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physics
mechanics

Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions

When a 63-cm-long guitar string is plucked, all possible standing waves simultaneously exist on the string. When you place your finger on the string, any standing waves with nonzero amplitude at that location are stopped, but any standing waves with a node at that location continue vibrating. If
To determine the amount of temporary hearing loss loud music can cause in humans, researchers studied a group of 20 adult females who were exposed to 110-dB music for 60 minutes. Eleven of the 20 subjects showed a 20.0-dB reduction in hearing sensitivity at 4000 Hz. What is the intensity
Consider a wave on a string with constant tension. If the frequency of the wave is doubled, by what multiplicative factor do(a) The speed(b) The wavelength change?
The ability to hear a "pin drop" is the sign of sensitive hearing. Suppose a 0.48-g pin is dropped from a height of 31 cm, and that the pin emits sound for 1.2 s when it lands. Assuming all of the mechanical energy of the pin is converted to sound energy, and that the sound radiates uniformly in
A Cannon 105 m away from you shoots a cannonball straight up into the air with an initial speed of 46 m/s. What is the cannonball's speed when you hear the blast from the cannon? Ignore air resistance.
A machine shop has 120 equally noisy machines that together produce an intensity level of 92 dB. If the intensity level must be reduced to 82 dB, how many machines must be turned off?
A bottle has a standing wave with a frequency of 375 Hz. The next higher-frequency standing wave in the bottle is 625 Hz. (a) Is 375 Hz the fundamental frequency for the bottle? Explain. (b) What is the next-higher frequency standing wave after 625 Hz?
Tsunamis can have wavelengths between 100 and 400 km. Since this is much greater than the average depth of the oceans (about 4.3 km), the ocean can be considered as shallow water for these waves using the speed of waves in shallow water of depth d given in Problem 8, find the typical speed for a
Two trains with 124-Hz horns approach one another. The slower of the two trains has a speed of 26 m/s. What is the speed of the fast train if an observer standing near the tracks between the trains hears a beat frequency of 4.4 Hz?
Jim is speeding toward James Island with a speed of 24 m/s when he sees Betsy standing on shore at the base of a cliff (Figure 14-52). Jim sounds his 330-Hz horn.(a) What frequency does Betsy hear?(b) Jim can hear the echo of his horn reflected back to him by the cliff. Is the frequency of this
Two ships in a heavy fog are blowing their horns, both of which produce sound with a frequency of 175.0 Hz (Figure 14-53). One ship is at rest; the other moves on a straight line that passes through the one at rest. If people on the stationary ship hear a beat frequency of 3.5 Hz, what are the two
When you "crack" a knuckle, you cause the knuckle cavity to widen rapidly. This, in turn, allows the synovial fluid to expand into a larger volume. If this expansion is sufficiently rapid, it causes a gas bubble to form in the fluid in a process known as cavitations. This is the mechanism
A steel guitar string has a tension F, length L, and diameter D. Give the multiplicative factor by which the fundamental frequency of the string changes under the following conditions: (a) The tension in the string is increased by a factor of 4. The diameter is D and the length is L. (b) The
In the movie Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, the Earth is experiencing a rapid warming. In one scene, large icebergs break up into small, car-size chunks that drop downward through the water and bounce off the hull of the submarine Sea view. Is this an example of good, bad, or ugly physics?
Since metal is more dense than water, how is it possible for a metal boat to float?
It is a common observation that smoke rises more rapidly through a chimney when there is a wind blowing outside? Explain.
If you have a hair dryer and a Ping Pong ball at home, try this demonstration. Direct the air from the dryer in a direction just above horizontal. Next, place the Ping Pong ball in the stream of air. If done just right, the ball will remain suspended in midair. Use the Bernoulli effect to explain
What holds a suction cup in place?
Why is it more practical to use mercury in the barometer shown in Figure 15-6 than water?Figure 15-6,
How does a balloonist control the vertical motion of a hot-air balloon?
Estimate the weight of the air in your physics classroom?
On February 15, 2013, a 12,000,000-kg asteroid exploded in the atmosphere above Chelyabinsk, Russia, generating a shock wave with a pressure amplitude of 750 Pa. What force (in N) would this pressure difference exert on a window with dimensions of 0.86 m × 1.17 m? (The shock wave shattered many
A patient is given an injection with a hypodermic needle 3.3 cm long and 0.26 mm in diameter. Assuming the solution being injected has the same density and viscosity as water at 20 °C, find the pressure difference needed to inject the solution at the rate of 1.5 g/s?
On one episode of Myth busters, Jamie and Adam try to make a lead balloon that will float when filled with helium. The balloon they constructed was approximately cubical in shape, and 10 feet on a side. They used a thin lead foil, which gave the finished balloon a mass of 11 kg. (a) What was the
A round wooden log with a diameter of 73 cm floats with one half of its radius out of the water. What is the log's density?
The hollow, spherical glass shell shown in FIGURE 15-52 has an inner radius R and an outer radius 1.2R. The density of the glass is (g. What fraction of the shell is submerged when it floats in a liquid of density ( = 1.5rg? (Assume the interior of the shell is a vacuum.)Figure 15-52,
A geode is a hollow rock with a solid shell and an air-filled interior. Suppose a particular geode weighs twice as much in air as it does when completely submerged in water. If the density of the solid part of the geode is 2500 kg/m3, what fraction of the geode's volume is hollow?
A tank of water filled to a depth d has a hole in its side a height h above the table on which it rests. Show that water emerging from the hole hits the table at a horizontal distance of 2((d - h) h from the base of the tank?
The water tank in FIGURE 15-53 is open to the atmosphere and has two holes in it, one 0.80 m and one 3.6 m above the floor on which the tank rests. If the two streams of water strike the floor in the same place, what is the depth of water in the tank?Figure 15-53,
Assuming the doughnut has a cylindrical shape of height H and diameter D, and that the height of the white stripe is 0.22H, what is the density of the doughnut?a. 260 kg/m3b. 360 kg/m3c. 720 kg/m3d. 820 kg/m3
A new doughnut is being planned whose density will be 330 kg/m3. If the height of the doughnut is H, what will be the height of the white stripe? a. 0.14H b. 0.24H c. 0.28H d. 0.64H
The weight of your 1420-kg car is supported equally by its four tires, each inflated to a gauge pressure of 35.0 lb/in2. (a) What is the area of contact each tire makes with the road? (b) If the gauge pressure is increased, does the area of contact increase, decrease, or stay the same? (c) What
Suppose the density of a doughnut is 550 kg/m3. In terms of the height of the doughnut, H, what is the height of the portion of the doughnut that is out of the oil? a. 0.20H b. 0.40H c. 0.67H d. 0.80H
Suppose we use a different vegetable oil that has a higher density than the one in Example 15-8.(a) If everything else remains the same, will the height difference, h, increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.(b) Find the height difference for an oil that has a density of 9.60 × 102 kg/m3?
Find the height difference, h, if the depth of the oil is increased to 7.50 cm. Assume everything else in the problem remains the same?
(a) Find the height H required to make D = 0.655 m. Assume everything else in the problem remains the same.(b) Find the depth h required to make D = 0.455 m. Assume everything else in the problem remains the same?
Suppose both h and H are increased by a factor of two. By what factor is the distance D increased?
Two drinking glasses, 1 and 2, are filled with water to the same depth. Glass 1 has twice the diameter of glass 2.(a) Is the weight of the water in glass 1 greater than, less than, or equal to the weight of the water in glass 2?(b) Is the pressure at the bottom of glass 1 greater than, less than,
FIGURE 15-39 shows four containers, each filled with water to the same level. Rank the containers in order of increasing pressure at the depth h. Indicate ties where appropriate.Figure 15-39,
Water in the lake behind Hoover Dam is 221 m deep. What is the water pressure at the base of the dam?
In a classroom demonstration, the pressure inside a soft drink can is suddenly reduced to essentially zero. Assuming the can to be a cylinder with a height of 12 cm and a diameter of 6.5 cm, find the net inward force exerted on the vertical sides of the can due to atmospheric pressure?
As a storm front moves in, you notice that the column of mercury in a barometer rises to only 736 mm.(a) What is the air pressure?(b) If the mercury in this barometer is replaced with water, to what height does the column of water rise? Assume the same air pressure found in part (a).
In the hydraulic system shown in FIGURE 15-40, the piston on the left has a diameter of 5.1 cm and a mass of 2.3 kg. The piston on the right has a diameter of 13 cm and a mass of 3.6 kg. If the density of the fluid is 750 kg/m3, what is the height difference h between the two pistons?Figure 15-40,
A circular wine barrel 75 cm in diameter will burst if the net upward force exerted on the top of the barrel is 643 N. A tube 1.0 cm in diameter extends into the barrel through a hole in the top, as indicated in Figure 15-38. Initially, the barrel is filled to the top and the tube is empty above
A cylindrical container with a cross-sectional area of 65.2 cm2 holds a fluid of density 806 kg/m3. At the bottom of the container the pressure is 126 kPa.(a) What is the depth of the fluid?(b) Find the pressure at the bottom of the container after an additional 2.05 ×10-3 m3 of this fluid is
What weight of water is required to fill a 25-gallon aquarium?
A submarine called the Deep View 66 is being developed to take 66 tourists at a time on sightseeing trips to tropical coral reefs. According to guidelines of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), to be safe for human occupancy the Deep View 66 must be able to withstand a pressure of
A water storage tower is filled with freshwater to a depth of 6.4 m. What is the pressure at(a) 4.5 m and(b) 5.5 m below the surface of the water?(c) Why are the metal bands on such towers more closely spaced near the base of the tower?
You step into an elevator holding a glass of water filled to a depth of 7.9 cm. After a moment, the elevator moves upward with constant acceleration, increasing its speed from 0 to 2.4 m/s in 2.9 s.(a) During the period of acceleration, is the pressure exerted on the bottom of the glass greater
Suppose you pour water into a container until it reaches a depth of 14 cm. Next, you carefully pour in a 7.5-cm thickness of olive oil so that it floats on top of the water. What is the pressure at the bottom of the container?
Referring to Example 15-8, suppose that some vegetable oil has been added to both sides of the U tube. On the right side of the tube, the depth of oil is 5.00 cm, as before. On the left side of the tube, the depth of the oil is 3.00 cm. Find the difference in fluid level between the two sides of
As a stunt, you want to sip some water through a very long, vertical straw.(a) First, explain why the liquid moves upward, against gravity, into your mouth when you sip.(b) What is the tallest straw that you could, in principle, drink from in this way?
The patient in FIGURE 15-41 is to receive an intravenous injection of medication. In order to work properly, the pressure of fluid containing the medication must be 109 kPa at the injection point.Figure 15-41,(a) If the fluid has a density of 1020 kg/m3, find the height at which the bag of fluid
A cylindrical container 1.0 m tall contains mercury to a certain depth, d. The rest of the cylinder is filled with water. If the pressure at the bottom of the cylinder is two atmospheres, what is the depth d?
On Wednesday, August 15, 1934, William Beebe and Otis Barton made history by descending in the Bathysphere-basically a steel sphere 4.75 ft in diameter- 3028 ft below the surface of the ocean, deeper than anyone had been before.(a) As the Bathysphere was lowered, was the buoyant force exerted on it
Lead is more dense than aluminum.(a) Is the buoyant force on a solid lead sphere greater than, less than, or equal to the buoyant force on a solid aluminum sphere of the same diameter?(b) Does your answer to part (a) depend on the fluid that is causing the buoyant force?
You buy a "gold" ring at a pawn shop. The ring has a mass of 4.7 g and a volume of 0.55 cm3. Is the ring solid gold?
A fish adjusts its buoyancy to hover in one place in a small bowl as it drops a pebble it was holding in its mouth. When the pebble is released, does the water level in the bowl rise, fall, or stay the same?
A raft is 3.7 m wide and 6.1 m long. When a horse is loaded onto the raft, it sinks 3.8 cm deeper into the water. What is the weight of the horse?
Many ray-finned fish adjust their buoyancy by changing the volume of gas in a swim bladder located just below their spine.(a) If the volume of the fish increases while the mass remains the same, does the buoyant force on the fish increase, decrease, or remain the same?(b) Calculate the change in
Submarines adjust their buoyancy by changing the amount of water held in rigid containers called ballast tanks.(a) If the mass of a submerged submarine increases while the volume remains the same, does the buoyant force on the submarine increase, decrease, or remain the same?(b) Calculate the
A 3.2-kg balloon is filled with helium (density = 0.179 kg/m3). If the balloon is a sphere with a radius of 4.9 m, what is the maximum weight it can lift?
A hot-air balloon plus cargo has a mass of 312 kg and a volume of 2210 m3 on a day when the outside air density is 1.22 kg/m3. The balloon is floating at a constant height of 9.14 m above the ground. What is the density of the hot air in the balloon?
In the lab you place a beaker that is half full of water (density (w) on a scale. You now use a light string to suspend a piece of metal of volume V in the water. The metal is completely submerged, and none of the water spills out of the beaker. Give a symbolic expression for the change in reading
A block of wood has a steel ball glued to one surface. The block can be floated with the ball "high and dry" on its top surface.(a) When the block is inverted, and the ball is immersed in water, does the volume of wood that is submerged increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best
In the preceding problem, suppose the block of wood with the ball "high and dry" is floating in a tank of water.(a) When the block is inverted, does the water level in the tank increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. Inverting the block makes
A hydrometer, a device for measuring fluid density, is constructed as shown in FIGURE 15-42. If the hydrometer samples fluid 1, the small float inside the tube is submerged to level 1. When fluid 2 is sampled, the float is submerged to level 2. Is the density of fluid 1 greater than, less than, or
A cube of metal has a mass of 0.347 kg and measures 3.21 cm on a side. Calculate the density and identify the metal?
Referring to Example 15-12, suppose the flask with the wood tied to the bottom is placed on a scale. At some point the string breaks and the wood rises to the surface where it floats.(a) When the wood is floating, is the reading on the scale greater than, less than, or equal to its previous
On a planet in a different solar system the acceleration of gravity is greater than it is on Earth. If you float in a pool of water on this planet, do you float higher than, lower than, or at the same level as when you float in water on Earth?
An air mattress is 2.3 m long, 0.66 m wide, and 14 cm deep. If the air mattress itself has a mass of 0.22 kg, what is the maximum mass it can support in freshwater?
A solid block is attached to a spring scale. When the block is suspended in air, the scale reads 21.2 N; when it is completely immersed in water, the scale reads 18.2 N. What are(a) The volume and(b) The density of the block?
As in the previous problem, a solid block is suspended from a spring scale. If the reading on the scale when the block is completely immersed in water is 25.0 N, and the reading when it is completely immersed in alcohol of density 806 kg/m3 is 25.7 N, what are(a) The block's volume and(b) Its
A person weighs 756 N in air and has a body-fat percentage of 28.1%.(a) What is the overall density of this person's body?(b) What is the volume of this person's body?(c) Find the apparent weight of this person when completely submerged in water?
A log floats in a river with one-fourth of its volume above the water.(a) What is the density of the log?(b) If the river carries the log into the ocean, does the portion of the log above the water increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.
A person with a mass of 78 kg and a volume of 0.086 m3 floats quietly in water.(a) What is the volume of the person that is above water?(b) If an upward force F is applied to the person by a friend, the volume of the person above water increases by 0.0032 m3. Find the force F?
A block of wood floats on water. A layer of oil is now poured on top of the water to a depth that more than covers the block, as shown in FIGURE 15-43.(a) Is the volume of wood submerged in water greater than, less than, or the same as before?(b) If 90% of the wood is submerged in water before the
A piece of lead has the shape of a hockey puck, with a diameter of 7.5 cm and a height of 2.5 cm. If the puck is placed in a mercury bath, it floats. How deep below the surface of the mercury is the bottom of the lead puck?
What is the downward force exerted by the atmosphere on a soccer field whose dimensions are 105 m by 55 m?
A lead weight with a volume of 0.82 × 10-5 m3 is lowered on a fishing line into a lake to a depth of 1.0 m.(a) What tension is required in the fishing line to give the weight an upward acceleration of 2.1 m/s2?(b) If the initial depth of the weight is increased to 2.0 m, does the tension found in
To water the yard, you use a hose with a diameter of 3.6 cm. Water flows from the hose with a speed of 1.3 m/s. If you partially block the end of the hose so the effective diameter is now 0.52 cm, with what speed does water spray from the hose?
Water flows through a pipe with a speed of 2.4 m/s. Find the flow rate in kg/s if the diameter of the pipe is 3.1 cm?
To fill a child's inflatable wading pool, you use a garden hose with a diameter of 2.9 cm. Water flows from this hose with a speed of 1.3 m/s. How much time will it take to fill the pool to a depth of 26 cm if the pool is circular and has a diameter of 2.0 m?
When at rest, your heart pumps blood at the rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L/min). What are the volume and mass of blood pumped by your heart in one day?
A typical arteriole has a diameter of 0.080 mm and carries blood at the rate of 9.6 × 10-5 cm3/s. (a) What is the speed of the blood in an arteriole? (b) Suppose an arteriole branches into 8800 capillaries, each with a diameter of 6.0 × 10-6 m. What is the blood speed in the capillaries? (The low
Water flows at the rate of 3.11 kg/s through a hose with a diameter of 3.22 cm.(a) What is the speed of water in this hose?(b) If the hose is attached to a nozzle with a diameter of 0.732 cm, what is the speed of water in the nozzle?(c) Is the number of kilograms per second flowing through the
A river narrows at a rapids from a width of 12 m to a width of only 5.8 m. The depth of the river before the rapids is 2.7 m; the depth in the rapids is 0.85 m. Find the speed of water flowing in the rapids, given that its speed before the rapids is 1.2 m/s. Assume the river has a rectangular cross
The aorta has an inside diameter of approximately 2.1 cm, compared to that of a capillary, which is about 1.0 × 10-5 m (10 (m). In addition, the average speed of flow is approximately 1.0 m/s in the aorta and 0.30 mm/s in a capillary. Assuming that all the blood that flows through the aorta also
The buildup of plaque on the walls of an artery may decrease its diameter from 1.1 cm to 0.75 cm. If the speed of blood flow was 15 cm/s before reaching the region of plaque buildup, find(a) The speed of blood flow and(b) The pressure drop within the plaque region?
Some species of dinoflagellate (a type of unicellular plankton) can produce light as the result of biochemical reactions within the cell. This light is an example of bioluminescence. It is found that bioluminescence in dinoflagellates can be triggered by deformation of the cell surface with a
A horizontal pipe contains water at a pressure of 120 kPa flowing with a speed of 1.9 m/s. When the pipe narrows to one-half its original diameter, what are(a) The speed and(b) The pressure of the water?
Unfiltered olive oil must flow at a minimum speed of 3.0 m/s to prevent settling of debris in a pipe. The oil leaves a pump at a pressure of 88 kPa through a pipe of radius 9.5 mm. It then enters a horizontal pipe at atmospheric pressure. Ignore the effects of viscosity. (a) What is the speed of
Tests of lung capacity show that adults are able to exhale 1.5 liters of air through their mouths in as little as 1.0 second.(a) If a person blows air at this rate through a drinking straw with a diameter of 0.60 cm, what is the speed of air in the straw?(b) If the air from the straw in part (a) is
Water flows through a horizontal tube of diameter 2.5 cm that is joined to a second horizontal tube of diameter 1.2 cm. The pressure difference between the tubes is 7.3 kPa. (a) Which tube has the higher pressure? (b) Which tube has the higher speed of flow? (c) Find the speed of flow in the first
A garden hose is attached to a water faucet on one end and a spray nozzle on the other end. The water faucet is turned on, but the nozzle is turned off so that no water flows through the hose. The hose lies horizontally on the ground, and a stream of water sprays vertically out of a small leak to a
A water tank springs a leak. Find the speed of water emerging from the hole if the leak is 2.9 m below the surface of the water, which is open to the atmosphere?
(a) Find the pressure difference on an airplane wing if air flows over the upper surface with a speed of 125 m/s, and along the bottom surface with a speed of 109 m/s. (b) If the area of the wing is 32 m2, what is the net upward force exerted on the wing?
On a vacation flight, you look out the window of the jet and wonder about the forces exerted on the window. Suppose the air outside the window moves with a speed of approximately 170 m/s shortly after takeoff, and that the air inside the plane is at atmospheric pressure. (a) Find the pressure
The pitot tube is commonly used to measure the air speed of an aircraft. Air flows into a small opening at the end of a tube that is closed at the other end, bringing the air to rest and allowing the measurement of the pressure difference between air at rest inside the tube and air moving rapidly
During a thunderstorm, winds with a speed of 47.7 m/s blow across a flat roof with an area of 668 m2. (a) Find the magnitude of the force exerted on the roof as a result of this wind. (b) Is the force exerted on the roof in the upward or downward direction? Explain.

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