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physics
mechanics

Physics 2nd edition Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson - Solutions

The power radiated in a horizontal plane by both antennas together is measured by the detector and is found to vary with angle.(a) Is the power detected at Î¸ = 0 a maximum or a minimum? Explain.(b) Sketch a graph of P versus Î¸ to show qualitatively how the power varies
The waves have frequency 3.0 MHz and the distance between antennas is d = 0.30 km.(a) What is the difference in the path lengths traveled by the waves that arrive at the detector at Î¸ = 0°?(b) What is the difference in the path lengths traveled by the waves that arrive at the
If you shine a laser (wavelength 0.60 μ m) with a small aperture at the Moon, diffraction makes the beam spread out and the spot on the Moon is large. Making the aperture smaller only makes the spot on the Moon larger. On the other hand, shining a wide searchlight at the Moon can't make a tiny
Coherent light from a laser is split into two beams with intensities I0 and 4 I0, respectively. What is the intensity of the light when the beams are recombined? If there is more than one possibility, give the range of possibilities.
Two coherent plane waves travel at angle q 0 toward a photographic plate. Show that the distance between fringes of constructive interference on the plate is given by d = Î» /sinÎ¸0. See Fig. 25.43.
An experiment similar to Example 25.1 is performed; the power at the receiver as a function of x is shown in the figure.(a) Approximately what is the wavelength of the microwaves?(b) What is the ratio of the amplitudes of the microwaves entering the detector for the two maxima shown?
You are watching a baseball game on television that is being broadcast from 4500 km away. The batter hits the ball with a loud "crack" of the bat. A microphone is located 22 m from the batter, and you are 2.0 m from the television set. On a day when sound travels 343 m/s in air, what is the minimum
A radio wave with a wavelength of 1200 m follows two paths to a receiver that is 25.0 km away. One path goes directly to the receiver and the other reflects from an airplane that is flying above the point that is exactly halfway between the transmitter and the receiver. Assume there is no phase
A thin film of oil with index of refraction of 1.50 sits on top of a pool of water with index of refraction of 1.33. When light is incident on this film, a maximum is observed in reflected light at 480 nm and a minimum is observed in reflected light at 600 nm, with no maxima or minima for any
A camera lens (n = 1.50) is coated with a thin layer of magnesium fluoride (n = 1.38). The purpose of the coating is to allow all the light to be transmitted by canceling out reflected light. What is the minimum thickness of the coating necessary to cancel out reflected visible light of wavelength
A grating made of 5550 slits/cm has red light of 0.680 μ m incident on it. The light shines through the grating onto a screen that is 5.50 m away. (a) What is the distance between adjacent slits on the grating? (b) How far from the central bright spot is the first-order maximum on the screen? (c)
(a) In double-slit interference, how does the slit separation affect the distance between adjacent interference maxima? (b) How does the distance between the slits and screen affect that separation? (c) If you are trying to resolve two closely spaced maxima, how might you design your double-slit
The radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico, has a reflecting spherical bowl of 305 m (1000 ft) diameter. Radio signals can be received and emitted at various frequencies with the appropriate antennae at the focal point. If two Moon craters 499 km apart are to be resolved, what wavelength radio
Geraldine uses a 423-nm coherent light source and a double slit with a slit separation of 20.0 μ m to display three interference maxima on a screen that is 20.0 cm wide. If she wants to spread the three maxima across the full width of the screen, from a minimum on one side to a minimum on the
A convex mirror produces an image located 18.4 cm behind the mirror when an object is placed 32.0 cm in front of the mirror. What is the focal length of this mirror?
Simon wishes to display a double-slit experiment for his class. His coherent light source has a wavelength of 510 nm and the slit separation is d = 0.032 mm. He must set up the light on a desk 1.5 m away from the screen that is only 10 cm wide. How many interference maxima will Simon be able to
Sketch a sinusoidal wave with amplitude of 3 V/m and a wavelength of 600 nm. This represents the electric field portion of a visible EM wave traveling to the right with intensity I0. Beneath the first wave, sketch another that is identical to the first in wavelength, but with amplitude of 2 V/m and
Bruce is trying to remove an eyelash from the surface of his eye. He looks in a shaving mirror to locate the eyelash, which is 0.40 cm long. If the focal length of the mirror is 18 cm and he puts his eye at a distance of 11 cm from the mirror, how long is the image of his eyelash?
Coherent green light with a wavelength of 520 nm and coherent violet light with a wavelength of 412 nm are incident on a double slit with slit separation of 0.020 mm. The interference pattern is displayed on a screen 72.0 cm away. (a) Find the separation between the m = 1 interference maxima of
When the NASA Rover Spirit successfully landed on Mars in January of 2004, Mars was 170.2 × 106 km from Earth. Twenty-one days later, when the Rover Opportunity landed on Mars, Mars was 198.7 × 106 km from Earth. (a) How long did it take for a one-way transmission to the scientists on Earth from
A spaceship traveling 12.3 km/s relative to Earth sends out an EM pulse with a wavelength of 850.00 nm (as measured by the source). The pulse is reflected from another spaceship that is moving toward the first spaceship at a speed of 24.6 km/s relative to Earth. What will be the wavelength of the
Jamila has a set of reading glasses with a refractive power of + 2.00 D. (a) What is the focal length of each lens? (b) Are the lenses converging or diverging? (c) An object is placed 40.0 cm in front of one of the lenses. Where is the image formed? (d) What is the size of the image relative to
A beam of light in air enters a glass block at an angle of 30° to the glass surface, as shown. The glass has an index of refraction of 1.35. (a) Find the angle labeled θ1. (b) Calculate the critical angle between the glass and air. (c) Does the light follow path A, path B, or both? Explain.
On a cold, autumn day, Tuan is staring out of the window watching the leaves blow in the wind. One bright yellow leaf is reflecting light that has a predominant wavelength of 580 nm. (a) What is the frequency of this light? (b) If the window glass has an index of refraction of 1.50, what are the
Juanita is lying in a hammock in her garden and listening to music on her portable radio tuned to WMCB (1408 kHz), a station located 98 km from her home. A plane, about to land at the airport, flies directly overhead and causes destructive interference. Juanita estimates the plane to be at least
Consider the three polarizing filters shown in the figure. The angles listed indicate the direction of the transmission axis of each polarizer with respect to the vertical.(a) If un-polarized light of intensity I0 is incident from the left, what is the intensity of the light that exits the last
The projector in a movie theater has a lens with a focal length of 29.5 cm. It projects an image of the 70.0-mmwide film onto a screen that is 38.0 m from the projector. (a) How wide is the image on the screen? (b) What kind of lens is used in the projector? (c) Is the image on the screen upright
A converging lens with a focal length of 5.500 cm is placed 8.00 cm to the left of a diverging lens with a radius of curvature of 8.40 cm. An object that is 1.0 cm tall is placed 9.000 cm to the left of the converging lens. (a) Where is the final image formed? (b) How tall is the final image?
Describe the photoelectric effect and four aspects of the experimental results that were puzzling to nineteenth century physicists. How does the photon model of light explain the experimental results in each case?
If green light causes the ejection of electrons from a metal in a photoelectric effect experiment and yellow light does not, what would you expect to happen if red light were used to illuminate the same metal? Do you expect more intense yellow light to eject electrons? What about very faint violet
In both Compton scattering and the photoelectric effect, an electron gains energy from an incident photon. What is the essential difference between the two processes?
Why is the Compton shift more noticeable for an incident x-ray photon than for a photon of visible light?
Explain how Rutherford's experiment, in which alpha particles are incident on a thin gold foil, refutes the plum pudding model of the atom.
In a photoelectric effect experiment, how is the stopping potential determined? What does the stopping potential tell us about the electrons emitted from the metal surface?
A fluorescent substance absorbs EM radiation of one wavelength and then emits EM radiation of a different wavelength. Which wavelength is longer? Explain.
Explain why every line in the absorption spectrum of hydrogen is present in the emission spectrum, but not every line in the emission spectrum is present in the absorption spectrum.
A solar cell is used to generate electricity when sunlight falls on it. How would you expect the current produced by a solar cell to depend on the intensity of the incident light? How would you expect the current to depend on the wavelength of the incident light?
The photo response of the retina of the human eye at low light levels depends on individual photosensitive molecules in rod cells being excited by the incident light. When excited, these molecules change shape, leading to other changes in the cell that trigger a nerve impulse to the brain. How does
Use the photon model to explain why ultraviolet radiation is harmful to your skin while visible light is not.
Explain why the annihilation of an electron and a positron creates a pair of photons rather than a single photon.
In a photoelectric effect experiment, two different metals (1 and 2) are subjected to EM radiation. Metal 1 produces photoelectrons for both red and blue light; metal 2 produces photoelectrons for blue light but not for red. Which metal produces photoelectrons for ultraviolet radiation? Which might
When a plot is made of x-ray intensity versus wavelength for a particular x-ray tube, two sharp peaks are superimposed on the continuous x-ray spectrum. These sharp peaks are called "characteristic" x-rays. Explain the origin of this name. In other words, of what are these x-rays characteristic?
An experiment shines visible light on a target and measures the wavelengths of light scattered at different angles. Would the experiment show that the scattered photons are Compton-shifted? Explain.
Some stars are reddish in color, others bluish, and others yellowish-white (like the Sun). How is the color related to the surface temperature of the star? What color are the hottest stars? What color are the coolest?
How does the observation of the sharp lines seen in the hydrogen emission spectrum verify the notion that all electrons have the same charge?
In the photoelectric effect, what is the relationship between the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons and the frequency of the light incident on the surface?
Describe the process by which a continuous spectrum of x-rays is produced. Does the spectrum have a maximum wavelength or a minimum wavelength? Explain.
List the assumptions of the Bohr theory of the hydrogen atom.
A 200-W infrared laser emits photons with a wavelength of 2.0 × 10−6 m, and a 200-W ultraviolet light emits photons with a wavelength of 7.0 × 10−8 m. (a) Which has greater energy, a single infrared photon or a single ultraviolet photon? (b) What is the energy of a single infrared photon and
Photons with a wavelength of 400 nm are incident on an unknown metal, and electrons are ejected from the metal. However, when photons with a wavelength of 700 nm are incident on the metal, no electrons are ejected. (a) Could this metal be cesium with a work function of 1.8 eV? (b) Could this metal
Two different monochromatic light sources, one yellow (580 nm) and one violet (425 nm), are used in a photoelectric effect experiment. The metal surface has a photoelectric threshold frequency of 6.20 × 1014 Hz. (a) Are both sources able to eject photoelectrons from the metal? Explain. (b) How
(a) Light of wavelength 300 nm is incident on a metal that has a work function of 1.4 eV. What is the maximum speed of the emitted electrons? (b) Repeat part (a) for light of wavelength 800 nm incident on a metal that has a work function of 1.6 eV. (c) How would your answers to parts (a) and (b)
Calculate the value of(a) Planck's constant(b) The work function of the metal from the data obtained by Robert A. Millikan in 1916. Millikan was attempting to disprove Einstein's photoelectric equation; instead he found that his data supported Einstein's prediction.
A 640-nm laser emits a 1-s pulse in a beam with a diameter of 1.5 mm. The rms electric field of the pulse is 120 V/m. How many photons are emitted per second?
If the shortest wavelength produced by an x-ray tube is 0.46 nm, what is the voltage applied to the tube?
What is the minimum potential difference applied to an x-ray tube if x-rays of wavelength 0.250 nm are produced?
What is the cutoff frequency for an x-ray tube operatingat 46 kV?
The potential difference in an x-ray tube is 40.0 kV. What is the minimum wavelength of the continuous x-ray spectrum emitted from the tube?
In a color TV tube, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of 20.0 kV. Some of the electrons strike the metal mask (instead of the phosphor dots behind holes in the mask), causing x-rays to be emitted. What is the smallest wavelength of the x-rays emitted?
What is the energy of a photon of light of wavelength 0.70 μ m?
Show that the cutoff frequency for an x-ray tube is proportional to the potential difference through which the electrons are accelerated
X-rays of wavelength 10.0 pm are incident on a target. Find the wavelengths of the x-rays scattered at? (a) 45.0 ° (b) 90.0 °
An x-ray photon of wavelength 0.150 nm collides with an electron initially at rest. The scattered photon moves off at an angle of 80.0 ° from the direction of the incident photon. Find (a) The Compton shift in wavelength (b) The wavelength of the scattered photon.
An incident beam of photons is scattered through 100.0°; the wavelength of the scattered photons is 124.65 pm. What is the wavelength of the incident photons?
A photon of wavelength 0.14800 nm, traveling due east, is scattered by an electron initially at rest. The wavelength of the scattered photon is 0.14900 nm and it moves at an angle q north of east. (a) Find θ. (b) What is the south component of the electron's momentum?
What is the velocity of the scattered electron in Problem 24?
An x-ray photon of initial frequency 3.0 × 1019 Hz collides with a free electron at rest; the scattered photon moves off at 90°. What is the frequency of the scattered photon?
A photon is incident on an electron at rest. The scattered photon has a wavelength of 2.81 pm and moves at an angle of 29.5 ° with respect to the direction of the incident photon. (a) What is the wavelength of the incident photon? (b) What is the final kinetic energy of the electron?
A photon of energy 240.0 keV is scattered by a free electron. If the recoil electron has a kinetic energy of 190.0 keV, what is the wavelength of the scattered photon?
An incident photon of wavelength 0.0100 nm is Compton scattered; the scattered photon has a wavelength of 0.0124 nm. What is the change in kinetic energy of the electron that scattered the photon?
Find the (a) wavelength and (b) frequency of a 3.1-eV Photon
A Compton scattering experiment is performed using an aluminum target. The incident photons have wavelength λ. The scattered photons have wavelengths λ ′ and energies E that depend on the scattering angle θ. (a) At what angle q are scattered photons with the smallest energy detected? (b) At
What is the orbital radius of the electron in the n = 3 state of hydrogen?
Find the energy for a hydrogen atom in the stationary state n = 4.
(a) What is the difference in radius between the n = 1 state and the n = 2 state for hydrogen? (b) What is the difference in radius between the n = 100 state and the n = 101 state for hydrogen? How do the neighboring orbital separations compare for large and small n values?
Find the Bohr radius of doubly ionized lithium (Li2+).
Find the energy in electron-volts required to remove the remaining electron from doubly ionized lithium (Li2+) atom.
How much energy must be supplied to a hydrogen atom to cause a transition from the ground state to the n = 4 state?
A hydrogen atom in its ground state absorbs a photon of energy 12.1 eV. To what energy level is the atom excited?
Use the Bohr Theory to find the energy necessary to remove the electron from a hydrogen atom initially in its ground state.
How much energy is required to ionize a hydrogen atom initially in the n = 2 state?
The photoelectric threshold frequency of silver is 1.04 × 1015 Hz. What is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from silver?
What is the smallest energy photon that can be absorbed by a hydrogen atom in its ground state?
Find the wavelength of the radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom makes a transition from the n = 6 to the n = 3 state.
One line in the helium spectrum is bright yellow and has the wavelength 587.6 nm. What is the difference in energy (in electron-volts) between two helium levels that produce this line?
A hydrogen atom has an electron in the n = 5 level. (a) If the electron returns to the ground state by emitting radiation, what is the minimum number of photons that can be emitted? (b) What is the maximum number that might be emitted?
The Paschen series in the hydrogen emission spectrum is formed by electron transitions from n i > 3 to nf = 3. (a) What is the longest wavelength in the Paschen series? (b) What is the wavelength of the series limit (the lower bound of the wavelengths in the series)? (c) In what part or parts of
A fluorescent solid absorbs a photon of ultraviolet light of wavelength 320 nm. If the solid dissipates 0.500 eV of the energy and emits the rest in a single photon, what is the wavelength of the emitted light?
(a) Find the energies of the first four levels of doubly ionized lithium (Li2+), starting with n = 1. (b) What are the energies of the photons emitted or absorbed when the electron makes a transition between these levels? (c) Are any of the photons in the visible part of the EM spectrum?
A photon with a wavelength in the visible region (between 400 and 700 nm) causes a transition from the n to the (n + 1) state in doubly ionized lithium (Li2+). What is the lowest value of n for which this could occur?
The Bohr Theory of the hydrogen atom ignores gravitational forces between the electron and the proton. Make a calculation to justify this omission.
By directly substituting the values of the fundamental constants, show that the Bohr radius a 0 = ℏ2 / (me ke2) has the numerical value 5.29 × 10−11 m.
A rubidium surface has a work function of 2.16 eV. (a) What is the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons if the incident radiation is of wavelength 413 nm? (b) What is the threshold wavelength for this surface?
By directly substituting the values of the fundamental constants, show that the ground state energy for hydrogen in the Bohr model E1 = − me k2 e4 /(2ℏ2) has the numerical value − 13.6 eV.
Calculate, according to the Bohr model, the speed of the electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom.
A particle collides with a hydrogen atom in the n = 2 state, transferring 15.0 eV of energy to the atom. As a result, the electron breaks away from the hydrogen nucleus. What is the kinetic energy of the electron when it is far from the nucleus?
What is the maximum wavelength of a photon that can create an electron-positron pair?
An electron-positron pair is created in a particle detector. If the tracks of the particles indicate that each one has a kinetic energy of 0.22 MeV, what is the energy of the photon that created the two particles?
A photon passes near a nucleus and creates an electron and a positron, each with a total energy of 8.0 MeV. What was the wavelength of the photon?
A positron and an electron that were at rest suddenly vanish and two photons of identical frequency appear. What is the wavelength of each of these photons?

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