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physics
mechanics
Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions
To help keep her barn warm on cold days, a farmer stores 865 kg of warm water in the barn. How many hours would a 2.00-kilowatt electric heater have to operate to provide the same amount of heat as is given off by the water as it cools from 20.0 °C to 0 °C and then freezes at 0 °C?
As you go up in altitude, do you expect the ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in the atmosphere to increase, decrease; or stay the same? Explain.
Suppose the Celsius temperature of an ideal gas is doubled from 100 °C to 200 °C. (a) Does the average kinetic energy of the molecules in this gas increase by a factor that is greater than, less than, or equal to 2? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. Changing the
The Goodyear blimp Spirit of Akron is 62.6 m long and contains 7023 m3 of helium. When the temperature of the helium is 285 K, its absolute pressure is 112 kPa. Find the mass of the helium in the blimp?
Suppose the absolute temperature of an ideal gas is doubled from 100 K to 200 K.(a) Does the average speed of the molecules in this gas increase by a factor that is greater than, less than, or equal to 2?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. Doubling the Kelvin temperature
Largest Raindrops Atmospheric scientists studying clouds in the Marshall Islands have observed what they believe to be the world's largest raindrops, with a radius of 0.52 cm. How many molecules are in these monster drops?
Cooling Computers Researchers are developing "heat exchangers" for laptop computers that take heat from the laptop-to keep it from being damaged by overheating-and use it to vaporize methanol. Given that 5100 J of heat is removed from the laptop when 4.6 g of methanol is vaporized, what is the
A 1.10-kg block of ice is initially at a temperature of -5.0 °C. (a) If 3.1 × 105 J of thermal energy are added to the ice, what is the amount of ice that remains? (b) How much additional thermal energy must be added to this system to convert it to 1.10 kg of water at 5.0 °C?
In scuba diving circles, "an 80" refers to a scuba tank that holds 80 cubic feet of air, a standard amount for recreational diving. Given that a scuba tank is a cylinder 2 feet long and half a foot in diameter, determine(a) The volume of a tank and(b) The pressure in a tank when 80 cubic feet of
Hydrogen gas evaporates into space even though its rms speed is less than one-fifth of the gravitational escape speed. This is because the distribution of molecular speeds at equilibrium (see Figure 17-27) shows that some of the molecules do have speeds that exceed the escape speed. To what
To make steam, you add 5.60 × 105 J of thermal energy to 0.220 kg of water at an initial temperature of 50.0 °C. Find the final temperature of the steam?
(a) The column of water that forms as a geyser erupts is 2100 m tall. What is the pressure at the bottom of the column of water?(b) The water vapor-pressure curve (Figure 17-18) near the bottom of the column can be approximated by P = (1.86 × 105) T - 4.80 × 107, where P is the pressure in
(a) A glacier is made of ice of density 850 kg / m3 and is 92 m thick. Treating the glacial ice as if it were a liquid, what is the pressure at the bottom of the ice?(b) The water solid liquid curve (Figure 17-21 (b)) near the bottom of the glacier can be approximated by P = (-1.31 × 107) T +
Peter catches a 4.2-kg striped bass on a fishing line 0.55 mm in diameter and begins to reel it in. He fishes from a pier well above the water, and his fish hangs vertically from the line out of the water. The fishing line has a Young's modulus of 5.1 × 109 N/m2.(a) What is the fractional increase
A compressed-air tank holds 0.500 m3 of air at a temperature of 295 K and a pressure of 820 kPa. What volume would the air occupy if it were released into the atmosphere, where the pressure is 101 kPa and the temperature is 303 K?
A steel ball (density = 7860 kg/m3) with a diameter of 6.4 cm is tied to an aluminum wire 82 cm long and 2.5 mm in diameter. The ball is whirled about in a vertical circle with a tangential speed of 7.8 m/s at the top of the circle and 9.3 m/s at the bottom of the circle. Find the amount of stretch
A lead brick with the dimensions shown in FIGURE 17-39 rests on a rough solid surface. A force of 2400 N is applied as indicated. Find(a) The change in height of the brick and(b) The amount of shear deformation.Figure 17-39,
(a) Find the amount of heat that must be extracted from 1.3 kg of steam at 120 °C to convert it to ice at 0.0 °C.(b) What speed would this 1.3-kg block of ice have if its translational kinetic energy were equal to the thermal energy calculated in part (a)?
A tremendous force is generated when water freezes into ice and expands in volume by 9.0%. Suppose a 1.000-m3 cube of liquid water freezes into ice that is 1.000 m on a side by 1.090 m tall. How many 68-kg students would the ice be able to lift? Determine this by calculating the amount of force on
Metals such as titanium and stainless steel are frequently used for orthopedic implants such as artificial hip and knee joints. As with most metals, though, their elastic properties are significantly different from those of bone. Recently, metal "foams" made from aluminum and steel have been shown
Students on a spring break picnic bring a cooler that contains 5.1 kg of ice at 0.0 °C. The cooler has walls that are 3.8 cm thick and are made of Styrofoam, which has a thermal conductivity of 0.030 W / (m ( C°). The surface area of the cooler is 1.5 m2, and it rests in the shade where the air
A 5.9-kg block of ice at -1.5 °C slides on a horizontal surface with a coefficient of kinetic friction equal to 0.069. The initial speed of the block is 7.1 m/s and its final speed is 5.3 m/s. Assuming that all the energy dissipated by kinetic friction goes into melting a small mass m of the ice,
A cylindrical copper rod 37 cm long and 7.5 cm in diameter is placed upright on a hot plate held at a constant temperature of 120 °C, as indicated in FIGURE 17-41. A small depression on top of the rod holds a 25-g ice cube at an initial temperature of 0.0 °C.How much time does it take for the
What pressure did the bathysphere experience at its record depth?a. 9.37 atmb. 89.6 atmc. 91.9 atmd. 92.9 atm
How many moles of air did the bathysphere contain when it was sealed at the surface, assuming a temperature of 297 K and ignoring the thickness of the metal shell?a. 65.2 molb. 270 molc. 392 mold. 523 mol
Four ideal gases have the following pressures, P, volumes, V, and mole numbers, n: gas A, P = 100 kPa, V = 1 m3, n = 10 mol; gas B, P = 200 kPa, V = 2 m3, n = 20 mol; gas C, P = 50 kPa, V = 1 m3, n = 50 mol; gas D, P = 50 kPa, V = 4 m3, n = 5 mol. Rank these gases in order of increasing
How much did the volume of the bathysphere decrease as it was lowered to its record depth? (For simplicity, treat the bathysphere as a solid metal sphere.)a. 9.0 × 10-5 m3b. 9.2 × 10-5 m3c. 1.1 × 10-4 m3d. 3.8 × 10-4 m3
Suppose the bathysphere and its occupants had a combined mass of 12,700 kg. How much did the cable stretch when the bathysphere was at a depth of 923 m? (Neglect the weight of the cable itself, but include the effects of the bathysphere's buoyancy.)a. 47 cmb. 48 cmc. 52 cmd. 53 cm
(a) Find the final temperature of the system if two 0.0450-kg ice cubes are added to the warm lemonade. The temperature of the ice is 0 °C; the temperature and mass of the warm lemonade are 20.0 °C and 3.95 kg, respectively.(b) How many 0.0450-kg ice cubes at 0 °C must be added to the original
(a) Find the final temperature of the system if a single 0.045-kg ice cube at 0 °C is added to 2.00 kg of lemonade at 1.00 °C.(b) What initial temperature of the lemonade will be just high enough to melt all of the ice in a single ice cube and result in an equilibrium temperature of 0 °C? The
An ideal gas is held in an insulated container at the temperature T. All the gas is initially in one-half of the container, with a partition separating the gas from the other half of the container, which is a vacuum. If the partition ruptures, and the gas expands to fill the entire container, what
Which law of thermodynamics would be violated if heat were to spontaneously flow between two objects of equal temperature?
A heat pump uses 100 J of energy as it operates for a given time. Is it possible for the heat pump to deliver more than 100 J of heat to the inside of the house in this same time? Explain.
Give the change in internal energy of a system if(a) W = 50 J, Q = 50 J;(b) W = -50 J, Q = -50 J;(c) W = 50 J, Q = -50 J.
A cylinder contains 4.0 moles of a monatomic gas at an initial temperature of 27 °C. The gas is compressed by doing 560 J of work on it, and its temperature increases by 130 °C. How much heat flows into or out of the gas?
An ideal gas is taken through the three processes shown in FIGURE 18-25. Fill in the missing entries in the following table:Figure 18-25
FIGURE 18-26 shows three different multistep processes, labeled A, B, and C. Rank these processes in order of increasing work done by a gas that undergoes the process. Indicate ties where appropriate.Figure 18-26
The volume of a monatomic ideal gas triples in an isothermal expansion. By what factor does its pressure change?
An ideal gas is compressed at constant pressure to one-half its initial volume. If the pressure of the gas is 120 kPa, and 790 J of work is done on it, find the initial volume of the gas.
As an ideal gas expands at constant pressure from a volume of 0.74 m3 to a volume of 2.3 m3 it does 93 J of work. What is the gas pressure during this process?
A system consisting of an ideal gas at the constant pressure of 120 kPa gains 960 J of heat. Find the change in volume of the system if the internal energy of the gas increases by(a) 920 J(b) 360 J.
(a) If the internal energy of a system increases as the result of an adiabatic process, is work done on the system or by the system?(b) Calculate the work done on or by the system in part (a) if its internal energy increases by 670 J.
(a) Find the work done by a monatomic ideal gas as it expands from point A to point C along the path shown in FIGURE 18-27.(b) If the temperature of the gas is 267 K at point A, what is its temperature at point C?(c) How much heat has been added to or removed from the gas during this process?Figure
A fluid expands from point A to point B along the path shown in Figure 18-27.(a) How much work is done by the fluid during this expansion?(b) Does your answer to part (a) depend on whether the fluid is an ideal gas? Explain.Figure 18-27
A gas expands, doing 100 J of work. How much heat must be added to this system for its internal energy to increase by 200 J?
If 9.50 moles of a monatomic ideal gas at a temperature of 235 K are expanded isothermally from a volume of 1.12 L to a volume of 4.33 L, calculate(a) The work done(b) The heat flow into or out of the gas.(c) If the number of moles is doubled, by what factors do your answers to parts (a) and (b)
Suppose 118 moles of a monatomic ideal gas undergo an isothermal expansion from 1.00 m3 to 4.00 m3, as shown in FIGURE 18-28.(a) What is the temperature at the beginning and at the end of this process?(b) How much work is done by the gas during this expansion?Figure 18-28
A weather balloon contains an ideal gas and has a volume of 2.5 m3 at launch, with a pressure of 101 kPa. As it rises slowly through the atmosphere, the gas temperature remains constant at 273 K.(a) High in the atmosphere the pressure drops to 19.3 kPa. What is the volume of the balloon at that
(a) A monatomic ideal gas expands at constant pressure. Is heat added to the system or taken from the system during this process?(b) Find the heat added to or taken from the gas in part (a) if it expands at a pressure of 130 kPa from a volume of 0.76 m3 to a volume of 0.93 m3.
During an adiabatic process, the temperature of 3.22 moles of a monatomic ideal gas drops from 475 °C to 215 °C. For this gas, find(a) The work it does,(b) The heat it exchanges with its surroundings,(c) The change in its internal energy.
An ideal gas follows the three-part process shown in FIGURE 18-29. At the completion of one full cycle, find(a) The net work done by the system,(b) The net change in internal energy of the system,(c) The net heat absorbed by the system.Figure 18-29
With the pressure held constant at 260 kPa, 43 mol of a monatomic ideal gas expands from an initial volume of 0.75 m3 to a final volume of 1.9 m3.(a) How much work was done by the gas during the expansion?(b) What were the initial and final temperatures of the gas?(c) What was the change in the
Suppose 67.5 moles of an ideal monatomic gas undergo the series of processes shown in Figure 18-29.(a) Calculate the temperature at the points A, B, and C.(b) For each process, A → B, B → C, and C → A, state whether heat enters or leaves the system. Explain in each case.(c)
A system expands by 0.75 m3 at a constant pressure of 125 kPa. Find the heat that flows into or out of the system if its internal energy(a) Increases by 65 kJ(b) Decreases by 33 kJ. In each case, give the direction of heat flow.
An ideal monatomic gas is held in a perfectly insulated cylinder fitted with a movable piston. The initial pressure of the gas is 110 kPa, and its initial temperature is 280 K. By pushing down on the piston, you are able to increase the pressure to 140 kPa.(a) During this process, did the
A swimmer does 7.7 × 105 J of work and gives off 3.9 × 105 J of heat during a workout. Determine ΔU, W, and Q for the swimmer.
A certain amount of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes the process shown in FIGURE 18-30, in which its pressure doubles and its volume triples. In terms of the number of moles, n, the initial pressure, Pi, and the initial volume, Vi, determine(a) The work done by the gas W,(b) The change in internal
An ideal gas doubles its volume in one of three different ways: (i) at constant pressure; (ii) at constant temperature; (iii) adiabatically. Explain your answers to each of the following questions:(a) In which expansion does the gas do the most work?(b) In which expansion does the gas do the least
You plan to add a certain amount of heat to a gas in order to raise its temperature.(a) If you add the heat at constant volume, is the increase in temperature greater than, less than, or equal to the increase in temperature if you add the heat at constant pressure?(b) Choose the best explanation
Find the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of 5.5 mol of an ideal monatomic gas by 27 K if(a) The pressure(b) The volume is held constant.
(a) If 585 J of heat are added to 49 moles of a monatomic gas at constant volume, how much does the temperature of the gas increase?(b) Repeat part (a), this time for a constant-pressure process.
A system consists of 3.5 mol of an ideal monatomic gas at 315 K. How much heat must be added to the system to double its internal energy at(a) Constant pressure(b) Constant volume?
Find the change in temperature if 170 J of heat are added to 2.8 mol of an ideal monatomic gas at(a) Constant pressure(b) Constant volume.
Consider a short time span just before and after the spark plug in a gasoline engine ignites the fuel-air mixture and releases 1970 J of thermal energy into a volume of 47.6 cm3 that is at a gas pressure of 1.17 × 106 Pa. In this short period of time the volume of the gas can be considered
A cylinder contains 18 moles of a monatomic ideal gas at a constant pressure of 160 kPa.(a) How much work does the gas do as it expands 3200 cm3, from 5400 cm3 to 8600 cm3?(b) If the gas expands by 3200 cm3 again, this time from 2200 cm3 to 5400 cm3, is the work it does greater than, less than, or
The volume of a monatomic ideal gas doubles in an adiabatic expansion. By what factor do(a) The pressure(b) The temperature of the gas change?(c) Verify your answers to parts (a) and (b) by considering 135 moles of gas with an initial pressure of 330 kPa and an initial volume of 1.2 m3. Find the
When 1310 J of heat are added to one mole of an ideal monatomic gas, its temperature increases from 272 K to 276 K. Find the work done by the gas during this process.
A monatomic ideal gas is held in a thermally insulated container with a volume of 0.0750 m3. The pressure of the gas is 101 kPa, and its temperature is 325 K.(a) To what volume must the gas be compressed to increase its pressure to 145 kPa?(b) At what volume will the gas have a temperature of 295 K?
Consider the expansion of 60.0 moles of a monatomic ideal gas along processes 1 and 2 in FIGURE 18-31. In process 1 the gas is heated at constant volume from an initial pressure of 106 kPa to a final pressure of 212 kPa. In process 2 the gas expands at constant pressure from an initial volume of
A Carnot engine can be operated with one of the following four sets of reservoir temperatures: A, 400 K and 800 K; B, 400 K and 600 K; C, 800 K and 1200 K; and D, 800 K and 1000 K. Rank these reservoir temperatures in order of increasing efficiency of the Carnot engine. Indicate ties where
What is the efficiency of an engine that exhausts 840 J of heat in the process of doing 360 J of work?
An engine receives 660 J of heat from a hot reservoir and gives off 420 J of heat to a cold reservoir. What are(a) The work done(b) The efficiency of this engine?
A Carnot engine operates between the temperatures 410 K and 290 K.(a) How much heat must be given to the engine to produce 2500 J of work?(b) How much heat is discarded to the cold reservoir as this work is done?
A nuclear power plant has a reactor that produces heat at the rate of 838 MW. This heat is used to produce 253 MW of mechanical power to drive an electrical generator.(a) At what rate is heat discarded to the environment by this power plant?(b) What is the thermal efficiency of the plant?
At a coal-burning power plant a steam turbine is operated with a power output of 548 MW. The thermal efficiency of the power plant is 32.0%.(a) At what rate is heat discarded to the environment by this power plant?(b) At what rate must heat be supplied to the power plant by burning coal?
A portable generator produces 2.5 kW of mechanical work with an efficiency of 0.20 to supply electricity at a work site.(a) If the efficiency is increased but the work output remains the same, will the rate of fuel consumption by the engine increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.(b) Will the
The efficiency of a particular Carnot engine is 0.280.(a) If the high-temperature reservoir is at a temperature of 565 K, what is the temperature of the low-temperature reservoir?(b) To increase the efficiency of this engine to 40.0%, must the temperature of the low-temperature reservoir be
Three different processes act on a system.(a) In process A, 42 J of work are done on the system and 77 J of heat are added to the system. Find the change in the system's internal energy.(b) In process B, the system does 42 J of work and 77 J of heat are added to the system. What is the change in
During each cycle a reversible engine absorbs 3100 J of heat from a high-temperature reservoir and performs 1900 J of work.(a) What is the efficiency of this engine?(b) How much heat is exhausted to the low-temperature reservoir during each cycle?(c) What is th ratio, Th/Tc, of the two reservoir
The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is the largest solar thermal power-tower facility in the world. It collects 1321 MW of solar thermal energy to heat special collectors to 566 °C. The thermal energy is then used to make steam to operate an electric generator.(a) What is the maximum
The operating temperatures for a Carnot engine are Tc and Th = Tc + 55 K. The efficiency of the engine is 11%. Find Tc and Th.
A certain Carnot engine takes in the heat Qh and exhausts the heat Qc = 2Qh/3, as indicated in FIGURE 18-32.(a) What is the efficiency of this engine?(b) Using the Kelvin temperature scale, find the ratio Tc/ThFigure 18-32
(a) If the temperature in the kitchen is decreased, is the cost (work needed) to freeze a dozen ice cubes greater than, less than, or equal to what it was before the kitchen was cooled?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. The difference in temperature between the inside and
The refrigerator in your kitchen does 490 J of work to remove 95 J of heat from its interior.(a) How much heat does the refrigerator exhaust into the kitchen?(b) What is the refrigerator's coefficient of performance?
A refrigerator with a coefficient of performance of 1.75 absorbs 3.45 × 104 J of heat from the low-temperature reservoir during each cycle.(a) How much mechanical work is required to operate the refrigerator for a cycle?(b) How much heat does the refrigerator discard to the high-temperature
Suppose you must remove an average of 3.4 × 108 J of thermal energy per day to keep your house cool during the summer.(a) If you upgrade from an old air conditioner with a COP of 2.0 to a new air conditioner with a COP of 6.0, by how many joules is the required mechanical work reduced each day?(b)
To keep a room at a comfortable 20.5 °C, a Carnot heat pump does 315 J of work and supplies the room with 4180 J of heat.(a) How much heat is removed from the outside air by the heat pump?(b) What is the temperature of the outside air?
An air conditioner is used to keep the interior of a house at a temperature of 21 °C while the outside temperature is 32 °C. If heat leaks into the house at the rate of 11 kW, and the air conditioner has the efficiency of a Carnot engine, what is the mechanical power required to keep the house
An ideal gas is taken through the four processes shown in FIGURE 18-24. The changes in internal energy for three of these processes are as follows: ΔUAB = +82 J; ΔUBC = +15 J; ΔUDA = -56 J. Find the change in internal energy for the process from C to D.Figure 18-24
A reversible refrigerator has a coefficient of performance equal to 9.50. What is its efficiency?
A freezer has a coefficient of performance equal to 4.0. How much electrical energy must this freezer use to produce 1.5 kg of ice at -5.0 °C from water at 15 °C?
(a) If you rub your hands together, does the entropy of the universe increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. Rubbing hands together draws heat from the surroundings, and therefore lowers the entropy.II. No mechanical work is done by the
(a) An ideal gas is expanded slowly and isothermally. Does its entropy increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. Heat must be added to the gas to maintain a constant temperature, and this increases the entropy of the gas.II. The temperature of
(a) A gas is expanded reversibly and adiabatically. Does its entropy increase, decrease, or stay the same?(b) Choose the best explanation from among the following:I. The process is reversible, and no heat is added to the gas. Therefore, the entropy of the gas remains the same.II. Expanding the gas
Find the change in entropy when 1.85 kg of water at 100 °C is boiled away to steam at 100 °C.
Determine the change in entropy that occurs when 4.3 kg of water freezes at 0 °C.
You heat a pan of water on the stove. Rank the following temperature increases in order of increasing entropy change. Indicate ties where appropriate: A, 25 °C to 35 °C; B, 35 °C to 45 °C; C, 45 °C to 50 °C; and D, 50 °C to 55 °C.
On a cold winter's day heat leaks slowly out of a house at the rate of 20.0 kW. If the inside temperature is 22 °C, and the outside temperature is -14.5 °C, find the rate of entropy increase.
An 88-kg parachutist descends through a vertical height of 380 m with constant speed. Find the increase in entropy produced by the parachutist, assuming the air temperature is 21 °C.
A basketball player does 4.81 × 105 J of work during her time in the game, and evaporates 0.151 kg of water. Assuming a latent heat of 2.26 × 106 J/kg for the perspiration (the same as for water), determine(a) The change in the player's internal energy(b) The number of nutritional calories the
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