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physics
mechanics

Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions

A common flashlight bulb is rated at 0.300 A and 2.90 V (the values of current and voltage under operating conditions). If the resistance of the bulb's tungsten filament at room temperature (20.0°C) is 1.10 Ω, estimate the temperature of the tungsten filament when the bulb is turned on.
(a) What is the direction of the current in the vacuum tube shown in the figure?(b) Electrons hit the anode at a rate of 6.0 Ã— 1012 per second. What is the current in the tube?
Find the maximum current that a fully charged D-cell can supply-if only briefly-such that its terminal voltage is at least 1.0 V. Assume an emf of 1.5 V and an internal resistance of 0.10 Ω.
A battery has a terminal voltage of 12.0 V when no current flows. Its internal resistance is 2.0 Ω. If a 1.0-Ω resistor is connected across the battery terminals, what is the terminal voltage and what is the current through the 1.0-Ω resistor?
(a) What are the ratios of the resistances of (a) silver and (b) Aluminum wire to the resistance of copper wire (RAg/RCu and RAl/RCu) for wires of the same length and the same diameter? (c) Which material is the best conductor, for wires of equal length and diameter?
A wire with cross-sectional area A carries a current I. Show that the electric field strength E in the wire is proportional to the current per unit area (I / A) and identify the constant of proportionality.
A copper wire has a resistance of 24 Î© at 20 ° C. An aluminum wire has three times the length and twice the radius of the copper wire. The resistivity of copper is 0.6 times that of aluminum. Both Al and Cu have temperature coefficients of resistivity of 0.004 °
Suppose a collection of five batteries is connected as shown.(a) What is the equivalent emf of the collection? Treat them as ideal sources of emf.(b) What is the current through the resistor if its value is 3.2 Î©?
Suppose four batteries are connected in series as shown.(a) What is the equivalent emf of the set of four batteries? Treat them as ideal sources of emf.(b) If the current in the circuit is 0.40 A, what is the value of the resistor R?
(a) Find the equivalent capacitance between points A and B for the three capacitors.(b) What is the charge on the 6.0- Î¼ F capacitor if a 44.0-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B for a long time?
(a) Find the equivalent capacitance between points A and B for the five capacitors.(b) If a 16.0-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B, what is the charge on a single equivalent capacitor that replaces all five?(c) What is the charge on the 3.0- Î¼ F capacitor?
In an ion accelerator, 3.0 × 1013 helium-4 nuclei (charge +2e) per second strike a target. What is the beam current?
(a) What is the equivalent resistance between points A and B?(b) A 276-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B. What is the current in the 12-Î© resistor?
(a) What is the equivalent resistance between points A and B if R = 1.0 Î©?(b) If a 20-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B, what is the current in the 2.0-Î© resistor?
If a 93.5-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B and the current in the 4.0-Î© resistor is 17 A, what is the value of the unknown resistor R?
(a) What is the equivalent capacitance between points A and B if C = 1.0 Î¼ F?(b) What is the charge on the 4.0- Î¼ F capacitor when it is fully charged?
The equivalent capacitance between points A and B is 1.63 Î¼ F.(a) What is the capacitance of the unknown capacitor C?(b) What is the charge on the 4.0- Î¼ F capacitor when it is fully charged?
A 24-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B.(a) What is the current in one of the 2.0-Î© resistors?(b) What is the current in the 6.0-Î© resistor?(c) What is the current in the leftmost 4.0-Î© resistor?
(a) Find the equivalent resistance between points A and B for the combination of resistors shown.(b) An 18-V emf is connected to the terminals A and B. What is the current through the 1.0-Î© resistor connected directly to point A?(c) What is the current in the 8.0-Î© resistor?
(a) What is the resistance between points A and B? Each resistor has the same resistance R.(b) What is the resistance between points B and C?(c) If a 32-V emf is connected to terminals A and B and if each R = 2.0 Î©, what is the current in one of the resistors?
(a) Find the equivalent resistance between points A and B for the combination of resistors shown.(b) What is the potential difference across each of the 4.0-Î© resistors?(c) What is the current in the 3.0-Î© resistor?
(a) Find the value of a single capacitor to replace the three capacitors in the diagram.(b) What is the potential difference across the 12-Î¼F capacitor at the left side of the diagram?(c) What is the charge on the 12-Î¼F capacitor to the far right side of the circuit?
The current in the electron beam of a computer monitor is 320μA. How many electrons per second hit the screen?
A 6.0-pF capacitor is needed to construct a circuit. The only capacitors available are rated as 9.0 pF. How can a combination of three 9.0-pF capacitors be assembled so that the equivalent capacitance of the combination is 6.0 pF?
(a) Find the equivalent resistance between terminals A and B to replace all of the resistors in the diagram.(b) What current flows through the emf?(c) What is the current through the 4.00-Î© resistor at the bottom?
Find the current in each branch of the circuit. Specify the direction of each.
Find the current in each branch of the circuit. Specify the direction of each.
Find the unknown emf and the unknown currents in the circuit.
Find the unknown emf and the unknown resistor in the circuit.
The figure shows a simplified circuit diagram for an automobile. The equivalent resistor R represents the total electrical load due to spark plugs, lights, radio, fans, starter, rear window defroster, and the like in parallel. If R = 0.850 Î©, find the current in each branch. What is the terminal
What is the current in a 60.0-W bulb when connected to a 120-V emf?
A potential difference is applied between the electrodes in a gas discharge tube. In 1.0s, 3.8 × 1016 electrons and 1.2 × 1016 singly charged positive ions move in opposite directions through a surface perpendicular to the length of the tube. What is the current in the tube?
What is the resistance of a 40.0-W, 120-V light bulb?
A portable CD player does not have a power rating listed, but it has a label stating that it draws a maximum current of 250.0 mA. The player uses three 1.50-V batteries connected in series. What is the maximum power consumed?
How much work are the batteries in the circuit doing in every 10.0-s time interval?
Show that A2 × Ω = W (amperes squared times ohms = watts).
Consider the circuit in the diagram.(a) Draw the simplest equivalent circuit and label the values of the resistor(s).(b) What current flows from the battery?(c) What is the potential difference between points A and B?(d) What current flows through each branch between points A and B?(e) Determine
(a) What is the equivalent resistance of this circuit if R1 = 10.0 Î© and R2 = 15.0 Î©?(b) What current flows through R1?(c) What is the voltage drop across R2?(d) What current flows through R2?(e) How much power is dissipated in R2?
In her bathroom, Mindy has an overhead heater that consists of a coiled wire made of nichrome that gets hot when turned on. The wire has a length of 3.0 m when it is uncoiled. The heating element is attached to the normal 120-V wiring and when the wire is glowing red hot it has a temperature of
At what rate is electric energy converted to internal energy in the 4.00-Ω and 5.00-Ω resistors in the figure?
A battery has a 6.00-V emf and an internal resistance of 0.600 Ω. (a) What is the voltage across its terminals when the current drawn from the battery is 1.20 A? (b) What is the power supplied by the battery?
Two electrodes are placed in a calcium chloride solution and a potential difference is maintained between them. If 3.8 × 1016 Ca2+ ions and 6.2 × 1016 Cl− ions per second move in opposite directions through an imaginary area between the electrodes, what is the current in the solution?
During a "brownout," which occurs when the power companies cannot keep up with high demand, the voltage of the household circuits drops below its normal 120 V. (a) If the voltage drops to 108 V, what would be the power consumed by a "100-W" light bulb (that is, a light bulb that consumes 100.0 W
A source of emf ℰ has internal resistance r. (a) What is the terminal voltage when the source supplies a current I? (b) The net power supplied is the terminal voltage times the current. Starting with P = IΔV, derive Eq. (18-22) for the net power supplied by the source. Interpret each of the two
Redraw the circuit in Problem 40 to show how an ammeter would be connected to measure(a) The current through the 15-Î© resistor and(b) The current through the 24-Î© resistor.In problem 40
Redraw the circuit in Problem 40 to show how a voltmeter would be connected to measure(a) The potential drop across the 15-Î© resistor and(b) The potential drop across the 24-Î© resistor.In problem 40
(a) Redraw the circuit to show how an ammeter would be connected to measure the current through the 1.40-kΩ resistor. (b) Assuming the ammeter to be ideal, what is its reading? (c) If the ammeter has a resistance of 120 Ω, what is its reading?
(a) Redraw the circuit to show how a voltmeter would be connected to measure the voltage across the 83.0-kΩ resistor. (b) Assuming the voltmeter to be ideal, what is its reading? (c) If the voltmeter has a resistance of 1.00 MΩ, what is its reading?
A galvanometer has a coil resistance of 50.0 Ω. It is to be made into an ammeter with a full-scale deflection equal to 10.0 A. If the galvanometer deflects full scale for a current of 0.250 mA, what size shunt resistor should be used?
A galvanometer has a coil resistance of 34.0 Ω. It is to be made into a voltmeter with a full-scale deflection equal to 100.0 V. If the galvanometer deflects full scale for a current of 0.120 mA, what size resistor should be placed in series with the galvanometer?
A galvanometer is to be turned into a voltmeter that deflects full scale for a potential difference of 100.0 V. What size resistor should be placed in series with the galvanometer if it has an internal resistance of 75 Ω and deflects full scale for a current of 2.0 mA?
Many voltmeters have a switch by which one of several series resistors can be selected. Thus, the same meter can be used with different full-scale voltages. What size series resistors should be used in the voltmeter of Problem 78 to give it full-scale voltages of (a) 50.0 V (b) 500.0 V?
A Vespa scooter and a Toyota automobile might both use a 12-V battery, but the two batteries are of different sizes and can pump different amounts of charge. Suppose the scooter battery can pump 4.0 kC of charge and the automobile battery can pump 30.0 kC of charge. How much energy can each battery
An ammeter with a full scale deflection for I = 10.0 A has an internal resistance of 24 Ω. We need to use this ammeter to measure currents up to 12.0 A. The lab instructor advises that we get a resistor and use it to protect the ammeter. (a) What size resistor do we need and how should it be
A voltmeter has a switch that enables voltages to be measured with a maximum of 25.0 V or 10.0 V. For a range of voltages to 25.0 V, the switch connects a resistor of magnitude 9850 Î© in series with the galvanometer; for a range of voltages to 10.0 V, the switch connects a resistor of
In the circuit, R = 30.0 kΩ and C = 0.10μF. The capacitor is allowed to charge fully and then the switch is changed from position a to position b. What will the voltage across the resistor be 8.4 ms later?
In the circuit shown, assume the battery emf is 20.0 V, R = 1.00 MÎ©, and C = 2.00Î¼F. The switch is closed at t = 0. At what time t will the voltage across the capacitor be 15.0 V?
A charging RC circuit controls the intermittent windshield wipers in a car. The emf is 12.0 V. The wipers are triggered when the voltage across the 125-μ F capacitor reaches 10.0 V; then the capacitor is quickly discharged (through a much smaller resistor) and the cycle repeats. What resistance
A capacitor is charged to an initial voltage V0 = 9.0 V.The capacitor is then discharged by connecting its terminals through a resistor. The current I (t) through this resistor, determined by measuring the voltage VR (t) = I t) with an oscilloscope, is shown in the graph.(a) Find the capacitance C,
A defibrillator passes a brief burst of current through the heart to restore normal beating. In one such defibrillator, a 50.0- μ F capacitor is charged to 6.0 kV. Paddles are used to make an electric connection to the patient's chest. A pulse of current lasting 1.0 ms partially discharges the
Capacitors are used in many applications where one needs to supply a short burst of relatively large current. A 100.0-μF capacitor in an electronic flash lamp supplies a burst of current that dissipates 20.0 J of energy (as light and heat) in the lamp. (a) To what potential difference must the
Consider the circuit shown with R1 = 25 Î©, R 2 = 33 Î©,C1 = 12 Î¼F, C2 = 23 Î¼ F, C3 = 46 Î¼F, and V = 6.0 V.(a) Draw an equivalent circuit with one resistor and one capacitor and label it with the values of the equivalent resistor and
In the circuit, the capacitor is initially uncharged. At t = 0 switch S is closed. Find the currents I1 and I2 and voltages V1 and V2 (assuming V3 = 0) at points1and 2 at the following times:(a) t = 0 (i.e., just after the switch is closed),(b) t = 1.0 ms,(c) t = 5.0 ms.
What is the energy stored in a small battery if it can move 675 C through a potential difference of 1.20 V?
In the circuit, the initial energy stored in the capacitor is 25 J. At t = 0 the switch is closed.(a) Sketch a graph of the voltage across the resistor (VR) as a function of t. Label the vertical axis with key numerical value(s) and units.(b) At what time is the energy stored in the capacitor 1.25
A 20- μ F capacitor is discharged through a 5-kΩ resistor. The initial charge on the capacitor is 200μC. (a) Sketch a graph of the current through the resistor as a function of time. Label both axes with numbers and units. (b) What is the initial power dissipated in the resistor? (c) What is
(a) In a charging RC circuit, how many time constants have elapsed when the capacitor has 99.0% of its final charge? (b) How many time constants have elapsed when the capacitor has 99.90% of its final charge? (c) How many time constants have elapsed when the current has 1.0% of its initial value?
A capacitor is charged by a 9.0-V battery. The charging current I (t) is shown.(a) What, approximately, is the total charge on the capacitor in the end?(b) Using your answer to (a), find the capacitance C of the capacitor.(c) Find the total resistance R in the circuit.(d) At what time is the stored
A charged capacitor is discharged through a resistor. The current I (t) through this resistor, determined by measuring the voltage V R (t) = I (t) R with an oscilloscope, is shown in the graph. The total energy dissipated in the resistor is 2.0 Ã— 10ˆ’4 J.(a) Find the
In the physics laboratory, Oscar measured the resistance between his hands to be 2.0 kΩ. Being curious by nature, he then took hold of two conducting wires that were connected to the terminals of an emf with a terminal voltage of 100.0 V. (a) What current passes through Oscar? (b) If one of the
Chelsea inadvertently bumps into a set of batteries with an emf of 100.0 V that can supply a maximum power of 5.0 W. If the resistance between the points where she contacts the batteries is 1.0 kΩ, how much current passes through her?
The wiring circuit for a typical room is shown schematically.(a) Of the six locations for a circuit breaker indicated by A, B, C, D, E, and F, which one would best protect the household against a short circuit in any one of the three appliances? Explain.(b) The room circuit is supplied with 120 V.
Several possibilities are listed for what might or might not happen if the insulation in the current-carrying wires of the figure breaks down and point b makes electric contact with point c. Discuss each possibility. (a) The person touching the microwave oven gets a shock; (b) The cord begins to
A 1.5-V flashlight battery can maintain a current of 0.30 A for 4.0 h before it is exhausted. How much chemical energy is converted to electrical energy in this process? (Assume zero internal resistance of the battery.)
A horizontal wire that runs east-west carries a steady current to the east. A C-shaped magnet Fig. 19.3a is placed so that the wire runs between the poles, with the north pole above the wire and the south pole below. What is the direction of the magnetic force on the wire between the poles?
A circular loop of current carries a steady current. (a) Sketch the magnetic field lines in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop. (b) Which side of the loop is the north pole of the magnetic dipole and which is the south pole?
One iron nail does not necessarily attract another iron nail, although both are attracted by a magnet. Explain.
Two wires at right angles in a plane carry equal currents. At what points in the plane is the magnetic field zero?
If a magnet is held near the screen of a TV, computer monitor, or oscilloscope, the picture is distorted. (a) Why is the picture distorted? (b) With a color TV or monitor, the distortion remains even after the magnet is removed. Explain. (A color CRT has a metal mask just behind the screen with
A metal bar is shown at two different times. The arrows represent the alignment of the dipoles within each magnetic domain.(a) What happened between t1 and t2 to cause the change?(b) Is the metal a paramagnet, diamagnet, or ferromagnet? Explain.
Explain why a constant magnetic field does no work on a point charge moving through the field. Since the field does no work, what can we say about the speed of a point charge acted on only by a magnetic field?
Refer to the bubble chamber tracks in Fig. 19.15a. Suppose that particle 2 moves in a smaller circle than particle 1. Can we conclude that |q2| > |q1|? Explain
A charged particle moves through a region of space at constant velocity. Ignore gravity. In the region, is it possible that there is (a) A magnetic field but no electric field? (b) An electric field but no magnetic field? (c) A magnetic field and an electric field? For each possibility, what must
The trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field is a helix if v→ has components both parallel to and perpendicular to the field. Explain how the two other cases (circular motion for v|| = 0 and straight line motion for v⊥ = 0) can each be considered to be special cases of
Suppose that a horizontal electron beam is deflected to the right by a uniform magnetic field. What is the direction of the magnetic field? If there is more than one possibility, what can you say about the direction of the field?
A circular metal loop carries a current I as shown. The points are all in the plane of the page and the loop is perpendicular to the page. Sketch the loop, and draw vector arrows at the points A, B, C, D, and E to show the direction of the magnetic field at those points.
In a TV or computer monitor, a constant electric field accelerates the electrons to high speed; then a magnetic field is used to deflect the electrons to the side. Why can't a constant magnetic field be used to speed up the electrons?
In a velocity selector, the electric and magnetic forces cancel if + v × = 0. Show that v must be in the same direction as × .
Two ions with the same velocity and mass but different charges enter the magnetic field of a mass spectrometer. One is singly charged (q = +e) and the other is doubly charged (q = + 2e). Is the radius of their circular paths the same? If not, which is larger? By what factor?
The mayor of a city proposes a new law to require that magnetic fields generated by the power lines running through the city be zero outside of the electric company's right of way. What would you say at a public discussion of the proposed law?
At which point in the diagram is the magnetic field strength(a) The smallest and (b) The largest? Explain.
A uniform magnetic field points north; its magnitude is 1.5 T. A proton with kinetic energy 8.0 × 10−13 J is moving vertically downward in this field. What is the magnetic force acting on it?
100. A strip of copper carries current in the +x -direction. There is an external magnetic field directed out of the page. What is the direction of the Hall electric field?
A bar magnet is held near the electron beam in an oscilloscope. The beam passes directly below the south pole of the magnet. In what direction will the beam move on the screen? (Don't try this with a color TV tube. There is a metal mask just behind the screen that separates the pixels for red,
The strength of Earth's magnetic field, as measured on the surface, is approximately 6.0 × 10 − 5 T at the poles and 3.0 × 10−5 T at the equator. Suppose an alien from outer space were at the North Pole with a single loop of wire of the same circumference as his space helmet. The diameter of
A tangent galvanometer is an instrument, developed in the nineteenth century, designed to measure current based on the deflection of a compass needle. A coil of wire in a vertical plane is aligned in the magnetic north-south direction. A compass is placed in a horizontal plane at the center of the
In the mass spectrometer of the diagram, neon ions (q = +e) come from the ion source and are accelerated through a potential difference V. The ions then pass through an aperture in a metal plate into a uniform magnetic field where they travel in semicircular paths until exiting into the detector.
A rectangular loop of wire, carrying current I1 = 2.0 mA, is next to a very long wire carrying a current I2 = 8.0 A.(a) What is the direction of the magnetic force on each of the four sides of the rectangle due to the long wire's magnetic field?(b) Calculate the net magnetic force on the
In a carbon-dating experiment, a particular type of mass spectrometer is used to separate 14C from 12C. Carbon ions from a sample are first accelerated through a potential difference Î”V1 between the charged accelerating plates. Then the ions enter a region of uniform vertical magnetic
Repeat Problem 49 if the magnetic field is 2.5 T in the plane of the loop, 60.0° below the + x -axis.A 20.0 cm Ã— 30.0 cm rectangular loop of wire carries 1.0 A of current clockwise around the loop.(a) Find the magnetic force on each side of the loop if the magnetic field is 2.5 T

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