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physics
mechanics

Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions

A hiker is wearing wool clothing of 0.50-cm thickness to keep warm. Her skin temperature is 35°C and the outside temperature is 4.0°C. Her body surface area is 1.2 m2. (a) If the thermal conductivity of wool is 0.040 W/(m ∙ K), what is the rate of heat conduction through her clothing? (b) If
A window whose glass has k = 1.0 W/(m∙K) is covered completely with a sheet of foam of the same thickness as the glass, but with K = 0.025 W/(m∙K). How is the rate at which heat is conducted through the window changed by the addition of the foam?
A copper bar of thermal conductivity 401 W/(m∙K) has one end at 104°C and the other end at 24°C. The length of the bar is 0.10 m and the cross-sectional area is 1.0 × 10 − 6m2.(a) What is the rate of heat conduction, P, along the bar?(b) What is the temperature gradient in the bar?(c) If two
One cross-country skier is wearing a down jacket that is 2.0 cm thick. The thermal conductivity of goose down is 0.025 W/(m∙K). Her companion on the ski outing is wearing a wool jacket that is 0.50 cm thick. The thermal conductivity of wool is 0.040 W/(m∙K). (a) If both jackets have the same
If a blackbody is radiating at T = 1650 K, at what wavelength is the maximum intensity?
A 64-kg sky diver jumped out of an airplane at an altitude of 0.90 km. She opened her parachute after a while and eventually landed on the ground with a speed of 5.8 m/s. How much energy was dissipated by air resistance during the jump?
Wien studied the spectral distribution of many radiating bodies to finally discover a simple relation between wavelength and intensity. Use the limited data shown in Fig. 14.17 to find the constant predicted by Wien for the product of wavelength of maximum emission and temperature.
An incandescent light bulb has a tungsten filament that is heated to a temperature of 3.00 × 103 K when an electric current passes through it. If the surface area of the filament is approximately 1.00 × 10−4 m2 and it has an emissivity of 0.32, what is the power radiated by the bulb?
A tungsten filament in a lamp is heated to a temperature of 2.6 × 103 K by an electric current. The tungsten has an emissivity of 0.32. What is the surface area of the filament if the lamp delivers 40.0 W of power?
A person of surface area 1.80 m2 is lying out in the sunlight to get a tan. If the intensity of the incident sunlight is 7.00 × 102 W/m2, at what rate must heat be lost by the person in order to maintain a constant body temperature? (Assume the effective area of skin exposed to the Sun is 42% of
A student wants to lose some weight. He knows that rigorous aerobic activity uses about 700 kcal/h (2900 kJ/h) and that it takes about 2000 kcal per day (8400 kJ) just to support necessary biological functions, including keeping the body warm. He decides to burn calories faster simply by sitting
An incandescent light bulb radiates at a rate of 60.0 W when the temperature of its filament is 2820 K. During a brownout (temporary drop in line voltage), the power radiated drops to 58.0 W. What is the temperature of the filament? Neglect changes in the filament's length and cross-sectional area
If the maximum intensity of radiation for a blackbody is found at 2.65 μ m, what is the temperature of the radiating body?
A black wood stove has a surface area of 1.20 m2 and a surface temperature of 175°C. What is the net rate at which heat is radiated into the room? The room temperature is 20°C.
A lizard of mass 3.0 g is warming itself in the bright sunlight. It casts a shadow of 1.6 cm 2 on a piece of paper held perpendicularly to the Sun's rays. The intensity of sunlight at the Earth is 1.4 × 103 W/m2, but only half of this energy penetrates the atmosphere and is absorbed by the
At a tea party, a coffeepot and a teapot are placed on the serving table. The coffeepot is a shiny silver-plated pot with emissivity of 0.12; the teapot is ceramic and has an emissivity of 0.65. Both pots hold 1.00 L of liquid at 98°C when the party begins. If the room temperature is at 25°C,
During basketball practice Shane made a jump shot, releasing a 0.60-kg basketball from his hands at a height of 2.0 m above the floor with a speed of 7.6 m/s. The ball swooshes through the net at a height of 3.0 m above the floor and with a speed of 4.5 m/s. How much energy was dissipated by air
If the total power per unit area from the Sun incident on a horizontal leaf is 9.00 × 102 W/m2, and we assume that 70.0% of this energy goes into heating the leaf, what would be the rate of temperature rise of the leaf? The specific heat of the leaf is 3.70 kJ/(kg∙°C), the leaf's area is 5.00
Consider the leaf of Problem 70. Assume that the top surface of the leaf absorbs 70.0% of 9.00 × 102 W/m2 of radiant energy, while the bottom surface absorbs all of the radiant energy incident on it due to its surroundings at 25.0°C. (a) If the only method of heat loss for the leaf were thermal
A hotel room is in thermal equilibrium with the rooms on either side and with the hallway on a third side. The room loses heat primarily through a 1.30-cm-thick glass window that has a height of 76.2 cm and a width of 156 cm. If the temperature inside the room is 75°F and the temperature outside
While camping, some students decide to make hot chocolate by heating water with a solar heater that focuses sunlight onto a small area. Sunlight falls on their solar heater, of area 1.5 m2, with an intensity of 750 W/m2. How long will it take 1.0 L of water at 15.0° C to rise to a boiling
Five ice cubes, each with a mass of 22.0 g and at a temperature of − 50.0°C, are placed in an insulating container. How much heat will it take to change the ice cubes completely into steam?
A 10.0-g iron bullet with a speed of 4.00 × 102 m/s and a temperature of 20.0°C is stopped in a 0.500-kg block of wood, also at 20.0°C. (a) At first all of the bullet's kinetic energy goes into the internal energy of the bullet. Calculate the temperature increase of the bullet. (b) After a short
If the temperature surrounding the sunbather in Problem 63 is greater than the normal body temperature of 37°C and the air is still, so that radiation, conduction, and convection play no part in cooling the body, how much water (in liters per hour) from perspiration must be given off to maintain
If 4.0 g of steam at 100.0°C condenses to water on a burn victim's skin and cools to 45.0° C, (a) how much heat is given up by the steam?(b) If the skin was originally at 37.0°C, how much tissue mass was involved in cooling the steam to water? See Table 14.1 for the specific heat of
If 4.0 g of boiling water at 100.0°C was splashed onto a burn victim's skin, and if it cooled to 45.0°C on the 37.0°C skin,(a) How much heat is given up by the water?(b) How much tissue mass, originally at 37.0°C, was involved in cooling the water? See Table 14.1. Compare the result
The amount of heat generated during the contraction of muscle in an amphibian's leg is given by Q = 0.544 mJ + (1.46 mJ/cm)Δx Where Δ x is the length shortened. If a muscle of length 3.0 cm and mass 0.10 g is shortened by 1.5 cm during a contraction, what is the temperature rise? Assume that the
An experiment is conducted with a basic Joule apparatus, where a mass is allowed to descend by 1.25 m and rotate paddles within an insulated container of water. There are several different sizes of descending masses to choose among. If the investigator wishes to deliver 1.00 kJ to the water within
Many species cool themselves by sweating, because as the sweat evaporates, heat is given up to the surroundings. A human exercising strenuously has an evaporative heat loss rate of about 650 W. If a person exercises strenuously for 30.0 min, how much water must he drink to replenish his fluid loss?
A wall consists of a layer of wood outside and a layer of insulation inside. The temperatures inside and outside the wall are + 22°C and - 18°C; the temperature at the wood/insulation boundary is - 8.0°C. By what factor would the heat loss through the wall increase if the insulation were not
Two 62-g ice cubes are dropped into 186 g of water in a glass. If the water is initially at a temperature of 24°C and the ice is at - 15°C, what is the final temperature of the drink?
A 0.500-kg slab of granite is heated so that its temperature increases by 7.40°C. The amount of heat supplied to the granite is 2.93 kJ. Based on this information, what is the specific heat of granite?
A spring of force constant k = 8.4 × 103 N/m is compressed by 0.10 m. It is placed into a vessel containing 1.0 kg of water and then released. Assuming all the energy from the spring goes into heating the water, find the change in temperature of the water
One end of a cylindrical iron rod of length 1.00 m and of radius 1.30 cm is placed in the blacksmith's fire and reaches a temperature of 327°C. If the other end of the rod is being held in your hand (37°C), what is the rate of heat flow along the rod? The thermal conductivity of iron varies with
A blacksmith heats a 0.38-kg piece of iron to 498°C in his forge. After shaping it into a decorative design, he places it into a bucket of water to cool. If the available water is at 20.0°C, what minimum amount of water must be in the bucket to cool the iron to 23.0°C? The water in the bucket
The student from Problem 64 realizes that standing naked in a cold room will not give him the desired weight loss results since it is much less efficient than simply exercising. So he decides to burn calories through conduction. He fills the bathtub with 16°C water and gets in. The water right
A stainless steel saucepan, with a base that is made of 0.350-cm-thick steel [k = 46.0 W/(m∙K)] fused to a 0.150-cm thickness of copper [k = 401 W/(m∙K)], sits on a ceramic heating element at 104.00°C. The diameter of the pan is 18.0 cm and it contains boiling water at 100.00°C.(a) If the
A 75-kg block of ice at 0.0°C breaks off from a glacier, slides along the frictionless ice to the ground from a height of 2.43 m, and then slides along a horizontal surface consisting of gravel and dirt. Find how much of the mass of the ice is melted by the friction with the rough surface,
Convert 1.00 kJ to kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Small animals eat much more food per kg of body mass than do larger animals. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal energy intake necessary to sustain life in a state of complete inactivity. The table lists the BMR, mass, and surface area for five animals.(a) Calculate the BMR/kg of body
Imagine a person standing naked in a room at 23.0°C. The walls are well insulated, so they also are at 23.0°C. The person's surface area is 2.20 m2 and his basal metabolic rate is 2167 kcal/day. His emissivity is 0.97. (a) If the person's skin temperature were 37.0°C (the same as the internal
Bare, dark-colored basalt has a thermal conductivity of 3.1 W/(m∙K), whereas light-colored sandstone's thermal conductivity is only 2.4 W/(m∙K). Even though the same amount of radiation is incident on both and their surface temperatures are the same, the temperature gradient within the two
The power expended by a cheetah is 160 kW while running at 110 km/h, but its body temperature cannot exceed 41.0°C. If 70.0% of the energy expended is dissipated within its body, how far can it run before it overheats? Assume that the initial temperature of the cheetah is 38.0°C, its specific
A scientist working late at night in her low-temperature physics laboratory decides to have a cup of hot tea, but discovers the lab hot plate is broken. Not to be deterred, she puts about 8 oz of water, at 12°C, from the tap into a lab dewar (essentially a large thermos bottle) and begins shaking
A 2.0-kg block of copper at 100.0°C is placed into 1.0 kg of water in a 2.0-kg iron pot. The water and the iron pot are at 25.0°C just before the copper block is placed into the pot. What is the final temperature of the water, assuming negligible heat flow to the environment?
A piece of gold of mass 0.250 kg and at a temperature of 75.0°C is placed into a 1.500-kg copper pot containing 0.500 L of water. The pot and water are at 22.0°C before the gold is added. What is the final temperature of the water?
For a cheetah, 70.0% of the energy expended during exertion is internal work done on the cheetah's system and is dissipated within his body; for a dog only 5.00% of the energy expended is dissipated within the dog's body. Assume that both animals expend the same total amount of energy during
A 20.0-g lead bullet leaves a rifle at a temperature of 87.0°C and hits a steel plate. If the bullet melts, what is the minimum speed it must have?
The inner vessel of a calorimeter contains 2.50 × 102 g of tetra chloromethane, CCl4, at 40.00°C. The vessel is surrounded by 2.00 kg of water at 18.00°C. After a time, the CCl4 and the water reach the equilibrium temperature of 18.54°C. What is the specific heat of CCl4?
Is it possible to make a heat pump with a coefficient of performance equal to 1? Explain.
Can a heat engine be made to operate without creating any "thermal pollution," that is, without making its cold reservoir get warmer in the long run? The net work output must be greater than zero.
A warm pitcher of lemonade is put into an ice chest. Describe what happens to the entropies of lemonade and ice as heat flows from the lemonade to the ice within the chest.
A new dormitory is being built at a college in North Carolina. To save costs, it is proposed to not include air conditioning ducts and vents. A member of the board overseeing the construction says that stand-alone air conditioning units can be supplied to each room later. He has seen advertisements
After a day at the beach, a child brings home a bucket containing some salt water. Eventually the water evaporates, leaving behind a few salt crystals. The molecular order of the salt crystals is greater than the order of the dissolved salt sloshing around in the sea water. Is this a violation of
Explain why the molar specific heat at constant volume is not the same as the molar specific heat at constant pressure for gases. Why is the distinction between constant volume and constant pressure usually insignificant for the specific heats of liquids and solids?
An electric baseboard heater can convert 100% of the electric energy used into heat that flows into the house. Since a gas furnace might be located in a basement and sends exhaust gases up the chimney, the heat flow into the living space is less than 100% of the chemical energy released by burning.
A whimsical statement of the laws of thermodynamics-probably not one favored by gamblers-goes like this: I. You can never win; you can only lose or break even. II. You can only break even at absolute zero. III. You can never get to absolute zero. What do we mean by "win," "lose," and "break even"?
Why must all reversible engines (operating between the same reservoirs) have the same efficiency? Try an argument by contradiction: imagine that two reversible engines exist with e1 > e2. Reverse one of them (into a heat pump) and use the work output from the engine to run the heat pump. What
When supplies of fossil fuels such as petroleum and coal dwindle, people might call the situation an "energy crisis." From the standpoint of physics, why is that not an accurate name? Can you think of a better one?
If you leave the refrigerator door open and the refrigerator runs continuously, does the kitchen get colder or warmer? Explain.
Most heat pumps incorporate an auxiliary electric heater. For relatively mild outdoor temperatures, the electric heater is not used. However, if the outdoor temperature gets very low, the auxiliary heater is used to supplement the heat pump. Why?
Why are heat pumps more often used in mild climates than in areas with severely cold winters?
Are entropy changes always caused by the flow of heat? If not, give some other examples of processes that increase entropy.
On a cold day, Ming rubs her hands together to warm them up. She presses her hands together with a force of 5.0 N. Each time she rubs them back and forth they move a distance of 16 cm with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.45. Assuming no heat flow to the surroundings, after she has rubbed her
Suppose a monatomic ideal gas is changed from state A to state D by one of the processes shown on the PV diagram.(a) Find the total work done on the gas if it follows the constant volume path A-B followed by the constant pressure path B-C-D. (b) Calculate the total change in internal energy of the
Repeat Problem 10 for the case when the gas follows the constant temperature path A-C followed by the constant pressure path C-D.In Problem 10(a) Find the total work done on the gas if it follows the constant volume path A-B followed by the constant pressure path B-C-D.(b) Calculate the total
Repeat Problem 10 for the case when the gas follows the constant pressure path A-E followed by the constant temperature path E-D.In Problem 10(a) Find the total work done on the gas if it follows the constant volume path A-B followed by the constant pressure path B-C-D. (b) Calculate the total
A heat engine follows the cycle shown in the figure.(a) How much net work is done by the engine in one cycle? (b) What is the heat flow into the engine per cycle?
What is the efficiency of an electric generator that produces 1.17 kW ∙ h per kg of coal burned? The heat of combustion of coal is 6.71 × 106 J/kg.
A heat pump delivers heat at a rate of 7.81 kW for 10.0 h. If its coefficient of performance is 6.85, how much heat is taken from the cold reservoir during that time?
(a) How much heat does an engine with an efficiency of 33.3% absorb in order to deliver 1.00 kJ of work? (b) How much heat is exhausted by the engine?
The efficiency of an engine is 0.21. For every 1.00 kJ of heat absorbed by the engine, how much (a) Net work is done by it and (b) Heat is released by it?
A certain engine can propel a 1800-kg car from rest to a speed of 27 m/s in 9.5 s with an efficiency of 27%. What are the rate of heat flow into the engine at the high temperature and the rate of heat flow out of the engine at the low temperature?
The United States generates about 5.0 × 1016 J of electric energy a day. This energy is equivalent to work, since it can be converted into work with almost 100% efficiency by an electric motor. (a) If this energy is generated by power plants with an average efficiency of 0.30, how much heat is
A system takes in 550 J of heat while performing 840 J of work. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
The intensity (power per unit area) of the sunlight incident on Earth's surface, averaged over a 24-h period, is about 0.20 kW/m2, If a solar power plant is to be built with an output capacity of 1.0 × 109 W, how big must the area of the solar energy collectors be for photocells operating at 20.0%
An engine releases 0.450 kJ of heat for every 0.100 kJ of work it does. What is the efficiency of the engine?
An engine works at 30.0% efficiency. The engine raises a 5.00-kg crate from rest to a vertical height of 10.0 m, at which point the crate has a speed of 4.00 m/s. How much heat input is required for this engine?
How much heat does a heat pump with a coefficient of performance of 3.0 deliver when supplied with 1.00 kJ of electricity?
An air conditioner whose coefficient of performance is 2.00 removes 1.73 × 108 J of heat from a room per day. How much does it cost to run the air conditioning unit per day if electricity costs $0.10 per kilowatt-hour? That 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6 × 106 J.
A heat engine takes in 125 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 815 K and exhausts 82 kJ to a reservoir at 293 K. (a) What is the efficiency of the engine? (b) What is the efficiency of an ideal engine operating between the same two reservoirs?
In a certain steam engine, the boiler temperature is 127°C and the cold reservoir temperature is 27°C. While this engine does 8.34 kJ of work, what minimum amount of heat must be discharged into the cold reservoir?
Calculate the maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine that uses surface lake water at 18.0°C as a source of heat and rejects waste heat to the water 0.100 km below the surface where the temperature is 4.0°C.
An ideal refrigerator removes heat at a rate of 0.10 kW from its interior (+ 2.0°C) and exhausts heat at 40.0°C. How much electrical power is used?
The internal energy of a system increases by 400 J while 500 J of work are performed on it. What was the heat flow into or out of the system?
A heat pump is used to heat a house with an interior temperature of 20.0°C. On a chilly day with an outdoor temperature of − 10.0°C, what is the minimum work that the pump requires in order to deliver 1.0 kJ of heat to the house?
A coal-fired electrical generating station can use a higher TH than a nuclear plant; for safety reasons the core of a nuclear reactor is not allowed to get as hot as coal. Suppose that TH = 727°C for a coal station but TH = 527°C for a nuclear station. Both power plants exhaust waste heat into a
Two engines operate between the same two temperatures of 750 K and 350 K, and have the same rate of heat input. One of the engines is a reversible engine with a power output of 2.3 × 104 W. The second engine has an efficiency of 42%. What is the power output of the second engine?
(a) Calculate the efficiency of a reversible engine that operates between the temperatures 600.0°C and 300.0°C. (b) If the engine absorbs 420.0 kJ of heat from the hot reservoir, how much does it exhaust to the cold reservoir?
A reversible engine with an efficiency of 30.0% has TC = 310.0 K. (a) What is TH? (b) How much heat is exhausted for every 0.100 kJ of work done?
An electric power station generates steam at 500.0°C and condenses it with river water at 27°C. By how much would its theoretical maximum efficiency decrease if it had to switch to cooling towers that condense the steam at 47°C?
An inventor proposes a heat engine to propel a ship, using the temperature difference between the water at the surface and the water 10 m below the surface as the two reservoirs. If these temperatures are 15.0°C and 10.0°C, respectively, what is the maximum possible efficiency of the engine?
A heat engine uses the warm air at the ground as the hot reservoir and the cooler air at an altitude of several thousand meters as the cold reservoir. If the warm air is at 37°C and the cold air is at 25°C, what is the maximum possible efficiency for the engine?
A reversible refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 3.0. How much work must be done to freeze 1.0 kg of liquid water initially at 0°C?
A model steam engine of 1.00-kg mass pulls eight cars of 1.00-kg mass each. The cars start at rest and reach a velocity of 3.00 m/s in a time of 3.00 s while moving a distance of 4.50 m. During that time, the engine takes in 135 J of heat. What is the change in the internal energy of the engine?
An engine operates between temperatures of 650 K and 350 K at 65.0% of its maximum possible efficiency. (a) What is the efficiency of this engine? (b) If 6.3 × 103 J is exhausted to the low temperature reservoir, how much work does the engine do?
A town is planning on using the water flowing through a river at a rate of 5.0 × 106 kg/s to carry away the heat from a new power plant, Environmental studies indicate that the temperature of the river should only increase by 0.50°C. The maximum design efficiency for this plant is 30.0%. What is
Show that the coefficient of performance for a reversible heat pump is 1/(1 - TC / TH).
On a hot day, you are in a sealed, insulated room. The room contains a refrigerator, operated by an electric motor. The motor does work at the rate of 250 W when it is running. Assume the motor is ideal (no friction or electrical resistance) and that the refrigerator operates on a reversible cycle.
Show that the coefficient of performance for a reversible refrigerator is 1/[( TH / TC ) - 1].

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