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physics
mechanics

Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions

In the crossover network of the figure, the crossover frequency is found to be 252 Hz. The capacitance is C = 560 Î¼ F. Assume the inductor to be ideal.(a) What is the impedance of the tweeter branch (the capacitor in series with the 8.0-Î© resistance of the tweeter) at the
In the crossover network of Problem 61, the inductance L is 1.20 mH. The capacitor is variable; its capacitance can be adjusted to set the crossover point according to the frequency response of the woofer and tweeter. What should the capacitance be set to for a crossover point of 180 Hz?
For a particular RLC series circuit, the capacitive reactance is 12.0 Ω, the inductive reactance is 23.0 Ω, and the maximum voltage across the 25.0 - Ω resistors is 8.00 V. (a) What is the impedance of the circuit? (b) What is the maximum voltage across this circuit?
The phasor diagram for a particular RLC series circuit is shown in the figure. If the circuit has a resistance of 100 Î© and is driven at a frequency of60 Hz, find(a) The current amplitude,(b) The capacitance, and(c) The inductance.
A portable heater is connected to a 60-Hz ac outlet. How many times per second is the instantaneous power a maximum?
What is the rms voltage of the oscilloscope trace of the figure, assuming that the signal is sinusoidal? The central horizontal line represents zero volts. The oscilloscope voltage knob has been clicked into its calibrated position.
A 22-kV power line that is 10.0 km long supplies the electric energy to a small town at an average rate of 6.0 MW. (a) If a pair of aluminum cables of diameter 9.2 cm are used, what is the average power dissipated in the transmission line? (b) Why is aluminum used rather than a better conductor
An x-ray machine uses 240 kV rms at 60.0 mA rms when it is operating. If the power source is a 420-V rms line, (a) What must be the turn's ratio of the transformer? (b) What is the rms current in the primary? (c) What is the average power used by the x-ray tube?
(a) What rms current is drawn by a 4200-W electric room heater when running on 120 V rms? (b) What is the power dissipation by the heater if the voltage drops to 105 V rms during a brownout? Assume the resistance stays the same.
A coil with an internal resistance of 120 Ω and inductance of 12.0 H is connected to a 60.0-Hz, 110-V rms line. (a) What is the impedance of the coil? (b) Calculate the current in the coil.
The field coils used in an ac motor are designed to have a resistance of 0.45 Ω and an impedance of 35.0 Ω. What inductance is required if the frequency of the ac source is? (a) 60.0 Hz. (b) 0.20 kHz.
A capacitor is rated at 0.025 μ F. How much rms current flows when the capacitor is connected to a 110-V rms, 60.0-Hz line?
A capacitor to be used in a radio is to have a reactance of 6.20 Ω at a frequency of 520 Hz. What is the capacitance?
An alternator supplies a peak current of 4.68 A to a coil with a negligibly small internal resistance. The voltage of the alternator is 420-V peak at 60.0 Hz. When a capacitor of 38.0 μ F is placed in series with the coil, the power factor is found to be 1.00. Find (a) The inductive reactance of
At what frequency does the maximum current flow through a series RLC circuit containing a resistance of 4.50 Ω, an inductance of 440 mH, and a capacitance of 520 pF?
What is the rms current flowing in a 4.50-kW motor connected to a 220-V rms line when (a) The power factor is 1.00 (b) When it is 0.80?
A variable capacitor is connected in series to an inductor with negligible internal resistance and of inductance 2.4 × 10−4 H. The combination is used as a tuner for a radio. If the lowest frequency to be tuned in is 0.52 MHz, what is the maximum capacitance required?
A large coil used as an electromagnet has a resistance of R = 450 Ω and an inductance of L = 2.47 H. The coil is connected to an ac source with voltage amplitude of 2.0 kV and a frequency of 9.55 Hz. (a) What is the power factor? (b) What is the impedance of the circuit? (c) What is the peak
An ac series circuit containing a capacitor, inductor, and resistance is found to have a current of amplitude 0.50 A for a source voltage of amplitude 10.0 V at an angular frequency of 200.0 rad/s. The total resistance in the circuit is 15.0 Ω. (a) What are the power factor and the phase angle
A television set draws an rms current of 2.50 A from a 60-Hz power line. Find (a) The average current, (b) The average of the square of the current, and (c) The amplitude of the current.
A generator supplies an average power of 12 MW through a transmission line that has a resistance of 10.0 Ω. What is the power loss in the transmission line if the rms line voltage ℰrms is? (a) 15 kV (b) 110 kV What percentage of the total power supplied by the generator is lost in the
(a) Calculate the rms current drawn by the load in the figure with Problem 80 if „°rms = 250 kV and the average power supplied by the generator is 12 MW.(b) Suppose that the average power supplied by the generator is still 12 MW, but the load is not purely resistive; rather, the load has a
Transformers are often rated in terms of kilovolt-amps. A pole on a residential street has a transformer rated at 35 kV·A to serve four homes on the street. (a) If each home has a fuse that limits the incoming current to 60 A rms at 220 V rms, find the maximum load in kV·A on the transformer. (b)
A variable inductor can be placed in series with a light bulb to act as a dimmer. (a) What inductance would reduce the current through a 100-W light bulb to 75% of its maximum value? Assume a 120-V rms, 60-Hz source. (b) Could a variable resistor be used in place of the variable inductor to reduce
A certain circuit has a 25-Ω resistor and one other component in series with a 12-V (rms) sinusoidal ac source. The rms current in the circuit is 0.317 A when the frequency is 150 Hz and increases by 25.0% when the frequency increases to 250 Hz. (a) What is the second component in the circuit? (b)
A 40.0-mH inductor, with internal resistance of 30.0 Ω, is connected to an ac source ℰ(t) = (286 V) sin [(390 rad/s)t] (a) What is the impedance of the inductor in the circuit? (b) What are the peak and rms voltages across the inductor (including the internal resistance)? (c) What is the peak
In an RLC circuit, these three elements are connected in series: a resistor of 20.0 Ω, a 35.0-mH inductor, and a 50.0- μ F capacitor. The ac source of the circuit has an rms voltage of 100.0 V and an angular frequency of 1.0 × 103 rad/s. Find (a) The reactances of the capacitor and inductor, (b)
Multiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following diagrams best represents the magnetic field created by the rail currents in the region between the rails?2. For a given mass, if the current were decreased by a factor of 2, the new exit speed v would be equal to A. 2vi B. ˆš2vi C.
A projectile with a mass of 0.08 kg that is propelled by a rail current of 20.0 A will have approximately what exit speed?A. 0.7 km/sB. 1.0 km/sC. 1.4 km/sD. 2.0 km/sThe force is proportional to the square of the current running through the railgun. For a given current, the force and the magnetic
Which of the following figures best illustrates the direction of the magnetic field (B) associated with a section of wire carrying a current?
In Section 22.3, we stated that an electric dipole antenna should be aligned with the electric field of an EM wave for best reception. If a magnetic dipole antenna is used instead, should its axis be aligned with the magnetic field of the wave? Explain.
In everyday experience, visible light seems to travel in straight lines while radio waves do not. Explain
Can sound waves be polarized? Explain.
Until the Supreme Court ruled it to be unconstitutional, drug enforcement officers examined buildings at night with a camera sensitive to infrared. How did this help them identify marijuana growers?
The amplitudes of an EM wave are related by Em = cBm. Since c = 3.00 × 108 m/s, a classmate says that the electric field in an EM wave is much larger than the magnetic field. How would you reply?
Why is it warmer in summer than in winter?
Why is the antenna on a cell phone shorter than the radio antenna on a car?
A magnetic dipole antenna has its axis aligned with the vertical. The antenna sends out radio waves. If you are due south of the antenna, what is the polarization state of the radio waves that reach you?
Linearly polarized light of intensity I 0 shines through two polarizing sheets. The second of the sheets has its transmission axis perpendicular to the polarization of the light before it passes through the first sheet. Must the intensity transmitted through the second sheet be zero, or is it
Using Faraday's law, explain why it is impossible to have a magnetic wave without any electric component.
According to Maxwell, why is it impossible to have an electric wave without any magnetic component?
Zach insists that the seasons are caused by the elliptical shape of Earth's orbit. He says that it is summer when Earth is closest to the Sun and winter when it is farthest away from the Sun. What evidence can you think of to show that the seasons are not due to the change in distance between Earth
Why day is's longer in summer than in winter?
Describe the polarization of radio waves transmitted from a horizontal electric dipole antenna that travel parallel to Earth's surface.
The figure shows a magnetic dipole antenna transmitting an electromagnetic wave. At a point P far from the antenna, what are the directions of the electric and magnetic fields of the wave?
Find B outside the wire at a distance r ‰¥ R from the central axis.
Using Faraday's law, show that if a magnetic dipole antenna's axis makes an angle θ with the magnetic field of an EM wave, the induced emf in the antenna is reduced from its maximum possible value by a factor of cos θ .
A magnetic dipole antenna is used to detect an electromagnetic wave. The antenna is a coil of 50 turns with radius 5.0 cm. The EM wave has frequency 870 kHz, electric field amplitude 0.50 V/m, and magnetic field amplitude 1.7 × 10−9 T. (a) For best results, should the axis of the coil be
What is the wavelength of the radio waves broadcast by an FM radio station with a frequency of 90.9 MHz?
What is the frequency of the microwaves in a microwave oven? The wavelength is 12 cm.
What is the speed of light in a diamond that has an index of refraction of 2.4168?
The speed of light in topaz is 1.85 × 108 m/s. What is the index of refraction of topaz?
How long does it take sunlight to travel from the Sun to Earth?
How long does it take light to travel from this text to your eyes? Assume a distance of 50.0 cm.
The index of refraction of water is 1.33. (a) What is the speed of light in water? (b) What is the wavelength in water of a light wave with a vacuum wavelength of 515 nm?
Light of wavelength 692 nm in air passes into window glass with an index of refraction of 1.52 (a) What is the wavelength of the light inside the glass? (b) What is the frequency of the light inside the glass?
Find B outside the gap in the wire at a distance r ‰¥ R from the central axis.
The currents in household wiring and power lines alternate at a frequency of 60.0 Hz. (a) What is the wavelength of the EM waves emitted by the wiring? (b) Compare this wavelength with Earth's radius. (c) In what part of the EM spectrum are these waves?
In order to study the structure of a crystalline solid, you want to illuminate it with EM radiation whose wavelength is the same as the spacing of the atoms in the crystal (0.20 nm). (a) What is the frequency of the EM radiation? (b) In what part of the EM spectrum (radio, visible, etc.) does it
In musical acoustics, a frequency ratio of 2:1 is called an octave. Humans with extremely good hearing can hear sounds ranging from 20 Hz to 20 kHz, which is approximately 10 octaves (since 2 10 = 1024 ≈ 1000). (a) Approximately how many octaves of visible light are humans able to perceive? (b)
You and a friend are sitting in the outfield bleachers of a major league baseball park, 140 m from home plate on a day when the temperature is 20 ° C. Your friend is listening to the radio commentary with headphones while watching. The broadcast network has a microphone located 17 m from home
In the United States, the ac household current oscillates at a frequency of 60 Hz. In the time it takes for the current to make one oscillation, how far has the electromagnetic wave traveled from the current carrying wire? This distance is the wavelength of a 60-Hz EM wave. Compare this length with
By expressing ɛ0 and μ0 in base SI units (kg, m, s, A), prove that the only combination of the two with dimensions of speed is (ɛ0μ0)−1/2.
The electric field in a microwave traveling through air has amplitude 0.60 mV / m and frequency 30 GHz. Find the amplitude and frequency of the magnetic field.
The magnetic field in a microwave traveling through vacuum has amplitude 4.00 × 10−11 T and frequency 120 GHz. Find the amplitude and frequency of the electric field.
The magnetic field in a radio wave traveling through air has amplitude 2.5 × 10−11 T and frequency 3.0 MHz. (a) Find the amplitude and frequency of the electric field. (b) The wave is traveling in the − y -direction. At y = 0 and t = 0, the magnetic field is 1.5 × 10−11 T in the + z
Find B inside the gap in the wire at a distance r ‰¤ R from the central axis.
The electric field in a radio wave traveling through vacuum has amplitude 2.5 × 10−4 V/m and frequency 1.47 MHz. (a) Find the amplitude and frequency of the magnetic field. (b) The wave is traveling in the + x -direction. At x = 0 and t = 0, the electric field is 1.5 × 10−4 V/m in the − y
The magnetic field of an EM wave is given by By = Bm sin ( kz + wt), Bx = 0, and Bz = 0. (a) In what direction is this wave traveling? (b) Write expressions for the components of the electric field of this wave.
The electric field of an EM wave is given by Ez = Em sin (ky−wt+p/6), Ex=0, and Ez = 0. (a) In what direction is this wave traveling? (b) Write expressions for the components of the magnetic field of this wave.
An EM wave is generated by a magnetic dipole antenna as shown in the figure with Conceptual Question 9. The current in the antenna is produced by an LC resonant circuit. The wave is detected at a distant point P. Using the coordinate system in the figure, write equations for the x -, y -, and z
The intensity of the sunlight that reaches Earth's upper atmosphere is approximately 1400 W/m2. (a) What is the average energy density? (b) Find the rms values of the electric and magnetic fields.
The cylindrical beam of a 10.0-mW laser is 0.85 cm in diameter. What is the rms value of the electric field?
In astronomy it is common to expose a photographic plate to a particular portion of the night sky for quite some time in order to gather plenty of light. Before leaving a plate exposed to the night sky, Matt decides to test his technique by exposing two photographic plates in his lab to light
A 1.0-m2 solar panel on a satellite that keeps the panel oriented perpendicular to radiation arriving from the Sun absorbs 1.4 kJ of energy every second. The satellite is located at 1.00 AU from the Sun. (The Earth-Sun distance is defined to be 1.00 AU.) How long would it take an identical panel
Fernando detects the electric field from an isotropic source that is 22 km away by tuning in an electric field with rms amplitude of 55 mV / m. What is the average power of the source?
A certain star is 14 million light-years from Earth. The intensity of the light that reaches Earth from the star is 4 × 10−21 W/m2. At what rate does the star radiate EM energy?
Find B inside the wire at a distance r ‰¤ R from the central axis.
The intensity of the sunlight that reaches Earth's upper atmosphere is approximately 1400 W/m 2. (a) What is the total average power output of the Sun, assuming it to be an isotropic source? (b) What is the intensity of sunlight incident on Mercury, which is 5.8×1010 m from the Sun?
Prove that, in an EM wave traveling in vacuum, the electric and magnetic energy densities are equal; that is, prove that
Verify that the equation I = 〈u〉 c is dimensionally consistent (i.e., check the units).
The solar panels on the roof of a house measure 4.0 m by 6.0 m. Assume they convert 12% of the incident EM wave's energy to electric energy. (a) What average power do the panels supply when the incident intensity is 1.0 kW/m2 and the panels are perpendicular to the incident light? (b) What
The radio telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, has a diameter of 305 m. It can detect radio waves from space with intensities as small as 10−26 W/m2. (a) What is the average power incident on the telescope due to a wave at normal incidence with intensity 1.0 × 10−26 W/m2? (b) What is the average
Un-polarized light passes through two polarizers in turn with polarization axes at 45° to one another. What is the fraction of the incident light intensity that is transmitted?
Light polarized in the x -direction shines through two polarizing sheets. The first sheet's transmission axis makes an angle θ with the x-axis and the transmission axis of the second is parallel to the y -axis. (a) If the incident light has intensity I0, what is the intensity of the light
Un-polarized light is incident on a system of three polarizers. The second polarizer is oriented at an angle of 30.0° with respect to the first and the third is oriented at an angle of 45.0° with respect to the first. If the light that emerges from the system has an intensity of 23.0 W/m2,
Un-polarized light is incident on four polarizing sheets with their transmission axes oriented as shown in the figure. What percentage of the initial light intensity is transmitted through this set of polarizers?
A polarized beam of light has intensity I0. We want to rotate the direction of polarization by 90.0 ° using polarizing sheets. (a) Explain why we must use at least two sheets. (b) What is the transmitted intensity if we use two sheets, each of which rotates the direction of polarization by
At a point due south of the transmitter, what is the direction of the wave's magnetic field An electric dipole antenna used to transmit radio waves is oriented vertically.
Vertically polarized microwaves traveling into the page are directed at each of three metal plates (a, b, c) that have parallel slots cut in them.(a) Which plate transmits microwaves best?(b) Which plate reflects microwaves best?(c) If the intensity transmitted through the best transmitter is I1,
Two sheets of polarizing material are placed with their transmission axes at right angles to one another. A third polarizing sheet is placed between them with its transmission axis at 45 ° to the axes of the other two. (a) If un-polarized light of intensity I0 is incident on the system, what is
Vertically polarized light with intensity I0 is normally incident on an ideal polarizer. As the polarizer is rotated about a horizontal axis, the intensity I of light transmitted through the polarizer varies with the orientation of the polarizer (θ), where θ = 0 corresponds to a vertical
Just after sunrise, you look north at the sky just above the horizon. Is the light you see polarized? If so in what direction
Just after sunrise, you look straight up at the sky. Is the light you see polarized? If so in what direction?
If the speeder in Example 22.9 were going faster than the police car, how fast would it have to go so that the reflected microwaves produce the same number of beats per second?
Light of wavelength 659.6 nm is emitted by a star. The wavelength of this light as measured on Earth is 661.1 nm. How fast is the star moving with respect to Earth? Is it moving toward Earth or away from it?
A star is moving away from Earth at a speed of 2.4 × 108 m/s. Light of wavelength 480 nm is emitted by the star. What is the wavelength as measured by an Earth observer?
A police car's radar gun emits microwaves with a frequency of f1 = 7.50 GHz. The beam reflects from a speeding car, which is moving toward the police car at 48.0 m/s with respect to the police car. The speeder's radar detector detects the microwave at a frequency f2. (a) Which is larger, f1 or f2?
A police car's radar gun emits microwaves with a frequency of f1 = 36.0 GHz. The beam reflects from a speeding car, which is moving away at 43.0 m/s with respect to the police car. The frequency of the reflected microwave as observed by the police is f2. (a) Which is larger, f1 or f2? (b) Find
At a point due north of the transmitter, how should a second electric dipole antenna be oriented to serve as a receiver? An electric dipole antenna used to transmit radio waves is oriented vertically.

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