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Physics 10th edition David Young, Shane Stadler - Solutions

The carbon isotope 15C decays much faster than 14C. (a) Using Appendix B, write a nuclear reaction showing the decay of 15C. (b) How much energy is released when 15C decays?
A radioactive sample of radon has an activity of 2050 Bq. How many kilograms of radon are present?
Figure 29.7 is an energy level diagram for 208Tl. What are the energies of the photons emitted for the six transitions shown?Figure 29.7
Approximately what is the total energy of the neutrino emitted when 2211Na decays by electron capture?
10652Te is radioactive; it a decays to 10250Sn. 10250Sn is itself radioactive and has a half-life of 4.5 s. At t = 0, a sample contains 4.00 mol of 10652Te and 1.50 mol of 10250Sn. At t = 25 μs, the sample contains 3.00 mol of 10652Te and 2.50 mol of 10250Sn. How much 10250Sn will there be at t =
In 1988 the shroud of Turin, a piece of cloth that some people believe is the burial cloth of Jesus, was dated using 14C. The measured 14C activity of the cloth was about 0.23 Bq/g. According to this activity, when was the cloth in the shroud made?
Radon gas (Rn) is produced by the a decay of radium 22688Ra (a) How many neutrons and how many protons are present in the nucleus of the isotope of Rn produced by this decay? (b) In the air in an average size room in a student basement apartment in Ithaca, NY, there are about 107 Rn nuclei. The Rn
(a) What fraction of the 238U atoms present at the formation of the Earth still exist? Take the age of the Earth to be 4.5 × 109 yr. (b) Answer the same question for 235U. Could this explain why there are more than 100 times as many 238U atoms as 235U atoms in the Earth today?
The radioactive decay of 238U produces a particles with a kinetic energy of 4.17 MeV. (a) At what speed do these a particles move? (b) Put yourself in the place of Rutherford and Geiger. You know that a particles are positively charged (from the way they are deflected in a magnetic field). You want
Once Rutherford and Geiger determined the charge-tomass ratio of the α particle (Problem 71), they performed another experiment to determine its charge. An α source was placed in an evacuated chamber with a fluorescent screen. Through a glass window in the chamber, they could see a flash on the
A water sample is found to have 0.016% deuterium content (that is, 0.016% of the hydrogen nuclei in the water are 2H). If the fusion reaction (2H + 2H) yields 3.65 MeV of energy on average, how much energy could you get from 1.00 L of the water? (There are two reactions with approximately equal
(a) Find the approximate number of water molecules in 1.00 L of water. (b) What fraction of the liter's volume is occupied by water nuclei?
Radioactive iodine, 131I, with a half-life of 8.0252 d, is used in some forms of medical diagnostics. (a) If the initial activity of a sample is 64.5 mCi, what is the mass of 131I in the sample? (b) What will the activity be 4.5 d later?
An a particle with a kinetic energy of 1.0 MeV is headed straight toward a gold nucleus. (a) Find the distance of closest approach between the centers of the α particle and gold nucleus. (Assume the gold nucleus remains stationary. Since its mass is much larger than that of the α particle, this
A space rock contains 3.00 g of 14762Sm and 0.150 g of 14360Nd. 14762Sm a decays to 14360Nd with a half-life of 1.06 × 1011 yr. If the rock originally contained no 14360Nd, how old is it?
In naturally occurring potassium, 0.0117% of the nuclei are radioactive 40K. (a) What mass of 40K is found in a broccoli stalk containing 300 mg of potassium? (b) What is the activity of this broccoli stalk due to 40K?
The power supply for a pacemaker is a small amount of radioactive 238Pu. This nuclide decays by a decay with a half-life of 86 yr. The pacemaker is typically replaced every 10.0 yr. (a) By what percentage does the activity of the 238Pu source decrease in 10 yr? (b) The energy of the α particles
Write the symbol (in the form AZX) for the nuclide that has 78 neutrons and 53 protons.
21283Bi can a decay to the ground state of 20881Tl, or to any of the four excited states of 20881Tl shown in Fig. 29.7. The maximum kinetic energy of the α particles emitted by 21283Bi is 6.090 MeV. What other a -particle kinetic energies are possible?
Suppose that a radioactive sample contains equal numbers of two radioactive nuclides A and B at t = 0. A has a half-life of 3.0 h, while B has a half-life of 12.0 h. Find the ratio of the decay rates or activities RA/RB at (a) t = 0, (b) t = 12.0 h, and (c) t = 24.0 h.
The first nuclear reaction ever observed (in 1919 by Ernest Rutherford) was a + 147N → p+ X. (a) Show that the reaction product "X" must be 178O. (b) For this reaction to take place, the α particle must come in contact with the nitrogen nucleus. Calculate the distance d between their centers
The last step in the carbon cycle that takes place inside stars is p + 15N → 12C + (?). This step releases 5.00 MeV of energy. (a) Show that the reaction product "(?)" must be an a particle. (b) Calculate the atomic mass of helium-4 from the information given. (c) In order for this reaction to
Find the radius and volume of the 10743Tc nucleus.
In a synchrotron, charged particles are accelerated as they travel around in circles; in a linear accelerator they move in a straight line. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of each?
In a fixed-target experiment, high-energy charged particles from an accelerator are smashed into a stationary target. By contrast, in a colliding beam experiment, two beams of particles are accelerated to high energies; particles moving in opposite directions suffer head-on collisions when the two
Why can a neutron within a nucleus be stable, while an isolated neutron is unstable? What determines whether a neutron within a nucleus is stable?
Why is the number of electron neutrinos reaching Earth from the Sun smaller than had originally been predicted?
How many different hadrons are stable (as far as we know)?
Why is the muon sometimes called a "heavy electron"?
Is e the smallest fundamental unit of charge? The smallest observable unit of charge?
Describe the use of "color" as a quantum number for the quarks.
Why do we not notice the effects of billions of neutrinos passing through each square centimeter of our body surface every second?
A pion (mass 0.140 GeV/ c2) at rest decays by the weak interaction into a muon of mass 0.106 GeV/ c2 and a muon antineutrino: π− → μ− + vμ. Ignoring the rest energy of the antineutrino, what is the total kinetic energy of the muon and the antineutrino?
In the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, electrons and positrons circulate in opposite directions with kinetic energies of 6.0 GeV each. When an electron collides with a positron and the two annihilate, one possible (though unlikely) outcome is the production of one or more proton-antiproton pairs.
The K0 meson can decay to two pions: K0 → π+ + π−. The rest energies of the particles are: K0 = 497.7 MeV, π+ = π− = 139.6 MeV. If the K0 is at rest before it decays, what are the kinetic energies of the π+ and the π− after the decay?
A proton in Fermilab's Tevatron is accelerated through a potential difference of 2.5 MV during each revolution around the ring of radius 1.0 km. In order to reach an energy of 1 TeV, how many revolutions must the proton make? How far has it traveled?
Estimate the magnetic field strength required at the LHC to make 7.0-TeV protons travel in a circle of circumference 27 km. Start by deriving an expression, using Newton's second law, for the field strength B in terms of the particle's momentum p, its charge q, and the radius r. Even though derived
A muon decay is described by μ− → e− + vμ + ve. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the electron, if the muon was at rest? Assume that the electron is extremely relativistic and ignore the small masses of the neutrinos.
A neutral pion (mass 0.135 GeV/c2) decays via the electromagnetic interaction into two photons: π0 → γ + γ. What is the energy of each photon, assuming the pion was at rest?
A proton of mass 0.938 GeV/ c2 and an antiproton, at rest relative to an observer, annihilate each other as described by p + p → π− + π+. What are the kinetic energies of the two pions, each of which has mass 0.14 GeV/ c2?
In an accelerator, two protons with equal kinetic energies collide head-on. The following reaction takes place: p + p → p + p + p + p. What is the minimum possible kinetic energy of each of the incident proton beams?
Determine the quark content of these particles: A meson with charge +e composed of up and/or strange quarks and/or antiquarks.
Determine the quark content of these particles: A baryon with charge 0 composed of up and/or strange quarks and/or antiquarks.
Two factors that can determine the distance over which a force can act are the mass of the exchange particle that carries the force and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle [Eq. (28-3)]. Assume that the uncertainty in the energy of an exchange particle is given by its rest energy and that the
Determine the quark content of these particles: An antibaryon with charge + e composed of up and/or strange quarks and/or antiquarks.
Determine the quark content of these particles: A meson with charge − e composed of up and/or down quarks and/or antiquarks.
According to Figure 30.2, higher energies correspond with times that are closer to the origin of the universe, so particle accelerators at higher energies probe conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang. At Fermilab's Tevatron, protons and antiprotons are accelerated to kinetic energies of
A charged pion can decay either into a muon or an electron. The two decay modes of a π− are: π− → μ− + vμ and π− → e− + ve. Write the two decay modes for the π+.
When a proton and an antiproton annihilate, the annihilation products are usually pions. (a) Suppose three pions are produced. What combination(s) of π+, π−, and π0 are possible? (b) Suppose five pions are produced. What combination(s) of π+, π−, and π0 are possible? (c) What is the
In Problem 1, what is the kinetic energy of the muon? In problem 1 A pion (mass 0.140 GeV/ c2) at rest decays by the weak interaction into a muon of mass 0.106 GeV/ c2 and a muon antineutrino: π− → μ− + vμ. Ignoring the rest energy of the antineutrino, what is the total kinetic energy of
At the Stanford Linear Accelerator, electrons and positrons collide together at very high energies to create other elementary particles. Suppose an electron and a positron, each with rest energies of 0.511 MeV, collide to create a proton (rest energy 938 MeV), an electrically neutral kaon (498
A sigma baryon at rest decays into a lambda baryon and a photon: Σ0 → Λ0 + g. The rest energies of the baryons are given by Σ0 = 1192 MeV and Λ0 = 1116 MeV. What is the photon wavelength?
Show that the charge of the neutron and the charge of the proton can be derived from their constituent quark content.
Which fundamental force is responsible for each of the decays shown here? (a) π+ → μ+ + vμ, (b) π0 → γ + γ, (c) n → p+ + e− + ve.
Three types of sigma baryons can be created in accelerator collisions. Their quark contents are given by uus, uds, and dds, respectively. What are the electric charges of each of these sigma particles, respectively?
The energy at which the fundamental forces are expected to unify is about 1019GeV. Find the mass (in kilograms) of a particle with rest energy 1019GeV.
What is the de Broglie wavelength of a proton with kinetic energy 1.0 TeV?
What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron with kinetic energy 7.0 TeV?
Azelastine hydrochloride is an antihistamine nasal spray. A standard size container holds one fluid ounce (oz) of the liquid. You are searching for this medication in a European drugstore and are asked how many milliliters (mL) there are in one fluid ounce. Using the following conversion factors,
A student sees a newspaper ad for an apartment that has 1330 square feet (ft2) of floor space. How many square meters of area are there?
A partly full paint can has 0.67 U.S. gallons of paint left in it. (a) What is the volume of the paint in cubic meters? (b) If all the remaining paint is used to coat a wall evenly (wall area = 13 m2), how thick is the layer of wet paint? Give your answer in meters.
You are driving into St. Louis, Missouri, and in the distance you see the famous Gateway to the West arch. This monument rises to a height of 192 m. You estimate your line of sight with the top of the arch to be 2.08 above the horizontal. Approximately how far (in kilometers) are you from the base
A hill that has a 12.0% grade is one that rises 12.0 m vertically for every 100.0 m of distance in the horizontal direction. At what angle is such a hill inclined above the horizontal?
The corners of a square lie on a circle of diameter D = 0.35 m. Each side of the square has a length L. Find L?
The drawing shows a person looking at a building on top of which an antenna is mounted. The horizontal distance between the person's eyes and the building is 85.0 m. In part a the person is looking at the base of the antenna, and his line of sight makes an angle of 35.08 with the horizontal. In
The two hot-air balloons in the drawing are 48.2 and 61.0 m above the ground. A person in the left balloon observes that the right balloon is 13.38 above the horizontal. What is the horizontal distance x between the two balloons?
What is the value of each of the angles of a triangle whose sides are 95, 150, and 190 cm in length?
The drawing shows sodium and chloride ions positioned at the corners of a cube that is part of the crystal structure of sodium chloride (common table salt). The edges of the cube are each 0.281 nm (1 nm = 1 nanometer = 10-9 m) in length. What is the value of the angle u in the drawing?
Bicyclists in the Tour de France reach speeds of 34.0 miles per hour (mi/h) on fl at sections of the road. What is this speed in (a) Kilometers per hour (km/h) and (b) Meters per second (m/s)?
A person is standing at the edge of the water and looking out at the ocean (see the drawing). The height of the person's eyes above the water is h = 1.6 m, and the radius of the earth is R = 6.38 × 106 m. (a) How far is it to the horizon? In other words, what is the distance d from the person's
An aerialist on a high platform holds on to a trapeze attached to a support by an 8.0-m cord. (See the drawing.) Just before he jumps off the platform, the cord makes an angle of 41o with the vertical. He jumps, swings down, then back up, releasing the trapeze at the instant it is 0.75 m below its
(a) Two workers are trying to move a heavy crate. One pushes on the crate with a force A(vector), which has a magnitude of 445 new tons and is directed due west. The other pushes with a force B(vector), which has a magnitude of 325 new tons and is directed due north. What are the magnitude and
Two bicyclists, starting at the same place, are riding toward the same campground by two different routes. One cyclist rides 1080 m due east and then turns due north and travels another 1430 m before reaching the campground. The second cyclist starts out by heading due north for 1950 m and then
A jogger travels a route that has two parts. The first is a displacement A of 2.50 km due south, and the second involves a displacement B(vector) that points due east.(a) The resultant displacement A(vector) + B(vector) has a magnitude of 3.75 km. What is magnitude of B, and what is the direction
At a picnic, there is a contest in which hoses are used to shoot water at a beach ball from three directions. As a result, three forces act on theBall, 1, 2, and 3 (see the drawing). The magnitudes of 1 and 2 are F1 = 50.0 newtons F2 = 90.0 newtons. Using a scale drawing
A force vector has a magnitude of 575 newtons and points at an angle of 36.0° below the positive x axis. What are (a) The x scalar component and (b) The y scalar component of the vector?
Soccer player #1 is 8.6 m from the goal (see the drawing). If she kicks the ball directly into the net, the ball has a displacement labeled A(vector). If, on the other hand, she first kicks it to player #2, who then kicks it into the net, the ball undergoes two successive displacements,
The components of vector are Ax and Ay (both positive), and the angle that it makes with respect to the positive x axis is q. Find the angle q if the components of the displacement vector are(a) Ax = 12 m and Ay = 12 m,(b) Ax = 17 m and Ay = 12 m, and(c) Ax = 12 m and Ay = 17 m?
During takeoff, an airplane climbs with a speed of 180 m/s at an angle of 348 above the horizontal. The speed and direction of the airplane constitute a vector quantity known as the velocity. The sun is shining directly overhead. How fast is the shadow of the plane moving along the ground? (That
Suppose a man's scalp hair grows at a rate of 0.35 mm per day. What is this growth rate in feet per century?
Your friend has slipped and fallen. To help her up, you pull with a force as the drawing shows. The vertical component of this force is 130 newtons, and the horizontal component is 150 newtons. Find(a) The magnitude of and (b) The angle q.
The displacement vector A(vector) has scalar components of Ax = 80.0 m and Ay = 60.0 m. The displacement vector B(vector) has a scalar component of Bx = 60.0 m and a magnitude of B = 75.0m. The displacement vector C(vector) has a magnitude of C = 100.0 m and is directed at an angle of 36.9o
Two racing boats set out from the same dock and speed away at the same constant speed of 101 km/h for half an hour (0.500 h), the blue boat headed 25.0° south of west, and the green boat headed 37.0° south of west. During this half hour (a) How much farther west does the blue boat travel,
The magnitude of the force vector F(vector) is 82.3 newtons. The x component of this vector is directed along the +x axis and has a magnitude of 74.6 newtons. The y component points along the +y axis.(a) Find the direction of F(vector) relative to the +x axis.(b) Find the component of F(vector)
The drawing shows a force vector that has a magnitude of 475 newtons. Find the (a) x, (b) y, and (c) z components of the vector.Section 1.8: Addition of Vectors by Means of Components
A baby elephant is stuck in a mud hole. To help pull it out, game keepers use a rope to apply a force F(vector)A, as part a of the drawing shows. By itself, however, force F(vector)A is insufficient. Therefore, two additional forces F(vector)Band F(vector)Care applied, as in part b of the
Displacement vector A(vector) points due east and has a magnitude of 2.00 km. Displacement vector B(vector) points due north and has a magnitude of 3.75 km. Displacement vector C(vector) points due west and has a magnitude of 2.50 km. Displacement vector D(vector) points due south and has a
Given the quantities a = 9.7 m, b = 4.2 s, c = 69 m/s, what is the value of the quantity d = a3 / (cb2)?
On a safari, a team of naturalists sets out toward a research station located 4.8 km away in a direction 428 north of east. After traveling in a straight line for 2.4 km, they stop and discover that they have been traveling 228 north of east, because their guide misread his compass. What are (a)
Two geological field teams are working in a remote area. A global positioning system (GPS) tracker at their base camp shows the location of the first team as 38 km away, 19° north of west, and the second team as 29 km away, 35° east of north. When the first team uses its GPS to check the position
The route followed by a hiker consists of three displacement vectors A(vector), B(vector), and C(vector). Vector A(vector) is along a measured trail and is 1550 m in a direction 25.08 north of east. Vector B(vector) is not along a measured trail, but the hiker uses a compass and knows that the
A chimpanzee sitting against his favorite tree gets up and walks 51 m due east and 39 m due south to reach a termite mound, where he eats lunch. (a) What is the shortest distance between the tree and the termite mound? (b) What angle does the shortest distance make with respect to due east?
A monkey is chained to a stake in the ground. The stake is 3.00 m from a vertical pole, and the chain is 3.40 m long. How high can the monkey climb up the pole?
Consider the equation v = 1/3zxt2. The dimensions of the variables v, x, and t are [L] / [T], [L], and [T], respectively. The numerical factor 3 is dimensionless. What must be the dimensions of the variable z, such that both sides of the equation have the same dimensions? Show how you determined
The volume of liquid fl owing per second is called the volume flow rate Q and has the dimensions of [L]3 / [T]. The flow rate of a liquid through a hypodermic needle during an injection can be estimated with the following equation:
An ocean liner leaves New York City and travels 18.0o north of east for 155 km. How far east and how far north has it gone? In other words, what are the magnitudes of the components of the ship's displacement vector in the directions (a) Due east and (b) Due north?
A pilot flies her route in two straight-line segments. The displacement vector A(vector) for the first segment has a magnitude of 244 km and a direction 30.08 north of east. The displacement vector B(vector) for the second segment has a magnitude of 175 km and a direction due west. The resultant
A force vector points at an angle of 52o above the +x axis. It has a y component of +290 newtons. Find (a) The magnitude and (b) The x component of the force vector?
Three forces act on an object, as indicated in the drawing. Force F(vector)1 has a magnitude of 21.0 newtons (21.0 N) and is directed 30.0° to the left of the +y axis. Force F(vector)2 has a magnitude of 15.0 N and points along the +x axis. What must be the magnitude and direction (specified by
You live in the building on the left in the drawing, and a friend lives in the other building. The two of you are having a discussion about the heights of the buildings, and your friend claims that the height of his building is more than 1.50 times the height of yours. To resolve the issue you

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