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physics
mechanics

Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions

You have been hired to help improve the material movement system at a manufacturing plant. Boxes containing 22 kg of tomato sauce in glass jars must slide from rest down a frictionless roller ramp to the loading dock, but they must not accelerate at a rate that exceeds 2.5 m/s2 because of safety
You and some friends take a hot-air balloon ride. One friend is late, so the balloon floats a couple of feet off the ground as you wait. Before this person arrives, the combined weight of the basket and people is 1220 kg, and the balloon, which contains 5980 kg of hot air, is neutrally buoyant.
A baseball of mass m and initial speed v strikes a catcher's mitt. If the mitt moves a distance Δx as it brings the ball to rest, what is the average force it exerts on the ball?
When two people push in the same direction on an object of mass m they cause an acceleration of magnitude a1. When the same people push in opposite directions, the acceleration of the object has a magnitude a2. Determine the magnitude of the force exerted by each of the two people in terms of m,
An air-track cart of mass m1 = 0.14 kg is moving with a speed v0 = 1.3 m/s to the right when it collides with a cart of mass m2 = 0.25 kg that is at rest. Each cart has a wad of putty on its bumper, and hence they stick together as a result of their collision. Suppose the average contact force
The combination of "crumple zones" and air bags/seatbelts might increase the distance over which a person stops in a collision to as great as 1.00 m. What is the magnitude of the force exerted on a 65.0-kg driver who decelerates from 18.0 m/s to 0.00 m/s over a distance of 1.00 m?A. 162 NB. 585 NC.
A driver who does not wear a seatbelt continues to move forward with a speed of 18.0 m/s (due to inertia) until something solid like the steering wheel is encountered. The driver now comes to rest in a much shorter distance-perhaps only a few centimeters. Find the magnitude of the net force acting
Suppose the initial speed of the driver is doubled to 36.0 m/s. If the driver still has a mass of 65.0 kg, and comes to rest in 1.00 m, what is the magnitude of the force exerted on the driver during this collision?A. 648 NB. 1170 NC. 2.11 × 104 ND. 4.21 × 104 N
A 42.0-kg parachutist is moving straight downward with a speed of 3.85 m/s.(a) If the parachutist comes to rest with constant acceleration over a distance of 0.750 m, what force does the ground exert on her?(b) If the parachutist comes to rest over a shorter distance, is the force exerted by the
If both the speed and stopping distance of a driver are doubled, by what factor does the force exerted on the driver change? A. 0.5 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4
Suppose that we would like the contact force between the boxes to have a magnitude of 5.00 N, and that the only thing in the system we are allowed to change is the mass of box 2; the mass of box 1 is 10.0 kg and the applied force is 30.0 N.(a) Should the mass of box 2 be increased or decreased?
Suppose the force of 30.0 N pushes on two boxes of unknown mass. We know, however, that the acceleration of the boxes is 1.20 m/s2 and the contact force has a magnitude of 4.45 N. Find the mass of(a) Box 1(b) Box 2.
(a) Do you expect the direction of the satellite's acceleration to be greater than, less than, or equal to 32Â°? Explain.(b) The direction(c) The magnitude of the satellite's acceleration in this case.
Suppose we would like the acceleration of the satellite to be at an angle of 25°, and the only quantity we can change in the system is the magnitude of (vector)F1.(a) Should the magnitude of (vector)F1 be increased or decreased? Explain.(b) What is the magnitude of the satellite’s acceleration
Can an object be in translational equilibrium if it is moving? Explain.
The gravitational attraction of the Earth is only slightly less at the altitude of an orbiting spacecraft than it is on the Earth's surface. Why is it, then, that astronauts feel weightless?
Referring to Question 13, after the cylinder reaches operating speed, the floor is lowered away, leaving the passengers "stuck" to the wall. Explain.
The parking brake on a car causes the rear wheels to lock up. What would be the likely consequence of applying the parking brake in a car that is in rapid motion?
Discuss the physics involved in the spin cycle of a washing machine. In particular, how is circular motion related to the removal of water from the clothes?
In the Jurassic Park sequel, The Lost World, a man tries to keep a large vehicle from going over a cliff by connecting a cable from his Jeep to the vehicle. The man then puts the Jeep in gear and spins the rear wheels. Do you expect that spinning the tires will increase the force exerted by the
In the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, a rotating space station provides "artificial gravity" for its inhabitants. How does this work?
In a car with rear-wheel drive, the maximum acceleration is often less than the maximum deceleration. Why?
Give some everyday examples of situations in which friction is beneficial.
It is possible to spin a bucket of water in a vertical circle and have none of the water spill when the bucket is upside down. How would you explain this to members of your family?
You push two identical bricks across a tabletop with constant speed, v, as shown in FIGURE 6-29. In case 1, you place the bricks end to end; in case 2, you stack the bricks one on top of the other.(a) Is the force of kinetic friction in case 1 greater than, less than, or equal to the force of
A person places a cup of coffee on the roof of his car while he dashes back into the house for a forgotten item. When he returns to the car, he hops in and takes off with the coffee cup still on the roof. (a) If the coefficient of static friction between the coffee cup and the roof of the car is
A mug rests on an inclined surface, as shown in FIGURE 6-35.(a) What is the magnitude of the frictional force exerted on the mug?(b) What is the minimum coefficient of static friction required to keep the mug from sliding?
At the local hockey rink, a puck with a mass of 0.12 kg is given an initial speed of v = 5.3 m/s.(a) If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the ice and the puck is 0.11, what distance d does the puck slide before coming to rest?(b) If the mass of the puck is doubled, does the frictional
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires of your car and the roadway is m. (a) If your initial speed is v and you lock your tires during braking, how far do you skid? Give your answer in terms of v, m, and m, the mass of your car. (b) If you double your speed, what happens to the
A certain spring has a force constant k.(a) If this spring is cut in half, does the resulting half spring have a force constant that is greater than, less than, or equal to k?(b) If two of the original full-length springs are connected end to end, does the resulting double spring have a force
A certain spring has a force constant k.(a) If two such identical springs are connected in parallel to each other, as shown in part (a) of FIGURE 6-36, does the resulting double spring have an effective force constant that is greater than, less than, or equal to k? Explain.(b) If two of the
Pulling up on a rope, you lift a 7.27-kg bucket of water from a well with an acceleration of 1.24 m/s2. What is the tension in the rope?
When a 9.09-kg mass is placed on top of a vertical spring, the spring compresses 4.18 cm. Find the force constant of the spring.
A backpack full of books weighing 52.0 N rests on a table in a physics laboratory classroom. A spring with a force constant of 150 N/m is attached to the backpack and pulled horizontally, as indicated in FIGURE 6-37.(a) If the spring is pulled until it stretches 2.00 cm and the pack remains at
Two springs, with force constants k1 = 150 N/m and k2 = 250 N/m, are connected in series, as shown in FIGURE 6-38. When a mass m = 0.90 kg is attached to the springs, what is the amount of stretch, x?
Two drivers traveling side-by-side at the same speed suddenly see a deer in the road ahead of them and begin braking. Driver 1 stops by locking up his brakes and screeching to a halt; driver 2 stops by applying her brakes just to the verge of locking, so that the wheels continue to turn until her
Illinois Jones is being pulled from a snake pit with a rope that breaks if the tension in it exceeds 755 N.(a) If Illinois Jones has a mass of 70.0 kg and the snake pit is 3.40 m deep, what is the minimum time that is required to pull our intrepid explorer from the pit?(b) Explain why the rope
A spring with a force constant of 120 N/m is used to push a 0.27-kg block of wood against a wall, as shown in FIGURE 6-39.(a) Find the minimum compression of the spring needed to keep the block from falling, given that the coefficient of static friction between the block and the wall is 0.46.(b)
A spring is suspended vertically from the ceiling of a room. When a mass is attached to the bottom of the spring, the amount of stretch is recorded. A plot of stretch versus mass is given in FIGURE 6-40. Use the data given in the plot to determine the force constant of the spring.
The pulley system shown in FIGURE 6-41 is used to lift a m = 67-kg crate. Note that one chain connects the upper pulley to the ceiling and a second chain connects the lower pulley to the crate. Assuming the masses of the chains, pulleys, and ropes are negligible, determine (a) The force
Pulling the string on a bow back with a force of 28.7 lb, an archer prepares to shoot an arrow. If the archer pulls in the center of the string, and the angle between the two halves is 138°, what is the tension in the string?
In FIGURE 6-42 we see two blocks connected by a string and tied to a wall. The mass of the lower block is 1.0 kg; the mass of the upper block is 2.0 kg. Given that the angle of the incline is 31°, find the tensions in(a) The string connecting the two blocks(b) The string that is tied to the
After a skiing accident, your leg is in a cast and supported in a traction device, as shown in FIGURE 6-43. Find the magnitude of the force F(vector) exerted by the leg on the small pulley. (By Newton€™s third law, the small pulley exerts an equal and opposite force on the leg.) Let the
Two blocks are connected by a string, as shown in FIGURE 6-44. The smooth inclined surface makes an angle of 42° with the horizontal, and the block on the incline has a mass of 6.7 kg. Find the mass of the hanging block that will cause the system to be in equilibrium. (The pulley is assumed to be
The system shown in FIGURE 6-45 consists of two pulleys and two blocks. The pulleys each have a mass of 2.0 kg, the block on the left has a mass of 16 kg, and the block on the right has a mass m. The system is in equilibrium, and the string is massless.(a) Is the mass m greater than, less than, or
(a) Referring to the hanging planter in Example 6-10, which of the three graphs (A, B, or C) in FIGURE 6-46 shows an accurate plot of the tensions T1 and T2 as a function of the angle u?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. The two tensions must be equal at some angle between
A 1.8-kg block slides on a horizontal surface with a speed of v = 0.80 m/s and an acceleration of magnitude a = 2.8 m/s2, as shown in FIGURE 6-30.(a) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the surface?(b) When the speed of the block slows to 0.40 m/s, is the magnitude of
An orb-weaver spider sits in her web that is supported by three radial strands, as shown in FIGURE 6-47. Assume that only the radial strands contribute to supporting the weight of the spider. If the mass of the spider is 5.2 Ã— 10-4 kg, and the radial strands are all under the same
A 0.15-kg ball is placed in a shallow wedge with an opening angle of 120°, as shown in FIGURE 6-48. For each contact point between the wedge and the ball, determine the force exerted on the ball. Assume the system is frictionless.
A picture hangs on the wall suspended by two strings, as shown in FIGURE 6-49. The tension in string 1 is 1.7 N.(a) Is the tension in string 2 greater than, less than, or equal to 1.7 N? Explain.(b) Verify your answer to part (a) by calculating the tension in string 2.(c) What is the weight of the
You want to nail a 1.6-kg board onto the wall of a barn. To position the board before nailing, you push it against the wall with a horizontal force F(vector) to keep it from sliding to the ground (FIGURE 6-50).(a) If the coefficient of static friction between the board and the wall is 0.79, what is
To immobilize a fractured femur (the thigh bone), doctors often utilize the Russell traction system illustrated in FIGURE 6-51. Notice that one force is applied directly to the knee, F(vector)1, while two other forces, F(vector)2and F(vector)3, are applied to the foot. The latter two forces combine
In Example 6-13 (Connected Blocks), suppose m1 and m2 are both increased by a factor of 2.(a) Does the acceleration of the blocks increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Does the tension in the string increase, decrease, or stay the same?
(a) Suppose m1 and m2 in Example 6-14 (Atwood's Machine) are both increased by 1 kg. Does the acceleration of the blocks increase, decrease, or stay the same? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. The net force acting on the blocks is the same, but the total mass that must be
Three boxes of masses m, 2m, and 3m are connected as shown in FIGURE 6-52. A force is applied to accelerate the boxes toward the right.(a) Rank the tensions in the ropes, T1, T2, and T3, from smallest to largest, when the boxes are in motion and there is no friction between the boxes and the
Find the acceleration of the masses shown in FIGURE 6-53, given that m1 = 1.0 kg, m2 = 2.0 kg, and m3 = 3.0 kg. Assume the table is frictionless and the masses move freely.
(a) If the hanging mass m3 in Figure 6-53 is decreased, will the acceleration of the system increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.(b) Find the acceleration of the system given that m1 = 1.0 kg, m2 = 2.0 kg, and m3 = 0.50 kg.
A child goes down a playground slide with an acceleration of 1.26 m/s2. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the child and the slide if the slide is inclined at an angle of 33.0° below the horizontal.
Two blocks are connected by a string, as shown in FIGURE 6-54. The smooth inclined surface makes an angle of 35° with the horizontal, and the block on the incline has a mass of 5.7 kg. The mass of the hanging block is m = 3.2 kg.(a) The direction(b) The magnitude of the hanging block's
A 3.50-kg block on a smooth tabletop is attached by a string to a hanging block of mass 2.80 kg, as shown in FIGURE 6-55. The blocks are released from rest and allowed to move freely.(a) Is the tension in the string greater than, less than, or equal to the weight of the hanging mass?(b) The
A 7.7-N force pulls horizontally on a 1.6-kg block that slides on a smooth horizontal surface. This block is connected by a horizontal string to a second block of mass m2 = 0.83 kg on the same surface.(a) What is the acceleration of the blocks?(b) What is the tension in the string?(c) If the mass
(a) Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the two blocks in FIGURE 6-56 (a). Assume the top block slides without friction on the horizontal surface.(b) If the 12-N block in Figure 6-56 (a) is replaced with a 12-N force pulling downward, as in FIGURE 6-56 (b), is the acceleration of the sliding
A car drives with constant speed on an elliptical track, as shown in FIGURE 6-57. Rank the points A, B, and C in order of increasing likelihood that the car might skid. Indicate ties where appropriate.
A puck attached to a string undergoes circular motion on an air table. If the string breaks at the point indicated in FIGURE 6-58, is the subsequent motion of the puck best described by path A, B, C, or D?
Humpback whales sometimes catch fish by swimming rapidly in a circle, blowing a curtain of bubbles that confuses a school of fish and traps it in a small area, where the whales can easily catch and eat them. Suppose a 28,000-kg humpback whale swims at 2.2 m/s in a circle of radius 8.5 m. What
When you take your 1900-kg car out for a spin, you go around a corner of radius 53 m with a speed of 13 m/s. The coefficient of static friction between the car and the road is 0.88. Assuming your car doesn't skid, what is the force exerted on it by static friction?
To test the effects of high acceleration on the human body, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) constructed a large centrifuge at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. In this device, astronauts were placed in a capsule that moved in a circular path with a radius of 15 m. If
A car goes around a curve on a road that is banked at an angle of 21.5°. Even though the road is slick, the car will stay on the road without any friction between its tires and the road when its speed is 19.8 m/s. What is the radius of the curve?
What is the minimum Horizontal force F needed to make the box start moving in FIGURE 6-31? The coefficients of kinetic and static friction between the box and the floor are 0.27 and 0.38, respectively.
Large ships often have circular structures in their windshields, as shown in FIGURE 6-59. What is their purpose? Called clear view screens, they consist of a glass disk that is rotated at high speed by a motor (in the center of the circle) to disperse rain and spray. If the screen has a diameter of
(a) As you ride on a Ferris wheel, your apparent weight is different at the top than at the bottom. Explain.(b) Calculate your apparent weight at the top and bottom of a Ferris wheel, given that the radius of the wheel is 7.2 m, it completes one revolution every 28 s, and your mass is 55 kg.
Driving in your car with a constant speed of v = 22 m/s, you encounter a bump in the road that has a circular cross section, as indicated in FIGURE 6-60. If the radius of curvature of the bump is r = 52 m, find the apparent weight of a 67-kg person in your car as you pass over the top of the bump.
If you weigh yourself on a bathroom scale at the equator, is the reading you get greater than, less than, or equal to the reading you get if you weigh yourself at the North Pole?
Humans lose consciousness if exposed to prolonged accelerations of more than about 7g. This is of concern to jet fighter pilots, who may experience centripetal accelerations of this magnitude when making high-speed turns. Suppose we would like to decrease the centripetal acceleration of a jet. Rank
As plants grow, they tend to align their stems and roots along the direction of the gravitational field. This tendency, which is related to differential concentrations of plant hormones known as auxins, is referred to as gravitropism. As an illustration of gravitropism, experiments show that
One of the hazards of prolonged weightlessness on long space missions is bone and muscle loss. To combat this problem, NASA is studying a human-powered centrifuge, like the one shown in FIGURE 6-61. In this device, one astronaut pedals a suspended, bicycle-like contraption, while a second astronaut
A 9.3-kg box slides across the floor of an elevator with a coefficient of kinetic friction equal to 0.38.(a) What is the force of kinetic friction acting on the box when the elevator is at rest?(b) If the elevator moves upward with constant acceleration, is the force of kinetic friction acting on
A child goes down a playground slide that is inclined at an angle of 26.5° below the horizontal. Find the acceleration of the child given that the coefficient of kinetic friction between the child and the slide is 0.315.
Some dragonflies splash down onto the surface of a lake to clean themselves. After this dunking, the dragonflies gain altitude, and then spin rapidly at about 1000 rpm to spray the water off their bodies. When the dragonflies do this "spin-dry," they tuck themselves into a "ball." If they spin with
What is the minimum horizontal force F needed to make the box start moving in FIGURE 6-32? The coefficients of kinetic and static friction between the box and the floor are 0.24 and 0.41, respectively.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is credited with being the first to perform quantitative experiments on friction, though his results weren't known until centuries later, due in part to the secret code (mirror writing) he used in his notebooks. Leonardo would place a block of wood on an inclined plane
A 4.5-kg sled is pulled with constant speed across a rough, horizontal surface with various amounts of weight added to the sled. Data showing the required force for several different amounts of added weight are given in the table.Plot the data and determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
A 0.045-kg golf ball hangs by a string from the rearview mirror of a car, as shown in FIGURE 6-63. The car accelerates in the forward direction with a magnitude of 2.1 m/s2.(a) What angle Î¸ does the string make with the vertical?(b) What is the tension in the string?
A physics textbook weighing 22 N rests on a desk. The coefficient of static friction between the book and the desk is Î¼s = 0.60; the coefficient of kinetic friction is Î¼k = 0.40. You push horizontally on the book with a force that gradually increases from 0 to 15 N, and
The blocks shown in FIGURE 6-64 are at rest.(a) Find the frictional force exerted on block A given that the mass of block A is 8.82 kg, the mass of block B is 2.33 kg, and the coefficient of static friction between block A and the surface on which it rests is 0.320.(b) If the mass of block A is
A 0.075-kg toy airplane is tied to the ceiling with a string. When the airplane's motor is started, it moves with a constant speed of 4.47 m/s in a horizontal circle of radius 1.28 m, as illustrated in FIGURE 6-65.(a) The angle the string makes with the vertical(b) The tension in the string.
A tugboat tows a barge at constant speed with a 3500-kg cable, as shown in FIGURE 6-66. If the angle the cable makes with the horizontal where it attaches to the barge and the tugboat is 22Â°, find the force the cable exerts on the barge in the forward direction.
Two blocks, stacked one on top of the other, can move without friction on the horizontal surface shown in FIGURE 6-67. The surface between the two blocks is rough, however, with a coefficient of static friction equal to 0.47.(a) If a horizontal force F is applied to the 5.0-kg bottom block, what is
In a daring rescue by helicopter, two men with a combined mass of 172 kg are lifted to safety. (a) If the helicopter lifts the men straight up with constant acceleration, is the tension in the rescue cable greater than, less than, or equal to the combined weight of the men? Explain. (b) Determine
A light spring with a force constant of 13 N/m is connected to a wall and to a 1.2-kg toy bulldozer, as shown in FIGURE 6-68. When the electric motor in the bulldozer is turned on, it stretches the spring for a distance of 0.45 m before its tread begins to slip on the floor.(a) Which coefficient of
The three identical boxes shown in FIGURE 6-33 remain at rest on a rough, horizontal surface, even though they are acted on by two different forces, F(vector)1and F(vector)2. All of the forces labeled F(vector)1have the same magnitude; all of the forces labeled F(vector)2are identical to one
The blocks in FIGURE 6-69 have an acceleration of magnitude a = 1.1 m/s2.(a) Is the tension in the string greater than, less than, or equal to (1.5 kg) × (9.81 m/s2)? Explain.(b) What is the tension in the string connecting the blocks?(c) What is the magnitude of the force of kinetic friction
The tension in a violin string is 2.7 N. When pushed down against the neck of the violin, the string makes an angle of 4.1° with the horizontal. (a) With what force must you push down on the string to bring it into contact with the neck? (b) If the angle were less than 4.1°, would the required
A 9.8-kg monkey hangs from a rope, as shown in FIGURE 6-70. The tension on the left side of the rope is T1 and the tension on the right side is T2.(a) Which tension is largest in magnitude, or are they the same? Explain.(b) Determine the tensions T1 and T2.
As your plane circles an airport, it moves in a horizontal circle of radius 2300 m with a speed of 390 km/h. If the lift of the airplane's wings is perpendicular to the wings, at what angle should the plane be banked so that it doesn't tend to slip sideways?
At a playground, a 22-kg child sits on a spinning merry-go-round, as shown from above in FIGURE 6-71. The merry-go-round completes one revolution every 6.2 s, and the child sits at a radius of r = 1.4 m.(a) What is the force of static friction acting on the child?(b) What is the minimum coefficient
A 2.0-kg box rests on a plank that is inclined at an angle of 65° above the horizontal. The upper end of the box is attached to a spring with a force constant of 360 N/m, as shown in FIGURE 6-72. If the coefficient of static friction between the box and the plank is 0.22, what is the maximum
A wood block of mass m rests on a larger wood block of mass M that rests on a wooden table. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between all surfaces are μs and μk, respectively. What is the minimum horizontal force, F, applied to the lower block that will cause it to slide out from
A hockey puck of mass m is attached to a string that passes through a hole in the center of a table, as shown in FIGURE 6-73. The hockey puck moves in a circle of radius r. Tied to the other end of the string, and hanging vertically beneath the table, is a mass M. Assuming the tabletop is perfectly
A popular ride at amusement parks is illustrated in FIGURE 6-74. In this ride, people sit in a swing that is suspended from a rotating arm. Riders are at a distance of 12 m from the axis of rotation and move with a speed of 25 mi/h.(a) Find the centripetal acceleration of the riders.(b) Find the

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