might be accounted for by the red-labeled diseases? Can you make a rough guess of how
1. From chapter 6, figure. What type of symbiotic relationship is illustrated here?2. From figure. What effect will a patient€™s fever have on infection by amesophile?
From chapter 4, figure. On the enlarged sections of both (a) and (b), draw protons in the proper compartment in such a way that it illustrates the creation of a proton motiveforce.
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