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physics
mechanics

Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions

Show that in a reversible engine the amount of heat QC exhausted to the cold reservoir is related to the net work done W net by
List these in order of increasing entropy: (a) 0.01 mol of N2 gas in a 1-L container at 0°C; (b) 0.01 mol of N2 gas in a 2-L container at 0°C; (c) 0.01 mol of liquid N2.
List these in order of increasing entropy: (a) 0.5 kg of ice and 0.5 kg of (liquid) water at 0°C; (b) 1 kg of ice at 0°C; (c) 1 kg of (liquid) water at 0°C; (d) 1 kg of water at 20°C.
An ice cube at 0.0°C is slowly melting. What is the change in the ice cube's entropy for each 1.00 g of ice that melts?
From Table 14.4, we know that approximately 2256 kJ are needed to transform 1.00 kg of water at 100°C to steam at 100°C. What is the change in entropy of 1.00 kg of water evaporating at 100.0°C? (Specify whether the change in entropy is an increase, +, or a decrease, −.)
A monatomic ideal gas at 27°C undergoes a constant pressure process from A to B and a constant volume process from B to C. Find the total work done during these two processes.
What is the change in entropy of 10 g of steam at 100°C as it condenses to water at 100°C? By how much does the entropy of the universe increase in this process?
A large block of copper initially at 20.0°C is placed in a vat of hot water (80.0°C). For the first 1.0 J of heat that flows from the water into the block, find (a) The entropy change of the block, (b) The entropy change of the water, and (c) The entropy change of the universe. The temperatures
A large, cold (0.0°C) block of iron is immersed in a tub of hot (100.0°C) water. In the first 10.0 s, 41.86 kJ of heat are transferred, although the temperatures of the water and the iron do not change much in this time. Ignoring heat flow between the system (iron + water) and its surroundings,
On a cold winter day, the outside temperature is − 15.0°C. Inside the house the temperature is + 20.0°C. Heat flows out of the house through a window at a rate of 220.0 W. At what rate is the entropy of the universe changing due to this heat conduction through the window?
Within an insulated system, 418.6 kJ of heat is conducted through a copper rod from a hot reservoir at + 200. C to a cold reservoir at + 100.0°C, (The reservoirs are so big that this heat exchange does not change their temperatures appreciably.) What is the net change in entropy of the system, in
A student eats 2000 kcal per day. (a) Assuming that all of the food energy is released as heat, what is the rate of heat released (in watts)? (b) What is the rate of change of entropy of the surroundings if all of the heat is released into air at room temperature (20°C)?
The motor that drives a reversible refrigerator produces 148 W of useful power. The hot and cold temperatures of the heat reservoirs are 20.0°C and - 5.0°C. What is the maximum amount of ice it can produce in 2.0 h from water that is initially at 8.0° C?
A balloon contains 200.0 L of nitrogen gas at 20.0°C and at atmospheric pressure. How much energy must be added to raise the temperature of the nitrogen to 40.0°C while allowing the balloon to expand at atmospheric pressure?
An ideal gas is heated at a constant pressure of 2.0 × 105 Pa from a temperature of - 73°C to a temperature of +27°C. The initial volume of the gas is 0.10 m3. The heat energy supplied to the gas in this process is 25 kJ. What is the increase in internal energy of the gas?
A monatomic ideal gas at 27°C undergoes a constant volume process from A to B and a constant pressure process from B to C. Find the total work done during these two processes.
If the pressure on a fish increases from 1.1 to 1.2 atm, its swim bladder decreases in volume from 8.16 mL to 7.48 mL while the temperature of the air inside remains constant. How much work is done on the air in the bladder?
A monatomic ideal gas follows the cyclic process shown in the figure. The temperature of the point at the bottom left of the triangle is 470.0 K.(a) How much net work does this engine do per cycle? (b) What is the maximum temperature of this engine? (c) How many moles of gas are used in this engine?
For a reversible engine, will you obtain a better efficiency by increasing the high-temperature reservoir by an amount ΔT or decreasing the low-temperature reservoir by the same amount ΔT?
A 0.50-kg block of iron [c = 0.44 kJ/(kg·K)] at 20.0°C is in contact with a 0.50-kg block of aluminum [c = 0.900 kJ/(kg∙K)] at a temperature of 20.0°C. The system is completely isolated from the rest of the universe. Suppose heat flows from the iron into the aluminum until the temperature of
List these in order of increasing entropy: (a) 1 mol of water at 20°C and 1 mol of ethanol at 20°C in separate containers; (b) A mixture of 1 mol of water at 20°C and 1 mol of ethanol at 20°C; (c) 0.5 mol of water at 20°C and 0.5 mol of ethanol at 20°C in separate containers; (d) A mixture of
Suppose you mix 4.0 mol of a monatomic gas at 20.0°C and 3.0 mol of another monatomic gas at 30.0°C. If the mixture is allowed to reach equilibrium, what is the final temperature of the mixture?
A balloon contains 160 L of nitrogen gas at 25°C and 1.0 atm. How much energy must be added to raise the temperature of the nitrogen to 45°C while allowing the balloon to expand at atmospheric pressure?
The efficiency of a muscle during weight lifting is equal to the work done in lifting the weight divided by the total energy output of the muscle (work done plus internal energy dissipated in the muscle). Determine the efficiency of a muscle that lifts a 161-N weight through a vertical displacement
(a) What is the entropy change of 1.00 mol of H2O when it changes from ice to water at 0.0°C? (b) If the ice is in contact with an environment at a temperature of 10.0°C, what is the entropy change of the universe when the ice melts?
Estimate the entropy change of 850 g of water when it is heated from 20.0°C to 50.0°C.
An ideal monatomic gas is taken through the cycle in the PV diagram.(a) If there are 0.0200 mol of this gas, what are the temperature and pressure at point C? (b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas as it is taken from A to B?(c) How much work is done by this gas per cycle?(d) What is
For a more realistic estimate of the maximum coefficient of performance of a heat pump, assume that a heat pump takes in heat from outdoors at 10°C below the ambient outdoor temperature, to account for the temperature difference across its heat exchanger. Similarly, assume that the output must be
A 0.500-kg block of iron at 60.0°C is placed in contact with a 0.500-kg block of iron at 20.0°C. (a) The blocks soon come to a common temperature of 40.0°C. Estimate the entropy change of the universe when this occurs. (b) Estimate the entropy change of the universe if, instead, the temperature
A container holding 1.20 kg of water at 20.0°C is placed in a freezer that is kept at − 20.0°C. The water freezes and comes to thermal equilibrium with the interior of the freezer. What is the minimum amount of electrical energy required by the freezer to do this if it operates between
A reversible heat engine has an efficiency of 33.3%, removing heat from a hot reservoir and rejecting heat to a cold reservoir at 0°C. If the engine now operates in reverse, how long would it take to freeze 1.0 kg of water at 0°C, if it operates on a power of 186 W?
Consider a heat engine that is not reversible. The engine uses 1.000 mol of a diatomic ideal gas. In the first step (A) there is a constant temperature expansion while in contact with a warm reservoir at 373 K from P1 = 1.55 × 105 Pa and V1 = 2.00 × 10−2 m3 to P2 = 1.24 × 105 Pa and V2 = 2.50
A fish at a pressure of 1.1 atm has its swim bladder inflated to an initial volume of 8.16 mL. If the fish starts swimming horizontally, its temperature increases from 20.0°C to 22.0°C as a result of the exertion. (a) Since the fish is still at the same pressure, how much work is done by the air
Consider the heat engine described in Problem 74. Consider a heat engine that is not reversible. The engine uses 1.000 mol of a diatomic ideal gas. In the first step (A) there is a constant temperature expansion while in contact with a warm reservoir at 373 K from P1 = 1.55 × 105 Pa and V1 = 2.00
A town is considering using its lake as a source of power. The average temperature difference from the top to the bottom is 15°C, and the average surface temperature is 22°C. (a) Assuming that the town can set up a reversible engine using the surface and bottom of the lake as heat reservoirs,
In a heat engine, 3.00 mol of a monatomic ideal gas, initially at 4.00 atm of pressure, undergoes an isothermal expansion, increasing its volume by a factor of 9.50 at a constant temperature of 650.0 K. The gas is then compressed at a constant pressure to its original volume. Finally, the pressure
An ideal gas is in contact with a heat reservoir so that it remains at a constant temperature of 300.0 K. The gas is compressed from a volume of 24.0 L to a volume of 14.0 L. During the process, the mechanical device pushing the piston to compress the gas is found to expend 5.00 kJ of energy. How
Suppose 1.00 mol of oxygen is heated at constant pressure of 1.00 atm from 10.0°C to 25.0°C.(a) How much heat is absorbed by the gas?(b) Using the ideal gas law, calculate the change of volume of the gas in this process.(c) What is the work done by the gas during this expansion?(d) From the first
How much does the internal energy change for 1.00 m3 of water after it has fallen from the top of a waterfall and landed in the river 11.0 m below? Assume no heat flow from the water to the air.
A wall that is 2.74 m high and 3.66 m long has a thickness composed of 1.00 cm of wood plus 3.00 cm of insulation (with the thermal conductivity approximately of wool). The inside of the wall is 23.0°C and the outside of the wall is at − 5.00°C. (a) What is the rate of heat flow through the
In a refrigerator, 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas are taken through the cycle shown in the figure. The temperature at point A is 800.0 K.(a) What are the temperature and pressure at point D? (b) What is the net work done on the gas as it is taken through four cycles? (c) What is the internal
Boiling water in an aluminum pan is being converted to steam at a rate of 10.0 g/s. The flat bottom of the pan has an area of 325 cm2 and the pan's thickness is 3.00 mm. If 27.0% of all heat that is transferred to the pan from the flame beneath it is lost from the sides of the pan and the remaining
A 2.00-kg block of ice at 0.0°C melts. What is the change in entropy of the ice as a result of this process?
A sphere with a diameter of 80 cm is held at a temperature of 250°C and is radiating energy. If the intensity of the radiation detected at a distance of 2.0 m from the sphere's center is 102 W/m2, what is the emissivity of the sphere?
A 7.30-kg steel ball at 15.2°C is dropped from a height of 10.0 m into an insulated container with 4.50 L of water at 10.1°C. If no water splashes, what is the final temperature of the water and steel?
Michael has set the gauge pressure of the tires on his car to 36.0 psi (lb/in2). He draws chalk lines around the edges of the tires where they touch the driveway surface to measure the area of contact between the tires and the ground. Each front tire has a contact area of 24.0 in 2 and each rear
Your hot water tank is insulated, but not very well. To reduce heat loss, you wrap some old blankets around it. With the water at 81°C and the room at 21°C, a thermometer inserted between the outside of the original tank and your blanket reads 36°C. By what factor did the blanket reduce the heat
An ideal refrigerator keeps its contents at 0.0°C and exhausts heat into the kitchen at 40.0°C. For every 1.0 kJ of work done, (a) How much heat is exhausted? (b) How much heat is removed from the contents?
The outdoor temperature on a winter's day is - 4°C. If you use 1.0 kJ of electric energy to run a heat pump, how much heat does that put into your house at 21°C? Assume that the heat pump is ideal.
At what temperature will nitrogen gas (N2) have the same rms speed as helium (He) when the helium is at 20.0°C?
A copper rod has one end in ice at a temperature of 0°C, the other in boiling water. The length and diameter of the rod are 1.00 m and 2.00 cm, respectively. At what rate in grams per hour does the ice melt? Assume no heat flows out the sides of the rod.
(a) Why is the coolant fluid in an automobile kept under high pressure? (b) Why do radiator caps have safety valves, allowing you to reduce the pressure before removing the cap?
A steam engine has a piston with a diameter of 15.0 cm and a stroke (the displacement of the piston) of 20.0 cm. The average pressure applied to this piston is 1.3 × 105 Pa. What operating frequency in cycles per second (Hz) would yield an average power output of 27.6 kW?
Two aluminum blocks in thermal contact have the same temperature. (a) Under what condition do they have the same internal energy? (b) Is there an energy transfer between the two blocks? (c) Are the blocks necessarily in physical contact?
A power plant burns coal to produce pressurized steam at 535 K. The steam then condenses back into water at a temperature of 323 K. (a) What is the maximum possible efficiency of this plant? (b) If the plant operates at 50.0% of its maximum efficiency and its power output is 1.23 × 108 W, at what
A heat engine consists of the following four step cyclic process. During step 1, 2.00 mol of a diatomic ideal gas at a temperature of 325 K are compressed isothermally to one-eighth of the original volume. In step 2, the temperature of the gas is increased to 985 K by an isochoric process. During
On a day when the air temperature is 19°C, a 0.15-kg baseball is dropped from the top of a 24-m tower. After the ball hits the ground, bounces a few times, and comes to rest, by how much has the entropy of the universe increased?
In a certain bimetallic strip Fig. 13.7 the brass strip is 0.100% longer than the steel strip at a temperature of 275 ° C. At what temperature do the two strips have the same length?
A 0.360-kg piece of solid lead at 20°C is placed into an insulated container holding 0.980 kg of liquid lead at 420°C. The system comes to an equilibrium temperature with no loss of heat to the environment. Ignore the heat capacity of the container. (a) Is there any solid lead remaining in the
(a) Calculate Earth's escape speed-the minimum speed needed for an object near the surface to escape Earth's gravitational pull. (b) Calculate the average speed of a hydrogen molecule (H2) at 0°C. (c) Calculate the average speed of an oxygen molecule (O2) at 0°C. (d) Use your answers from parts
A bit of space debris penetrates the hull of a spaceship traversing the asteroid belt and comes to rest in a container of water that was at 20.0°C before being hit. The mass of the space rock is 1.0 g and the mass of the water is 1.0 kg. If the space rock traveled at 8.4 × 103 m/s and if all of
A 10.0-cm cylindrical chamber has a 5.00-cm-diameter piston attached to one end. The piston is connected to an ideal spring with a spring constant of 10.0 N/cm, as shown. Initially, the spring is not compressed but is latched in place so that it cannot move. The cylinder is filled with gas to a
A pot containing 2.00 kg of water is sitting on a hot stove and the water is stirred violently by a mixer that does 6.0 kJ of mechanical work on the water. The temperature of the water rises by 4.00°C. What quantity of heat flowed into the water from the stove during the process?
(a) How much ice at − 10.0°C must be placed in 0.250 kg of water at 25.0°C to cool the water to 0°C and melt all of the ice? (b) If half that amount of ice is placed in the water, what is the final temperature of the water?
A Pyrex container is filled to the very top with 40.0 L of water. Both the container and the water are at a temperature of 90.0°C. When the temperature has cooled to 20.0°C, how much additional water can be added to the container?
A 75-g cube of ice at -10.0°C is placed in 0.500 kg of water at 50.0°C in an insulating container so that no heat is lost to the environment. Will the ice melt completely? What will be the final temperature of this system?
A hot air balloon with a volume of 12.0 m3 is initially filled with air at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 19.0°C. When the balloon air is heated, the volume and the pressure of the balloon remain constant because the balloon is open to the atmosphere at the bottom. How many moles are
A star's spectrum emits more radiation with a wavelength of 700.0 nm than with any other wavelength. (a) What is the surface temperature of the star? (b) If the star's radius is 7.20 × 108 m, what power does it radiate? (c) If the star is 9.78 ly from Earth, what will an Earth-based observer
Multiple Choice Questions 1. Suppose 2 identical copper bars, A and B, with initial temperatures of 25°C and 75°C, respectively, are placed in contact with each other. If the specific heat of copper is independent of temperature, and if A and B do not exchange heat or work with the surroundings,
It is suggested that the air in the tank above the oil be pressurized at 4 atm above normal air pressure. Which of the following is the least likely to occur along with this increase in pressure?A. The time required to heat the oil would be greatly extended.B. The drain plug would be more difficult
Surrounding the condenser with which one of the following would be most effective for changing steam to water? A. High-pressure steam B. Low-pressure steam C. Stationary water D. Circulating water
Which of the following accurately contrasts the boiling or freezing points of water and of a refrigerant used in a household refrigerator? A. The boiling point of the refrigerant should be higher than the boiling point of water. B. The boiling point of the refrigerant should be lower than the
With the heaters operating, how long would it take to raise the temperature of a full tank of oil from 20°C to 60°C?A. 3.2 hB. 6.3 hC. 7.5 hD. 9.0 hAn engineer was instructed to design a holding tank for synthetic lubricating oil. Two requirements were that the amount of time necessary to
Due to the similarity between Newton's law of gravity and Coulomb's law, a friend proposes this hypothesis: perhaps there is no gravitational interaction at all. Instead, what we call gravity might be electric forces acting between objects that are almost, but not quite, electrically neutral. Think
A fellow student says that there is never an electric field inside a conductor. Do you agree? Explain.
Explain why electric field lines never cross.
A truck carrying explosive gases either has chains or straps that drag along the ground, or else it has special tires that conduct electricity (ordinary tires are good insulators). Explain why the chains, straps, or conducting tires are necessary.
An electroscope consists of a conducting sphere, conducting pole, and two metal foils (Fig. 16.6). The electroscope is initially uncharged.(a) A positively charged rod is allowed to touch the conducting sphere and then is removed. What happens to the foils and what is their charge? (b) Next,
A rod is negatively charged by rubbing it with fur. It is brought near another rod of unknown composition and charge. There is a repulsive force between the two. (a) Is the first rod an insulator or a conductor? Explain. (b) What can you tell about the charge of the second rod?
A negatively charged rod is brought near a grounded conductor. After the ground connection is broken, the rod is removed. Is the charge on the conductor positive, negative, or zero? Explain.
In some textbooks, the electric field is called the flux density. Explain the meaning of this term. Does flux density mean the flux per unit volume? If not, then what does it mean?
The word flux comes from the Latin "to flow." What does the quantity Î¦E = EŠ¥ A have to do with flow? The figure shows some streamlines for the flow of water in a pipe. The streamlines are actually field lines for the velocity field. What is the physical significance of the
The flux through a closed surface is zero. Is the electric field necessarily zero? Is the net charge inside the surface necessarily zero? Explain your answers.
Consider a closed surface that surrounds Q1 and Q2 but not Q3 or Q4.(a) Which charges contribute to the electric field at point P?(b) Would the value obtained for the flux through the surface, calculated using only the electric field due to Q1 and Q2, be greater than, less than, or equal to that
What makes clothes cling together-or to your body-after they've been through the dryer? Why do they not cling as much if they are taken out of the dryer while slightly damp? In which case would you expect your clothes to cling more, all other things being equal: when the clothes in the dryer are
Explain why any net charge on a solid metal conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is found on the outside surface of the conductor instead of being distributed uniformly throughout the solid.
Explain why electric field lines begin on positive charges and end on negative charges. What is the direction of the electric field near positive and negative charges?
A metal sphere is initially uncharged. After being touched by a charged rod, the metal sphere is positively charged. (a) Is the mass of the sphere larger, smaller, or the same as before it was charged? Explain. (b) What sign of charge is on the rod?
Electronic devices are usually enclosed in metal boxes. One function of the box is to shield the inside components from external electric fields. (a) How does this shielding work? (b) Why is the degree of shielding better for constant or slowly varying fields than for rapidly varying fields? (c)
Your laboratory partner hands you a glass rod and asks if it has negative charge on it. There is an electroscope in the laboratory. How can you tell if the rod is charged? Can you determine the sign of the charge? If the rod is charged to begin with, will its charge be the same after you have made
A lightweight plastic rod is rubbed with a piece of fur. A second plastic rod, hanging from a string, is attracted to the first rod and swings toward it. When the second rod touches the first, it is suddenly repelled and swings away. Explain what has happened.
Find the total positive charge of all the protons in 1.0 mol of water.
Two small metal spheres are 25.0 cm apart. The spheres have equal amounts of negative charge and repel each other with a force of 0.036 N. What is the charge on each sphere?
What is the ratio of the electric force to the gravitational force between a proton and an electron separated by 5.3 × 10-11 m (the radius of a hydrogen atom)?
How many electrons must be removed from each of two 5.0-kg copper spheres to make the electric force of repulsion between them equal in magnitude to the gravitational attraction between them?
A + 2.0-nC point charge is 3.0 cm away from a -3.0-nC point charge. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of the electric force acting on the + 2.0-nC charge? (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the electric force acting on the -3.0-nC charge?
Two metal spheres separated by a distance much greater than either sphere's radius have equal mass m and equal electric charge q. What is the ratio of charge to mass q / m in C/kg if the electrical and gravitational forces balance?
In the figure, a third point charge - q is placed at point P. What is the electric force on - q due to the other two point charges?
Two point charges are separated by a distance r and repel each other with a force F. If their separation is reduced to 0.25 times the original value, what is the magnitude of the force of repulsion between them?
AK+ ion and a Cl− ion are directly across from each other on opposite sides of a membrane 9.0 nm thick. What is the electric force on the K + ion due to the Cl− ion? Ignore the presence of other charges.

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