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Physics 5th edition James S. Walker - Solutions

In the continuous-caster process, steel sheets 25.4 cm thick, 2.03 m wide, and 10.0 m long are produced at a temperature of 872 °C. What are the dimensions of a steel sheet once it has cooled to 20.0 °C?
The Boomerang nebula holds the distinction of having the lowest recorded temperature in the universe, a frigid -272 °C. What is this temperature in kelvins?
The gas in a constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 93.5 kPa at 105°C.(a) What is the pressure of the gas at 47.5 °C?(b) At what temperature does the gas have a pressure of 105 kPa?
From the surreal realm of deep-sea hydrothermal vents 200 miles offshore from Puget Sound, comes a newly discovered hyper thermo philic-or extreme heat-loving- microbe that holds the record for the hottest existence known to science. This microbe is tentatively known as Strain 121 for the
Thermal energy is added to 180 g of water at a constant rate for 3.5 min, resulting in an increase in temperature of 12 C°. What is the heating rate, in joules per second?
You wish to chill 12 cans of soda at 25.0 °C down to 5.0 °C before serving them to guests. Each can has a mass of 0.354 kg, and the specific heat of soda is the same as that of water.(a) How much thermal energy must be removed in order to chill all 12 cans?(b) If the chilling process requires 4.0
As you read this problem, your brain is consuming about 22 W of power.(a) If your mass is 65 kg, how many steps with a height of 21 cm must you climb to expend a mechanical energy equivalent to one hour of brain operation?(b) A typical human brain, which is 77% water, has a mass of 1.4 kg. Assuming
Your brain consumes about 22 W of power, and avocados have been shown to promote brain health. If each avocado contains 310 C, and your brain were powered entirely by the energy from the avocados, how many must you eat each day?
The rate of chirping of the snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus fultoni Walker) varies with temperature in a predictable way. A linear relationship provides a good match to the chirp rate, but an even more accurate relationship is the following:N = (5.63 × 1010)e-(6290 K)/TIn this expression, N is the
A pendulum consists of a large weight suspended by a steel wire that is 0.9500 m long.(a) If the temperature increases, does the period of the pendulum increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.(b) Calculate the change in length of the pendulum if the temperature increase is 150.0 C°.(c)
Once the aluminum ring in Problem 20 is slipped over the bar, the ring and bar are allowed to equilibrate at a temperature of 22 °C. The ring is now stuck on the bar.(a) If the temperatures of both the ring and the bar are changed together, should the system be heated or cooled to remove the
A 256-kg rock sits in full sunlight on the edge of a cliff 5.75 m high. The temperature of the rock is 33.2 °C. If the rock falls from the cliff into a pool containing 6.00 m3 of water at 15.5 °C, what is the final temperature of the rock-water system? Assume that the specific heat of the rock is
Water going over Iguaçu Falls on the border of Argentina and Brazil drops through a height of about 72 m. Suppose that all the gravitational potential energy of the water goes into raising its temperature. Find the increase in water temperature at the bottom of the falls as compared with the top.
A constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure of 80.3 kPa at -10.0°C and a pressure of 86.4 kPa at 10.0 °C.(a) At what temperature does the pressure of this system extrapolate to zero?(b) What are the pressures of the gas at the freezing and boiling points of water?(c) In general terms, how
Solar heating of a house is much more efficient if there is a way to store the thermal energy collected during the day to warm the house at night. Suppose one solar-heated home utilizes a concrete slab of area 12 m2 and 25 cm thick.(a) If the density of concrete is 2400 kg/m3, what is the mass of
Suppose city 1 leaves an entire block 1100 m × 100 m2 as a park with trees and grass (emissivity 0.96) while city 2 paves the same area over with asphalt (emissivity 1.0). Sunlight heats each surface to 40.0 °C by sunset, and then the surface radiates its heat into a cube of air 100 m on a side
Suppose you could convert the 495 C in the cheeseburger you ate for lunch into mechanical energy with 100% efficiency.(a) How high could you throw a 0.141-kg baseball with the energy contained in the cheeseburger?(b) How fast would the ball be moving at the moment of release?
You turn a crank on a device similar to that shown in Figure 16-12 and produce a power of 0.16 hp. If the paddles are immersed in 0.75 kg of water, for what length of time must you turn the crank to increase the temperature of the water by 5.5 CÂ°?Figure 16-12
The core temperature of the human body is 37.0 °C, and the skin, with a surface area of 1.40 m2, has a temperature of 34.0°C.(a) Find the rate of heat transfer out of the body under the following assumptions: (i) The average thickness of tissue between the core and the skin is 1.20 cm; (ii) the
The surface of the Sun has a temperature of 5500 °C.(a) Treating the Sun as a perfect blackbody, with an emissivity of 1.0, find the power that it radiates into space. The radius of the Sun is 7.0 × 108 m, and the temperature of space can be taken to be 3.0 K.(b) The solar constant is the number
Bars of two different metals are bolted together, as shown in FIGURE 16-31. Show that the distance D does not change with temperature if the lengths of the two bars have the following ratio: LA/LB = Î±B/Î±A.Figure 16-31
A grandfather clock has a simple brass pendulum of length L. One night, the temperature in the house is 25.0 °C and the period of the pendulum is 1.00 s. The clock keeps correct time at this temperature. If the temperature in the house quickly drops to 17.1 °C just after 10 p.m., and stays at
A sheet of aluminum has a circular hole with a diameter of 10.0 cm. A 9.99-cm-long steel rod is placed inside the hole, along a diameter of the circle, as shown in FIGURE 16-32. It is desired to change the temperature of this system until the steel rod just touches both sides of the circle.(a)
A layer of ice has formed on a small pond. The air just above the ice is at -5.4 °C, the water-ice interface is at 0 °C, and the water at the bottom of the pond is at 4.0 °C. If the total depth from the top of the ice to the bottom of the pond is 1.4 m, how thick is the layer of ice? The thermal
A world record for the greatest change in temperature was set in Spearfish, SD, on January 22, 1943. At 7:30 a.m. the temperature was -4.0 °F; two minutes later the temperature was 45 °F. Find the average rate of temperature change during those two minutes in kelvins per second.
An energy-efficient double-paned window consists of two panes of glass, each with thickness L1 and thermal conductivity k1, separated by a layer of air of thickness L2 and thermal conductivity k2. Show that the equilibrium rate of heat flow through this window per unit area, A, isIn this
Which method of cooling the patient in this study relies primarily on conduction?A. Exposing skin to the environmentB. Spraying water and alcohol on the patientC. Using cooled blankets above and belowD. None of these
What total amount of heat must be removed to drop the whole body temperature of a typical 65-kg patient in this study by 1.0 °C? Because the human body is mostly water, the average specific heat of the human body is relatively high, 3.5 × 103 J/(kg • K).A. 3.5 × 103 JB. 2.3 × 105 JC. 5.4 ×
During the cooling of a typical 65-kg patient in this study, what is the average rate of heat loss, assuming the whole body's temperature changes by the same amount as the core temperature does?A. 95 WB. 200 WC. 1100 WD. 8700 W
For a patient in a typical hospital setting, the most important mechanism of heat loss is radiation. How does the power radiated by a patient change when the skin temperature drops from 34 °C to 33 °C, assuming no other changes?A. It's now 99% of what it originally was.B. It's now 97% of what it
Suppose the mass of the block is to be increased enough to make the final temperature of the system equal to 22.5°C. What is the required mass? Everything else in Example 16-12 remains the same.
Suppose the initial temperature of the block is to be increased enough to make the final temperature of the system equal to 22.5 °C. What is the required initial temperature? Everything else remains the same as in Example 16-12.
Suppose the lead rod is replaced with a second copper rod.(a) Will the heat that flows in 1.00 s increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.(b) Find the heat that flows in 1.00 s with two copper rods. Everything else remains the same as in Example 16-16.
Suppose the temperature of the hot plate is to be changed to give a total heat flow of 25.2 J in 1.00 s.(a) Should the new temperature of the hot plate be greater than or less than 106 °C? Explain.(b) Find the required temperature of the hot plate. Everything else is the same as in Example 16-16.
The average speed of air molecules in your room is on the order of the speed of sound. What is their average velocity?
One of the highest airports in the world is located in La Paz, Bolivia. Pilots prefer to take off from this airport in the morning or the evening, when the air is quite cold? Explain.
An autoclave is a device used to sterilize medical instruments. It is essentially a pressure cooker that heats the instruments in water under high pressure. This ensures that the sterilization process occurs at temperatures greater than the normal boiling point of water. Explain why the autoclave
(a) Is the number of molecules in one mole of N2 greater than, less than, or equal to the number of molecules in one mole of O2?(b) Is the mass of one mole of N2 greater than, less than, or equal to the mass of one mole of O2?
A balloon contains 3.9 liters of nitrogen gas at a temperature of 84 K and a pressure of 101 kPa. If the temperature of the gas is allowed to increase to 28 °C and the pressure remains constant, what volume will the gas occupy?
A balloon is filled with helium at a pressure of 2.4 × 105 Pa. The balloon is at a temperature of 18 °C and has a radius of 0.25 m.(a) How many helium atoms are contained in the balloon?(b) Suppose we double the number of helium atoms in the balloon, keeping the pressure and the temperature
A bicycle tire with a volume of 0.00212 m3 is filled to its recommended absolute pressure of 495 kPa on a cold winter day when the tire's temperature is −15 °C. The cyclist then brings his bicycle into a hot laundry room at 32 °C.(a) If the tire warms up while its volume remains constant, will
A 515-cm3 flask contains 0.460 g of a gas at a pressure of 153 kPa and a temperature of 322 K. What is the molecular mass of this gas?
On Mars, the average temperature is -64 °F and the average atmospheric pressure is 0.92 kPa. (a) What is the number of molecules per volume in the Martian atmosphere? (b) Is the number of molecules per volume on the Earth greater than, less than, or equal to the number per volume on Mars? Explain
The air inside a hot-air balloon has an average temperature of 79.2 °C. The outside air has a temperature of 20.3 °C. What is the ratio of the density of air in the balloon to the density of air in the surrounding atmosphere?
A cylindrical flask is fitted with an airtight piston that is free to slide up and down, as shown in FIGURE 17-33. A mass rests on top of the piston. The initial temperature of the system is 313 K and the pressure of the gas is held constant at 137 kPa. The temperature is now increased until the
Consider the system described in the previous problem. Contained within the flask is an ideal gas at a constant temperature of 313 K. Initially the pressure applied by the piston and the mass is 137 kPa and the height of the piston above the base of the flask is 23.4 cm. When additional mass is
A gas has a temperature of 310 K and a pressure of 101 kPa. (a) Find the volume occupied by 1.25 mol of this gas, assuming it is ideal. (b) Assuming the gas molecules can be approximated as small spheres of diameter 2.5 × 10-10 m, determine the fraction of the volume found in part (a) that is
The air in your room is composed mostly of oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) molecules. The oxygen molecules are more massive than the nitrogen molecules.(a) Is the rms speed of the O2 molecules greater than, less than, or equal to the rms speed of the N2 molecules?(b) Choose the best explanation from
If you put a helium-filled balloon in the refrigerator, (a) Will its volume increase, decrease, or stay the same? (b) Choose the best explanation from among the following: I. Lowering the temperature of an ideal gas at constant pressure results in a reduced volume. II. The same amount of gas is in
If the translational speed of molecules in an ideal gas is doubled, by what factor does the Kelvin temperature change? Explain.
At what temperature is the rms speed of H2 equal to the rms speed that O2 has at 303 K?
Suppose a planet has an atmosphere of pure ammonia at 5.5 °C. What is the rms speed of the ammonia molecules? (The molecular weight of ammonia, NH3, is 17.03 g/mol.)
Three moles of oxygen gas (that is, 3.0 mol of O2) are placed in a portable container with a volume of 0.0035 m3. If the temperature of the gas is 295 °C, find (a) The pressure of the gas and (b) The average kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule. (c) Suppose the volume of the gas is doubled, while
The rms speed of O2 is 1550 m/s at a given temperature.(a) Is the rms speed of H2O at this temperature greater than, less than, or equal to 1550 m/s? Explain.(b) Find the rms speed of H2O at this temperature?
An ideal gas is kept in a container of constant volume. The pressure of the gas is also kept constant.(a) If the number of molecules in the gas is doubled, does the rms speed increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.(b) If the initial rms speed is 1300 m/s, what is the final rms speed?
What is the temperature of a gas of CO2 molecules whose rms speed is 309 m/s?
The rms speed of a sample of gas is increased by 1%.(a) What is the percent change in the temperature of the gas?(b) What is the percent change in the pressure of the gas, assuming its volume is held constant?
In naturally occurring uranium atoms, 99.3% are 238U (atomic mass = 238 u, where u = 1.6605 × 10-27 kg) and only 0.7% are 235U (atomic mass = 235 u). Uranium-fueled reactors require an enhanced proportion of 235U. Since both isotopes of uranium have identical chemical properties, they can be
A 380-mL spherical flask contains 0.065 mol of an ideal gas at a temperature of 283 K. What is the average force exerted on the walls of the flask by a single molecule?
Two containers hold ideal gases at the same temperature. Container A has twice the volume and half the number of molecules as container B. What is the ratio PA / PB, where PA is the pressure in container A and PB is the pressure in container B?
A hollow cylindrical rod (rod 1) and a solid cylindrical rod (rod 2) are made of the same material. The two rods have the same length and the same outer radius. If the same compressional force is applied to each rod,(a) Is the change in length of rod 1 greater than, less than, or equal to the
A rock climber hangs freely from a nylon rope that is 16 m long and has a diameter of 8.1 mm. If the rope stretches 4.2 cm, what is the mass of the climber?
To stretch a relaxed biceps muscle 2.5 cm requires a force of 25 N. Find the Young's modulus for the muscle tissue, assuming it to be a uniform cylinder of length 0.24 m and cross-sectional area 47 cm2?
A 22-kg chimpanzee hangs from the end of a horizontal, broken branch 1.1 m long, as shown in FIGURE 17-34. The branch is a uniform cylinder 4.6 cm in diameter, and the end of the branch supporting the chimp sags downward through a vertical distance of 13 cm. What is the shear modulus for this
The deepest place in all the oceans is the Marianas Trench, where the depth is 10.9 km and the pressure is 1.10 × 108 Pa. If a copper ball 15.0 cm in diameter is taken to the bottom of the trench, by how much does its volume decrease?
Four cylindrical rods with various cross-sectional areas and initial lengths are stretched by an applied force, as in Figure 17-11. The resulting change in length of each rod is given in the following table. Rank these rods in order of increasing Young's modulus. Indicate ties where
A steel wire 4.1 m long stretches 0.13 cm when it is given a tension of 380 N.(a) What is the diameter of the wire?(b) If it is desired that the stretch be less than 0.13 cm, should its diameter be increased or decreased? Explain.
An orb weaver spider with a mass of 0.26 g hangs vertically by one of its threads. The thread has a Young's modulus of 4.7 × 109 N/m2 and a radius of 9.8 × 10-6 m. (a) What is the fractional increase in the thread's length caused by the spider? (b) Suppose a 76-kg person hangs vertically from a
Two rods of equal length (0.55 m) and diameter (1.7 cm) are placed end to end. One rod is aluminum, the other is brass. If a compressive force of 8400 N is applied to the rods, (a) How much does their combined length decrease? (b) Which of the rods changes its length by the greatest amount? Explain.
A piano wire 0.82 m long and 0.93 mm in diameter is fixed on one end. The other end is wrapped around a tuning peg 3.5 mm in diameter. Initially the wire, whose Young's modulus is 2.4 × 1010 N/m2, has a tension of 14 N. Find the tension in the wire after the tuning peg has been turned through one
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) is defined as a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 101.3 kPa. What is the volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at STP?
The formation of ice from water is accompanied by which of the following:(a) An absorption of heat by the water;(b) An increase in temperature;(c) A decrease in volume;(d) A removal of heat from the water;(e) A decrease in temperature?
FIGURE 17-35 shows a portion of the vapor pressure curve for water. Referring to the figure, estimate the pressure that would be required for water to boil at 30 Â°C?Figure 17-35,
Using the vapor-pressure curve given in Figure 17-35, find the temperature at which water boils when the pressure is 1.5 kPa?
One measure of the amount of water in the atmosphere is the dew point, the temperature at which the atmosphere's water content would be in equilibrium with liquid water and droplets of dew would begin to form.(a) On a warm summer day when the dew-point temperature is 68 Â°F, what is the pressure
One measure of the amount of water in the atmosphere is the relative humidity, the ratio of the actual partial pressure of water vapor to the maximum possible partial pressure of water. If the partial pressure of water vapor exceeds the vapor pressure (Figure 17-35) at that temperature, the vapor
A portion of the vapor-pressure curve for carbon dioxide is given in FIGURE 17-36.(a) Estimate the pressure at which CO2 boils at 0 Â°C.(b) If the temperature is increased, does the boiling pressure increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.Figure 17-36,
The phase diagram for water is shown in FIGURE 17-37.(a) What is the temperature T1 on the phase diagram?(b) What is the temperature T2 on the phase diagram?(c) What happens to the melting/freezing temperature of water if atmospheric pressure is decreased? Justify your answer by referring to the
The phase diagram for CO2 is shown in FIGURE 17-38.(a) What is the phase of CO2 at T = 20 Â°C and P = 500 kPa?(b) What is the phase of CO2 at T = -80 Â°C and P = 120 kPa?(c) For reasons of economy and convenience, bulk CO2 is often transported in liquid form in pressurized tanks. Using
A sample of liquid water at atmospheric pressure has a temperature just above the freezing point. Refer to Figure 17-37 to answer the following questions.Figure 17-37,
How much heat must be removed from 1.96 kg of water at 0 °C to make ice cubes at 0 °C?
After emptying her lungs, a person inhales 4.3 L of air at 0.0 °C and holds her breath. How much does the volume of the air increase as it warms to her body temperature of 35 °C?
A heat transfer of 9.5 × 105 J is required to convert a block of ice at -15 °C to water at 15 °C. What was the mass of the block of ice?
How much heat must be added to 2.55 kg of copper to change it from a solid at 1358 K to a liquid at 1358 K?
An ammonia refrigeration cycle involves the conversion of 0.85 kg of liquid ammonia into vapor every minute at the boiling-point temperature. At what rate does the ammonia absorb energy?
Four liquids are at their freezing temperature. Heat is now removed from each of the liquids until it becomes completely solidified. The amount of heat that must be removed, Q, and the mass, m, of each of the liquids are as follows: liquid A, Q = 33,500 J, m = 0.100 kg; liquid B, Q = 166,000 J, m =
A 1.1-kg block of ice is initially at a temperature of -5.0 °C.(a) If 5.2 × 105 J of heat are added to the ice, what is the final temperature of the system? Find the amount of ice, if any, that remains.(b) Suppose the amount of heat added to the ice block is doubled. By what factor must the mass
Referring to the previous problem, suppose the amount of heat added to the block of ice is reduced by a factor of 2 to 2.6 × 105 J. Note that this amount of heat is still sufficient to melt at least some of the ice.(a) Do you expect the temperature increase in this case to be one-half that found
Figure 17-30 shows a temperature-versus-heat plot for 1.000 kg of water.Figure 17-30,(a) Calculate the heat corresponding to the points A, B, C, and D.(b) Calculate the slope of the line from point B to point C. Show that this slope is equal to 1/c, where c is the specific heat of liquid water.
Suppose the 1.000 kg of water in Figure 17-30 starts at point A at time zero. Heat is added to this system at the rate of 12,250 J/s. How much time does it take for the system to reach(a) Point B,(b) Point C, and(c) Point D?(d) Describe the physical state of the system at time t = 63.00 s.
In Conceptual Example 17-15 we pointed out that steam can cause more serious burns than water at the same temperature. Here we examine this effect quantitatively, noting that flesh becomes badly damaged when its temperature reaches 50.0 °C. (a) Calculate the heat released as 12.5 g of liquid water
When you go out to your car one cold winter morning you discover a 0.58-cm-thick layer of ice on the windshield, which has an area of 1.6 m2. If the temperature of the ice is -2.0 °C, and its density is 917 kg/m3, find the heat required to melt all the ice?
An automobile tire has a volume of 0.0185 m3. At a temperature of 294 K the absolute pressure in the tire is 212 kPa. How many moles of air must be pumped into the tire to increase its pressure to 252 kPa, given that the temperature and volume of the tire remain constant?
A large punch bowl holds 3.99 kg of lemonade (which is essentially water) at 20.5 °C. A 0.0550-kg ice cube at -10.2 °C is placed in the lemonade. What are the final temperature of the system, and the amount of ice (if any) remaining? Ignore any heat exchange with the bowl or the surroundings?
A 155-g aluminum cylinder is removed from a liquid nitrogen bath, where it has been cooled to -196 °C. The cylinder is immediately placed in an insulated cup containing 80.0 g of water at 15.0 °C. What is the equilibrium temperature of this system? If your answer is 0 °C, determine the amount of
An 825-g iron block is heated to 352 °C and placed in an insulated container (of negligible heat capacity) containing 40.0 g of water at 20.0 °C. What is the equilibrium temperature of this system? If your answer is 100 °C, determine the amount of water that has vaporized. The average specific
You are expecting to serve 32 cups of soft drinks to your guests tonight. Each cup will hold 285 g of a soft drink that has a specific heat of 4186 J/ (kg ( K) and an initial temperature of 24 °C. If each guest would like to enjoy the drink at 3.0 °C, how much ice (in kg) should you buy? Assume
A 35-g ice cube at 0.0 °C is added to 110 g of water in a 62-g aluminum cup. The cup and the water have an initial temperature of 23 °C.(a) Find the equilibrium temperature of the cup and its contents.(b) Suppose the aluminum cup is replaced with one of equal mass made from silver. Is the
A 48-g block of copper at -12 °C is added to 110 g of water in a 75-g aluminum cup. The cup and the water have an initial temperature of 4.1 °C.(a) Find the equilibrium temperature of the cup and its contents.(b) What mass of ice, if any, is present when the system reaches equilibrium?
A 0.075-kg ice cube at 0.0 °C is dropped into a Styrofoam cup holding 0.33 kg of water at 14 °C. (a) Find the final temperature of the system and the amount of ice (if any) remaining. Assume the cup and the surroundings can be ignored. (b) Find the initial temperature of the water that would be

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