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physics
mechanics

Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions

Why is it easier to push open a swinging door from near the edge away from the hinges rather than in the middle of the door?
A book measures 3 cm by 16 cm by 24 cm. About which of the axes shown in the figure is its rotational inertia smallest?
A body in equilibrium has only two forces acting on it. We found in Section 4.2 that the forces must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction in order to give a translational net force of zero. What else must be true of the two forces for the body to be in equilibrium? [Consider the lines of
Why do many helicopters have a small propeller attached to the tail that rotates in a vertical plane? Why is this attached at the tail rather than somewhere else? [Most of the helicopter's mass is forward, in the cab.]
In the "Pinewood Derby," Cub Scouts construct cars and then race them down an incline. Some say that, everything else being equal (friction, drag coefficient, same wheels, etc.), a heavier car will win; others maintain that the weight of the car does not matter. Who is right? Explain. [Think about
A large barrel lies on its side. In order to roll it across the floor, you apply a horizontal force, as shown in the figure. If the applied force points toward the axis of rotation, which runs down the center of the barrel through the center of mass, it produces zero torque about that axis. How
Animals that can run fast always have thin legs. Their leg muscles are concentrated close to the hip joint; only tendons extend into the lower leg. Using the concept of rotational inertia, explain how this helps them run fast?
A centrifuge has a rotational inertia of 6.5 × 10−3 kg·m2. How much energy must be supplied to bring it from rest to 420 rad/s (4000 rpm)?
A block of mass m2 hangs from a rope. The rope wraps around a pulley of rotational inertia I and then attaches to a second block of mass m1, which sits on a frictionless table. What is the acceleration of the blocks when they are released?
A 2.0-kg uniform flat disk is thrown into the air with a linear speed of 10.0 m/s. As it travels, the disk spins at 3.0 rev/s. If the radius of the disk is 10.0 cm, what is the magnitude of its angular momentum?
A hoop of 2.00-m circumference is rolling down an inclined plane of length 10.0 m in a time of 10.0 s. It started out from rest. (a) What is its angular velocity when it arrives at the bottom? (b) If the mass of the hoop, concentrated at the rim, is 1.50 kg, what is the angular momentum of the hoop
A large clock has a second hand with a mass of 0.10 kg concentrated at the tip of the pointer. (a) If the length of the second hand is 30.0 cm, what is its angular momentum? (b) The same clock has an hour hand with a mass of 0.20 kg concentrated at the tip of the pointer. If the hour hand has a
Before getting an oil change, it is a good idea to drive a few miles to warm up the engine Why?
Your ears "pop" when you change altitude quickly- such as during takeoff or landing in an airplane, or during a drive in the mountains. Curiously, if you are a passenger in a high-speed train, your ears sometimes pop as the speed of the train increases rapidly- even though there is little or no
It is easier to get a good draft in a chimney on a windy day than when the outside air is still, all other things being equal. Why?
Two soap bubbles of different radii are formed at the ends of a tube with a closed valve in the middle. What happens to the bubbles when the valve is opened? (If the alveoli in the lung did not have a surfactant that reduces surface tension in the smaller alveoli, the same thing would happen in the
Pascal's principle: proof by contradiction. Points A and B are near each other at the same height in a fluid. Suppose P A > P B. (a) Can both v A and v B be zero? Explain. (b) Point C is just above point D in a static fluid. Suppose the pressure at C increases by an amount ΔP. What would happen if
What are the advantages of using hydraulic systems rather than mechanical systems to operate automobile brakes or the control surfaces of an airplane?
In any hydraulic system, it is important to "bleed" air out of the line. Why?
Is it possible for a skin diver to dive to any depth as long as his snorkel tube is sufficiently long? (A snorkel is a face mask with a breathing tube that sticks above the surface of the water.)
Is the buoyant force on a soap bubble greater than the weight of the bubble? If not, why do soap bubbles sometimes appear to float in air?
A volunteer firefighter holds the end of a firehose as a strong jet of water emerges. (a) The hose exerts a large backward force on the firefighter. Explain the origin of this force. (b) If another firefighter steps on the hose, forming a constriction (a place where the area of the hose is
A plastic water bottle open at the top is three-fourths full of water and is placed on a scale. The bottle has an indentation for a label midway up the side and a strap has been placed around this indentation. If the strap is tightened, so the bottle is squeezed in at the middle and the water level
The weight of a boat is listed on specification sheets as its "displacement"? Explain.
In tall buildings, the water supply system uses multiple pumping stations on different floors. At each station, water pumped up from below collects in a storage tank held at atmospheric pressure before it enters the pump. The storage tank supplies water to the floors below it. What are some of the
Can an astronaut on the Moon use a straw to drink from a normal drinking glass? How about if he pokes a straw through an otherwise sealed juice box? Explain.
Why must a blood pressure cuff be wrapped around the arm at the same vertical level as the heart?
A hot air balloon is floating in equilibrium with the surrounding air. (a) How does the pressure inside the balloon compare with the pressure outside? (b) How does the density of the air inside compare to the density outside?
Someone steps on your toe, exerting a force of 500 N on an area of 1.0 cm2. What is the average pressure on that area in atm?
In a hydraulic lift, the radii of the pistons are 2.50 cm and 10.0 cm. A car weighing W = 10.0 kN is to be lifted by the force of the large piston. (a) What force Fa must be applied to the small piston? (b) When the small piston is pushed in by 10.0 cm, how far is the car lifted? (c) Find the
A bug from South America known as Rhodnius prolixus extracts the blood of animals. Suppose Rhodnius prolixus extracts 0.30 cm3 of blood in 25 min from a human arm through its feeding tube of length 0.20 mm and radius 5.0 μm. What is the absolute pressure at the bug's end of the feeding tube if the
The diameter of a certain artery has decreased by 25% due to arteriosclerosis. (a) If the same amount of blood flows through it per unit time as when it was unobstructed, by what percentage has the blood pressure difference between its ends increased? (b) If, instead, the pressure drop across the
Depressing the brake pedal in a car pushes on a piston with cross-sectional area 3.0 cm2. The piston applies pressure to the brake fluid, which is connected to two pistons, each with area 12.0 cm2. Each of these pistons presses a brake pad against one side of a rotor attached to one of the rotating
At the surface of a freshwater lake the air pressure is 1.0 atm. At what depth under water in the lake is the water pressure 4.0 atm?
What is the pressure on a fish 10 m under the ocean surface?
How high can you suck water up a straw? The pressure in the lungs can be reduced to about 10 kPa below atmospheric pressure.
The density of platinum is 21 500 kg/m3. Find the ratio of the volume of 1.00 kg of platinum to the volume of 1.00 kg of aluminum?
In the Netherlands, a dike holds back the sea from a town below sea level. The dike springs a leak 3.0 m below the water surface. If the area of the hole in the dike is 1.0 cm2, what force must the Dutch boy exert to save the town?
A container has a large cylindrical lower part with a long thin cylindrical neck. The lower part of the container holds 12.5 m3 of water and the surface area of the bottom of the container is 5.00 m2. The height of the lower part of the container is 2.50 m and the neck contains a column of water
The maximum pressure most organisms can survive is about 1000 times atmospheric pressure. Only small, simple organisms such as tadpoles and bacteria can survive such high pressures. What then is the maximum depth at which these organisms can live under the sea (assuming that the density of seawater
At the surface of a freshwater lake the pressure is 105 kPa. (a) What is the pressure increase in going 35.0 m below the surface? (b) What is the approximate pressure decrease in going 35 m above the surface? Air at 20 °C has density of 1.20 kg/m3?
The pressure inside a bottle of champagne is 4.5 atm higher than the air pressure outside. The neck of the bottle has an inner radius of 1.0 cm. What is the frictional force on the cork due to the neck of the bottle?
A woman's systolic blood pressure when resting is 160 mm Hg. What is this pressure in (a) Pa, (b) lb/in 2, (c) Atm, (d) Torr?
The gauge pressure of the air in an automobile tire is 32 lb / in2. Convert this to (a) Pa, (b) Torr, (c) Atm?
An IV is connected to a patient's vein. The blood pressure in the vein has a gauge pressure of 12 mm Hg. At least how far above the vein must the IV bag be hung in order for fluid to flow into the vein? Assume the fluid in the IV has the same density as blood?
When a mercury manometer is connected to a gas main, the mercury stands 40.0 cm higher in the tube that is open to the air than in the tube connected to the gas main. A barometer at the same location reads 74.0 cm Hg. Determine the absolute pressure of the gas in cm Hg?
An experiment to determine the specific heat of a gas makes use of a water manometer attached to a flask. Initially the two columns of water are even. Atmospheric pressure is 1.0 Ã— 105 Pa. After heating the gas, the water levels change to those shown. Find the change in pressure of the
A manometer using oil (density 0.90 g/cm3) as a fluid is connected to an air tank. Suddenly the pressure in the tank increases by 0.74 cm Hg. (a) By how much does the fluid level rise in the side of the manometer that is open to the atmosphere? (b) What would your answer be if the manometer used
Estimate the average blood pressure in a person's foot, if the foot is 1.37 m below the aorta, where the average blood pressure is 104 mm Hg. For the purposes of this estimate, assume the blood isn't flowing?
A flat-bottomed barge, loaded with coal, has a mass of 3.0 × 105 kg. The barge is 20.0 m long and 10.0 m wide. It floats in fresh water. What is the depth of the barge below the waterline?
(a) When ice floats in water at 0 °C, what percent of its volume is submerged? (b) What is the specific gravity of ice?
What is the average pressure on the soles of the feet of a standing 90.0-kg person due to the contact force with the floor? Each foot has a surface area of 0.020 m2?
(a) What is the density of an object that is 14% submerged when floating in water at 0 °C? (b) What percentage of the object will be submerged if it is placed in ethanol at 0 °C?
(a) What is the buoyant force on 0.90 kg of ice floating freely in liquid water? (b) What is the buoyant force on 0.90 kg of ice held completely submerged under water?
A block of birch wood floats in oil with 90.0% of its volume submerged. What is the density of the oil? The density of the birch is 0.67 g/cm3?
When a block of ebony is placed in ethanol, what percentage of its volume is submerged?
A cylindrical disk has volume 8.97 × 10−3 m3 and mass 8.16 kg. The disk is floating on the surface of some water with its flat surfaces horizontal. The area of each flat surface is 0.640 m2.(a) What is the specific gravity of the disk? (b) How far below the water level is its bottom
An aluminum cylinder weighs 1.03 N. When this same cylinder is completely submerged in alcohol, the volume of the displaced alcohol is 3.90 × 10−5 m3. If the cylinder is suspended from a scale while submerged in the alcohol, the scale reading is 0.730 N. What is the specific gravity of the
A fish uses a swim bladder to change its density so it is equal to that of water, enabling it to remain suspended under water. If a fish has an average density of 1080 kg / m3 and mass 10.0 g with the bladder completely deflated, to what volume must the fish inflate the swim bladder in order to
While vacationing at the Outer Banks of North Carolina, you find an old coin that looks like it is made of gold. You know there were many shipwrecks here, so you take the coin home to check the possibility of it being gold. You suspend the coin from a spring scale and find that it has a weight in
The average density of a fish can be found by first weighing it in air and then finding the scale reading for the fish completely immersed in water and suspended from a scale. If a fish has weight 200.0 N in air and scale reading 15.0 N in water, what is the average density of the fish?
(a) A piece of balsa wood with density 0.50 g / cm3 is released under water. What is its initial acceleration? (b) Repeat for a piece of maple with density 0.750 g / cm3. (c) Repeat for a ping-pong ball with an average density of 0.125 g / cm3.
Atmospheric pressure is about 1.0 × 105 Pa on average. (a) What is the downward force of the air on a desktop with surface area 1.0 m2? (b) Convert this force to pounds so you really understand how large it is. (c) Why does this huge force not crush the desk?
A piece of metal is released under water. The volume of the metal is 50.0 cm3 and its specific gravity is 5.0. What is its initial acceleration?
A garden hose of inner radius 1.0 cm carries water at 2.0 m/s. The nozzle at the end has radius 0.20 cm. How fast does the water move through the nozzle?
If the average volume flow of blood through the aorta is 8.5 × 10−5 m3 /s and the cross-sectional area of the aorta is 3.0 × 10−4 m2, what is the average speed of blood in the aorta?
A nozzle of inner radius 1.00 mm is connected to a hose of inner radius 8.00 mm. The nozzle shoots out water moving at 25.0 m/s? (a) At what speed is the water in the hose moving? (b) What is the volume flow rate? (c) What is the mass flow rate?
Water entering a house flows with a speed of 0.20 m/s through a pipe of 1.0 cm inside radius. What is the speed of the water at a point where the pipe tapers to a radius of 2.5 mm?
A horizontal segment of pipe tapers from a cross-sectional area of 50.0 cm 2 to 0.500 cm2. The pressure at the larger end of the pipe is 1.20 × 105 Pa and the speed is 0.040 m/s. What is the pressure at the narrow end of the segment?
In a tornado or hurricane, a roof may tear away from the house because of a difference in pressure between the air inside and the air outside. Suppose that air is blowing across the top of a 2000 ft2 roof at 150 mph. What is the magnitude of the force on the roof?
Use Bernoulli's equation to estimate the upward force on an airplane's wing if the average flow speed of air is 190 m/s above the wing and 160 m / s below the wing. The density of the air is 1.3 kg / m3 and the area of each wing surface is 28 m2?
An airplane flies on a level path. There is a pressure difference of 500 Pa between the lower and upper surfaces of the wings. The area of each wing surface is about 100 m2. The air moves below the wings at a speed of 80.5 m/s. Estimate (a) The weight of the plane and (b) The air speed above the
A nozzle is connected to a horizontal hose. The nozzle shoots out water moving at 25 m/s. What is the gauge pressure of the water in the hose? Neglect viscosity and assume that the diameter of the nozzle is much smaller than the inner diameter of the hose?
A 10-kg baby sits on a three-legged stool. The diameter of each of the stool's round feet is 2.0 cm. A 60-kg adult sits on a four-legged chair that has four circular feet, each with a diameter of 6.0 cm. Who applies the greater pressure to the floor and by how much?
Suppose air, with a density of 1.29 kg / m3 is flowing into a Venturi meter. The narrow section of the pipe at point A has a diameter that is 1 / 3 of the diameter of the larger section of the pipe at point B. The U-shaped tube is filled with water and the difference in height between the two
A water tower supplies water through the plumbing in a house. A 2.54-cm-diameter faucet in the house can fill a cylindrical container with a diameter of 44 cm and a height of 52 cm in 12 s. How high above the faucet is the top of the water in the tower? (Assume that the diameter of the tower is so
The volume flow rate of the water supplied by a well is 2.0 × 10−4 m3 /s. The well is 40.0 m deep. (a) What is the power output of the pump-in other words, at what rate does the well do work on the water? (b) Find the pressure difference the pump must maintain. (c) Can the pump be at the top of
Using Poiseuille's law [Eq. (9-15)], show that viscosity has SI units of pascal-seconds?
A viscous liquid is flowing steadily through a pipe of diameter D. Suppose you replace it by two parallel pipes, each of diameter D /2, but the same length as the original pipe. If the pressure difference between the ends of these two pipes is the same as for the original pipe, what is the total
A hypodermic syringe is attached to a needle that has an internal radius of 0.300 mm and a length of 3.00 cm. The needle is filled with a solution of viscosity 2.00 × 10−3 Pa·s; it is injected into a vein at a gauge pressure of 16.0 mm Hg. Ignore the extra pressure required to accelerate the
Four identical sections of pipe are connected in various ways to pumps that supply water at the pressures indicated in the figure (in units of 10 5 Pa). The water exits at the right at atmospheric pressure. Assume viscous flow?1. If the total volume flow rates in systems A and C are the same and
(a) What is the pressure difference required to make blood flow through an artery of inner radius 2.0 mm and length 0.20 m at a speed of 6.0 cm/s? (b) What is the pressure difference required to make blood flow at 0.60 mm/s through a capillary of radius 3.0 μ m and length 1.0 mm? (c) Compare both
A lid is put on a box that is 15 cm long, 13 cm wide, and 8.0 cm tall and the box is then evacuated until its inner pressure is 0.80 × 105 Pa. How much force is required to lift the lid (a) At sea level; (b) In Denver, on a day when the atmospheric pressure is 67.5 kPa (2/3 the value at sea level)?
(a) Since the flow rate is proportional to the pressure difference, show that Poiseuille's law can be written in the form ΔP = IR, where I is the volume flow rate and R is a constant of proportionality called the fluid flow resistance. (Written this way, Poiseuille's law is analogous to Ohm's law
Two identical spheres are dropped into two different columns: one column contains a liquid of viscosity 0.5 Pa·s, while the other contains a liquid of the same density but unknown viscosity. The sedimentation velocity in the second tube is 20% higher than the sedimentation velocity in the first
A sphere of radius 1.0 cm is dropped into a glass cylinder filled with a viscous liquid. The mass of the sphere is 12.0 g and the density of the liquid is 1200 kg/m3. The sphere reaches a terminal speed of 0.15 m/s. What is the viscosity of the liquid?
A dinoflagellate takes 5.0 s to travel 1.0 mm. Approximate a dinoflagellate as a sphere of radius 35.0 μ m (ignoring the flagellum). (a) What is the drag force on the dinoflagellate in seawater of viscosity 0.0010 Pa·s? (b) What is the power output of the flagellate?
An air bubble of 1.0-mm radius is rising in a container with vegetable oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 0.12 Pa·s. The container of oil and the air bubble are at 20°C. What is its terminal velocity?
This table gives the terminal speeds of various spheres falling through the same fluid. The spheres all have the same radius.Is the drag force primarily viscous or turbulent? Explain your reasoning.
This table gives the terminal speeds of various spheres falling through the same fluid. The spheres all have the same radius.Is the drag force primarily viscous or turbulent? Explain your reasoning.
What keeps a cloud from falling? A cumulus (fair-weather) cloud consists of tiny water droplets of average radius 5.0 μ m. Find the terminal velocity for these droplets at 20 °C, assuming viscous drag. (Besides the viscous drag force, there are also upward air currents called thermals that push
An aluminum sphere (specific gravity = 2.7) falling through water reaches a terminal speed of 5.0 cm/s. What is the terminal speed of an air bubble of the same radius rising through water? Assume viscous drag in both cases and ignore the possibility of changes in size or shape of the air bubble;
An underwater air bubble has an excess inside pressure of 10 Pa. What is the excess pressure inside an air bubble with twice the radius?
A container is filled with gas at a pressure of 4.0 × 105 Pa. The container is a cube, 0.10 m on a side, with one side facing south. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the south side of the container due to the gas inside?
Assume a water strider has a roughly circular foot of radius 0.02 mm. (a) What is the maximum possible upward force on the foot due to surface tension of the water? (b) What is the maximum mass of this water strider so that it can keep from breaking through the water surface? The strider has six
The potential energy associated with surface tension is much like the elastic potential energy of a stretched spring or a balloon. Suppose we do work on a puddle of liquid, spreading it out through a distance of Î”s along a line L perpendicular to the force?(a) What is the work done on
A hollow hemispherical object is filled with air as in part (a) of the figure.(a) Show that the magnitude of the force due to fluid pressure on the curved surface of the hemisphere has magnitude F = (r2 P, where r is the radius of the hemisphere and P is the pressure of the air. Ignore the weight
A wooden barrel full of water has a flat circular top of radius 25.0 cm with a small hole in it. A tube of height 8.00 m and inner radius 0.250 cm is suspended above the barrel with its lower end inserted snugly in the hole. Water is poured into the upper end of the tube until it is full?(a) What
A block of aluminum that has dimensions 2.00 cm by 3.00 cm by 5.00 cm is suspended from a spring scale. (a) What is the weight of the block? (b) What is the scale reading when the block is submerged in oil with a density of 850 kg/m3?
A 85.0-kg canoe made of thin aluminum has the shape of half of a hollowed-out log with a radius of 0.475 m and a length of 3.23 m. (a) When this is placed in the water, what percentage of the volume of the canoe is below the waterline? (b) How much additional mass can be placed in this canoe before

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