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physics
mechanics
Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions
Refer to Problem 97. One capacitor plate has an excess of electrons and the other has a matching deficit of electrons. What is the number of excess electrons? In problem 97 A negatively charged particle of mass 5.00 × 10−19 kg is moving with a speed of 35.0 m/s when it enters the region between
An electron with a velocity of 10.0 m/s in the positive y -direction enters a region where there is a uniform electric field of 200 V/m in the positive x -direction. What are the x-and y-components of the electron's displacement 2.40μs after entering the electric-field region if no other forces
A proton is fired directly at a lithium nucleus. If the proton's velocity is 5.24 × 105 m/s when it is far from the nucleus, how close will the two particles get to each other before the proton stops and turns around?
An electron is suspended in a vacuum between two oppositely charged horizontal parallel plates. The separation between the plates is 3.00 mm. (a) What are the signs of the charge on the upper and on the lower plates? (b) What is the voltage across the plates?
Consider the circuit in the diagram.(a) After the switch S has been closed for a long time, what is the current through the 12-Ω resistor?(b) What is the voltage across the capacitor?
Consider the circuit in the diagram. Current I1 = 2.50 A. Find the values of(a) I2,(b) I3,(c) R3.
A large parallel plate capacitor has plate separation of 1.00 cm and plate area of 314 cm2. The capacitor is connected across an emf of 20.0 V and has air between the plates. With the emf still connected, a slab of strontium titanate is inserted so that it completely fills the gap between the
A potentiometer is a circuit to measure emfs. In the diagram with switch S1 closed and S2 open, there is no current through the galvanometer G for R1 = 20.0 Ω with a standard cell „°s of 2.00 V. With switch S2 closed and S1 open, there is no current through the galvanometer G
In the circuit, „° = 45.0 V and R = 100.0 Ω. If a voltage Vx = 30.0 V is needed for a circuit, what should resistance Rx be?
Two immersion heaters, A and B, are both connected to a 120-V supply. Heater A can raise the temperature of 1.0 L of water from 20.0°C to 90.0°C in 2.0 min, while heater B can raise the temperature of 5.0 L of water from 20.0°C to 90.0°C in 5.0 min. What is the ratio of the resistance of heater
A parallel plate capacitor has 10.0-cm-diameter circular plates that are separated by 2.00 mm of dry air. (a) What is the maximum charge that can be on this capacitor? (b) A neoprene dielectric is placed between the plates, filling the entire region between the plates. What is the new maximum
A hollow metal sphere carries a charge of 6.0μC. A second hollow metal sphere with a radius that is double the size of the first carries a charge of 18.0μC. The two spheres are brought into contact with each other then separated. How much charge is on each?
What are the ratios of the resistances of (a) Silver (b) Aluminum wire to the resistance of copper wire (RAg / RCu and R Al / R Cu) for wires of the same length and the same mass (not the same diameter)? (c) Which material is the best conductor, for wires of equal length and equal mass? The
A parallel plate capacitor used in a flash for a camera must be able to store 32 J of energy when connected to 300 V. (Most electronic flashes actually use a 1.5- to 6.0-V battery, but increase the effective voltage using a dc-dc inverter.) (a) What should be the capacitance of this capacitor?
Consider the camera flash in Problem 21. If the flash really discharges according to Eq. (18-26), then it takes an infinite amount of time to discharge. When Problem 21 assumes that the capacitor discharges in 4.0 × 10−3s, we mean that the capacitor has almost no charge stored on it after that
A coffee maker can be modeled as a heating element (resistance R) connected to the outlet voltage of 120 V (assumed to be dc). The heating element boils small amounts of water at a time as it brews the coffee. When bubbles of water vapor form, they carry liquid water up through the tubing. Because
Deuterium (2D) is an isotope of hydrogen with a nucleus containing one proton and one neutron. In a 2D-2D fusion reaction, two deuterium nuclei combine to form a helium nucleus plus a neutron, releasing energy in the process. The two 2D nuclei must overcome the electrical repulsion of the
Many home heating systems operate by pumping hot water through radiator pipes. The flow of the water to different "zones" in the house is controlled by zone valves that open in response to thermostats. The opening and closing of a zone valve is commonly performed by a wax actuator, as shown in the
This problem illustrates the ideas behind the Millikan oil drop experiment-the first measurement of the electron charge. Millikan examined a fine spray of spherical oil droplets falling through air; the drops had picked up an electric charge as they were sprayed through an atomizer. He measured the
An air ionizer filters particles of dust, pollen, and other allergens from the air using electric forces. In one type of ionizer (see diagram), a stream of air is drawn in with a speed of 3.0 m/s. The air passes through a fine, highly charged wire mesh that transfers electric charge to the
A spherical rain drop of radius 1.0 mm has a charge of + 2nC. The electric field in the vicinity is 2000 N/C downward. The terminal speed of an identical but uncharged drop is 6.5 m/s. The drag force is related to the drop's speed by Fd = bv2 (turbulent drag rather than viscous drag). Calculate the
Three point charges are placed on the corners of an equilateral triangle having sides of0.150 m. What is the total electric force on the 2.50-μC charge?
Two point charges are located on a coordinate system as follows: Q1 = ˆ’4.5μC at x = 1.00 cm and y = 1.00 cm and Q2 = 6.0μC at x = 3.00 cm and y = 1.00 cm.(a) What is the electric field at point P located at x = 1.00 cm and y = 4.00 cm?(b) When a 5.0-g tiny particle with a charge of
Object A has mass 90.0 g and hangs from an insulated thread. When object B, which has a charge of + 130 nC, is held nearby, A is attracted to it. In equilibrium, A hangs at an angle q = 7.20 ° with respect to the vertical and is 5.00 cm to the left of B.(a) What is the charge on A?(b) What is
A light bulb filament is made of tungsten. At room temperature of 20.0°Cthe filament has a resistance of 10.0 Ω. (a) What is the power dissipated in the light bulb immediately after it is connected to a 120-V emf (when the filament is still at 20.0°C)? (b) After a brief time, the light bulb
Electrons in a cathode ray tube start from rest and are accelerated through a potential difference of 12.0 kV. They are moving in the + x -direction when they enter the space between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor. There is a potential difference of 320 V between the plates. The plates
A 35.0-nC charge is placed at the origin and a 55.0-nC charge is placed on the + x -axis, 2.20 cm from the origin. (a) What is the electric potential at a point halfway between these two objects? (b) What is the electric potential at a point on the + x -axis 3.40 cm from the origin? (c) How much
In the circuit shown, R1 = 15.0 Ω, R2 = R4 = 40.0 Ω, R3 = 20.0 Ω, and R5 = 10.0 Ω.(a) What is the equivalent resistance of this circuit?(b) What current flows through resistor R1?(c) What is the total power dissipated by this circuit?(d) What is the
If the equipment outside the water heater is changed so that I is 1.2 A and RS is 3.0 Ω, how much power will be dissipated in RS? A. 0.27 W B. 0.40 W C. 1.08 W D. 4.32 W The diagram shows a small water heater that uses an electric current to supply energy to heat water. A heating element, RL, is
If a different current source caused RL to dissipate power into the water at a rate of 1.0 W, how long would it take to increase the temperature of the water by 1.0 ° C? A. 70 s B. 420 s C. 700 s D. 4200 s
Based on the table, if the temperature changes from 25°C to 65°C in a 105-m section of 9.5 × 10ˆ’3-m diameter wire, approximately how much will the wire's resistance change?A. 0.04 ΩB. 0.4 ΩC. 4.0 ΩD. 40 ΩElectric power
What electric current is required to run all of the heaters at maximum power output from a single 600-V power supply? A. 7.2 A B. 24.0 A C. 83.0 A D. 120.0 A
What is the voltage drop across RL? A. 0.22 V B. 0.33 V C. 0.75 V D. 1.50 V The diagram shows a small water heater that uses an electric current to supply energy to heat water. A heating element, RL, is immersed in the water and acts as a 1.0-Ω load resistor. A dc source is mounted on the outside
Why are ammeters connected in series with a circuit element in which the current is to be measured and voltmeters connected in parallel across the element for which the potential difference is to be measured?
Is it more dangerous to touch a "live" electric wire when your hands are dry or wet, everything else being equal? Explain.
Some batteries can be "recharged." Does that mean that the battery has a supply of charge that is depleted as the battery is used? If "recharging" does not literally mean to put charge back into the battery, what does it mean?
A battery is connected to a clock by copper wires as shown. What is the direction of current through the clock (B to C or C to B)? What is the direction of current through the battery (D to A or A to D)? Which terminal of the battery is at the higher potential (A or D)? Which side of the clock is
Think of a wire of length L as two wires of length L/2 in series. Construct an argument for why the resistance of a wire must be proportional to its length.
Think of a wire of cross-sectional area A as two wires of area A/2 in parallel. Construct an argument for why the resistance of a wire must be inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.
An electrician working on "live" circuits wears insulated shoes and keeps one hand behind his or her back. Why?
A 15-A circuit breaker trips repeatedly. Explain why it would be dangerous to replace it with a 20-A circuit breaker.
A bird perched on a power line is not harmed, but if you are pruning a tree and your metal pole saw comes in contact with the same wire, you risk being electrocuted. Explain.
Ammeters often contain fuses that protect them from large currents, whereas voltmeters seldom do. Explain.
When batteries are connected in parallel, they should have the same emf. However, batteries connected in series need not have the same emf. Explain.
Four identical light bulbs are placed in two different circuits with identical batteries. Bulbs A and B are connected in series with the battery. Bulbs C and D are connected in parallel across the battery.(a) Rank the brightness of the bulbs.(b) What happens to the brightness of bulb B if bulb A is
Three identical light bulbs are connected in a circuit as shown in the diagram.(a) What happens to the brightness of the remaining bulbs if bulb A is removed from the circuit and replaced by a wire?(b) What happens to the brightness of the remaining bulbs if bulb B is removed from the circuit?(c)
Why do light bulbs usually burn out just after they are switched on and not when they have been on for a while?
A friend says that electric current "follows the path of least resistance." Is that true? Explain.
Compare the resistance of an ideal ammeter with that of an ideal voltmeter. Which has the larger resistance? Why?
Why does the resistivity of a metallic conductor increase with increasing temperature?
Why are electric stoves and clothes dryers supplied with 240 V, but lights, radios, and clocks are supplied with 120 V?
A battery charger delivers a current of 3.0 A for 4.0 h to a 12-V storage battery. What is the total charge that passes through the battery in that time?
The label on a 12.0-V truck battery states that it is rated at 180.0 A·h (ampere-hours). Treat the battery as ideal. (a) How much charge in coulombs can be pumped by the battery? (b) How much electric energy can the battery supply? (c) Suppose the radio in the truck is left on when the engine is
A1 and A2 represent ammeters with negligible resistance. What are the values of the currents?(a) In A1(b) In A2?
Repeat Problem 101 if each of the ammeters has resistance 0.200 Ω.In problem 101A1 and A2 represent ammeters with negligible resistance. What are the values of the currents?(a) In A1(b) In A2?
In a pacemaker used by a heart patient, a capacitor with a capacitance of 25μF is charged to 1.0 V and then discharged through the heart every 0.80 s. What is the average discharge current?
A certain electric device has the current-voltage (I - V) graph shown with Problem 26. What is the power dissipated at points1and 2?
A 1.5-horsepower motor operates on 120 V. Ignoring I2R losses, how much current does it draw?
(a) Given two identical, ideal batteries (emf = ℰ) and two identical light bulbs (resistance = R assumed constant), design a circuit to make both bulbs glow as brightly as possible. (b) What is the power dissipated by each bulb? (c) Design a circuit to make both bulbs glow, but one more
Two circuits are constructed using identical, ideal batteries (emf = „°) and identical light bulbs (resistance = R). If each bulb in circuit1dissipates 5.0 W of power, how much power does each bulb in circuit 2 dissipate? Ignore changes in the resistance of the bulbs due to temperature
Given two identical, ideal batteries of emf „° and two identical light bulbs of resistance R (assumed constant), find the total power dissipated in the circuit in terms of „° and R.
Consider a 60.0-W light bulb and a 100.0-W light bulb designed for use in a household lamp socket at 120 V. (a) What are the resistances of these two bulbs? (b) If they are wired together in a series circuit, which bulb shines brighter (dissipates more power)? Explain. (c) If they are connected in
The starter motor in a car draws 220.0 A of current from the 12.0-V battery for 1.20 s. (a) How much charge is pumped by the battery? (b) How much electric energy is supplied by the battery?
A 500-W electric heater unit is designed to operate with an applied potential difference of 120 V. (a) If the local power company imposes a voltage reduction to lighten its load, dropping the voltage to 110 V, by what percentage does the heat output of the heater drop? (Assume the resistance does
The Wheatstone bridge is a circuit used to measure unknown resistances. The bridge in the figure is balanced-no current flows through the galvanometer.(a) What is the unknown resistance Rx?(b) Does the resistance of the galvanometer affect the measurement? Explain.
In the circuit shown, an emf of 150 V is connected across a resistance network. What is the current through R2? Each of the resistors has a value of 10 Ω.
(a) What is the resistance of the heater element in a 1500-W hair dryer that plugs into a 120-V outlet? (b) What is the current through the hair dryer when it is turned on? (c) At a cost of $0.10 per kW · h, how much does it cost to run the hair dryer for 5.00 min? (d) If you were to take the
A string of 25 decorative lights has bulbs rated at 9.0 W and the bulbs are connected in parallel. The string is connected to a 120-V power supply. (a) What is the resistance of each of these lights? (b) What is the current through each bulb? (c) What is the total current coming from the power
A 2.00-μF capacitor is charged using a 5.00-V battery and a 3.00- μ F capacitor is charged using a 10.0-V battery. (a) What is the total energy stored in the two capacitors? (b) The batteries are disconnected and the two capacitors are connected together (+ to + and − to −). Find the charge
Three identical light bulbs are connected with wires to an ideal battery. The two terminals on each socket connect to the two terminals of its light bulb. Wires do not connect with one another where they appear to cross in the picture. Ignore the change of the resistances of the filaments due to
A portable radio requires an emf of 4.5 V. Olivia has only two non rechargeable 1.5-V batteries, but she finds a larger 6.0-V battery. (a) How can she arrange the batteries to produce an emf of 4.5 V? Draw a circuit diagram. (b) Is it advisable to use this combination with her radio? Explain.
We can model some of the electrical properties of an unmyelinated axon as an electric cable covered with defective insulation so that current leaks out of the axon to the surrounding fluid. We assume the axon consists of a cylindrical membrane filled with conducting fluid. A current of ions can
A piece of gold wire of length L has a resistance R0. Suppose the wire is drawn out so that its length increases by a factor of three. What is the new resistance R in terms of the original resistance?
A solar cell provides an emf of 0.45 V. (a) If the cell supplies a constant current of 18.0 mA for 9.0 h, how much electric energy does it supply? (b) What is the power-the rate at which it supplies electric energy?
A voltmeter with a resistance of 670 kΩ is used to measure the voltage across the 83.0-kΩ resistor in the figure with Problems 74 and 75. What is the voltmeter reading?
A gold wire and an aluminum wire have the same dimensions and carry the same current. The electron density (in electrons/cm3) in aluminum is three times larger than the density in gold. How do the drift speeds of the electrons in the two wires, vAu and vAl, compare?
Copper and aluminum are being considered for the cables in a high-voltage transmission line where each must carry a current of 50 A. The resistance of each cable is to be 0.15 Ω per kilometer. (a) If this line carries power from Niagara Falls to New York City (approximately 500 km), how much
The circuit is used to study the charging of a capacitor.(a) At t = 0, the switch is closed. What initial charging current is measured by the ammeter?(b) After the current has decayed to zero, what are the voltages at points A, B, and C?
A parallel plate capacitor is constructed from two square conducting plates of length L = 0.10 m on a side. There is air between the plates, which are separated by a distance d = 89μm. The capacitor is connected to a 10.0-V battery.(a) After the capacitor is fully charged, what is the
About 5.0 × 104 m above Earth's surface, the atmosphere is sufficiently ionized that it behaves as a conductor. The Earth and the ionosphere form a giant spherical capacitor, with the lower atmosphere acting as a leaky dielectric. (a) Find the capacitance C of the Earth-ionosphere system by
Near Earth's surface the air contains both negative and positive ions, due to radioactivity in the soil and cosmic rays from space. As a simplified model, assume there are 600.0 singly charged positive ions per cm 3 and 500.0 singly charged negative ions per cm3; ignore the presence of multiply
A battery with an emf of 1.0 V is connected to a 1.0-kΩ resistor and a diode (a nonohmic device) as shown in part (a) of the figure. The current that flows through the diode for a given voltage drop is shown in part (b) of the figure.(a) What is the current through the diode?(b) What is
Poiseuille's law [Eq. (9-15)] gives the volume flow rate of a viscous fluid through a pipe. (a) Show that Poiseuille's law can be written in the form ΔP = IR, where I = ΔV/Δt represents the volume flow rate and R is a constant of proportionality called the fluid flow resistance. (b) Find R in
Two copper wires, one double the diameter of the other, have the same current flowing through them. If the thinner wire has a drift speed v1, and the thicker wire has a drift speed v2, how do the drift speeds of the charge carriers compare?
A current of 2.50 A is carried by a copper wire of radius 1.00 mm. If the density of the conduction electrons is 8.47 × 1028 m−3, what is the drift speed of the conduction electrons?
A current of 10.0 A is carried by a copper wire of diameter 1.00 mm. If the density of the conduction electrons is 8.47 × 1028 m−3, how long does it take for a conduction electron to move 1.00 m along the wire?
A silver wire of diameter 1.0mm carries a current of 150mA. The density of conduction electrons in silver is 5.8 × 1028 m−3. How long (on average) does it take for a conduction electron to move 1.0 cm along the wire?
A strip of doped silicon 260μm wide contains 8.8 × 1022 conduction electrons per cubic meter and an insignificant number of holes. When the strip carries a current of 130μA, the drift speed of the electrons is 44 cm/s. What is the thickness of the strip?
A gold wire of 0.50 mm diameter has 5.90 × 1028 conduction electrons/m3. If the drift speed is 6.5μm/s, what is the current in the wire?
A copper wire of cross-sectional area 1.00 mm2 has a current of 2.0 A flowing along its length. What is the drift speed of the conduction electrons? Assume 1.3 conduction electrons per copper atom. The mass density of copper is 9.0 g/cm3 and its atomic mass is 64 g/mol.
The current in a wire is 0.500 A. (a) How much charge flows through a cross section of the wire in 10.0 s? (b) How many electrons move through the same cross section in 10.0 s?
An aluminum wire of diameter 2.6 mm carries a current of 12 A. How long on average does it take an electron to move 12 m along the wire? Assume 3.5 conduction electrons per aluminum atom. The mass density of aluminum is 2.7 g/cm3 and its atomic mass is 27 g/mol.
A 12-Ω resistor has a potential difference of 16 V across it. What current flows through the resistor?
Current of 83 mA flows through the resistor in the diagram.(a) What is the resistance of the resistor?(b) In what direction does the current flow through the resistor?
A copper wire and an aluminum wire of the same length have the same resistance. What is the ratio of the diameter of the copper wire to that of the aluminum wire?
A bird sits on a high-voltage power line with its feet 2.0 cm apart. The wire is made from aluminum, is 2.0 cm in diameter, and carries a current of 150 A. What is the potential difference between the bird's feet?
A person can be killed if a current as small as 50 mA passes near the heart. An electrician is working on a humid day with hands damp from perspiration. Suppose his resistance from one hand to the other is1kΩ and he is touching two wires, one with each hand. (a) What potential difference between
An electric device has the current-voltage (I - V) graph shown. What is its resistance at(a) Point 1(b) Point 2?
If 46 m of nichrome wire is to have a resistance of 10.0 Ω at 20°C, what diameter wire should be used?
The resistance of a conductor is 19.8 Ω at 15.0°C and 25.0 Ω at 85.0°C. What is the temperature coefficient of resistance of the material?
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