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physics
modern physics

Physics Principles with Applications 7th edition Douglas C. Giancoli - Solutions

Light is incident on an equilateral glass prism at a 45.0Â° angle to one face, Fig. 23-64. Calculate the angle at which light emerges from the opposite face. Assume that n = 1.54.
Suppose a ray strikes the left face of the prism in Fig. 23-64 at 45.0° as shown, but is totally internally reflected at the opposite side. If the apex angle (at the top) is Î¸ = 65.0o. what can you say about the index of refraction of the prism?
(a) An object 37.5 cm in front of a certain lens is imaged 8.20 cm in front of that lens (on the same side as the object). What type of lens is this, and what is its focal length? Is the image real or virtual? (b) If the image were located, instead, 44.5 cm in front of the lens, what type of lens
How large is the image of the Sun on a camera sensor with (a) A 35-mm-focal-length lens, (b) A 50-mm-focal-length lens, and (c) A 105-mm-focal-length lens? The Sun has diameter 1.4 x 106 km, and it is 1.5 x 108 km away
Figure 23-65 is a photograph of an eyeball with the image of a boy in a doorway.(a) Is the eye here acting as a lens or as a mirror?(b) Is the eye being viewed right side up or is the camera taking this photo upside down?(c) Explain, based on all possible images made by a convex mirror or lens.
Which of the two lenses shown in Fig. 23-66 is converging, and which is diverging? Explain using ray diagrams and show how each image is formed.
How far from a concave mirror (radius 21.0 cm) must an object be placed if its image is to be at infinity?
Both a converging lens and a concave mirror can produce virtual images that are larger than the object. Concave mirrors can be used as makeup mirrors, but converging lenses cannot be.(a) Draw ray diagrams to explain why not.(b) If a concave mirror has the same focal length as a converging lens, and
(a) Did the person we see in Fig. 23-69 shoot the picture we are looking at? We see her in three different mirrors. Describe(b) What type of mirror each is, and(c) Her position relative to the focal point and center of curvature.
Justify the second part of sign convention 3, page 665, starting "Equivalently." Use ray diagrams for all possible situations. Cite Figures already in the text and draw any others needed.
Make a table showing the sign conventions for mirrors and lenses. Include the sign convention for the mirrors and lenses themselves and for the image and object heights and distances for each.
Figure 23-70 shows a converging lens held above three equal-sized letters A. In(a) The lens is 5 cm from the paper, and in(b) The lens is 15 cm from the paper. Estimate the focal length of the lens. What is the image position for each case?
Does Huygens' principle apply to sound waves? To water waves? Explain how Huygens' principle makes sense for water waves, where each point vibrates up and down.
Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflected light. What reflected wavelengths do you suppose the coating is designed to eliminate completely?
A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about the index of refraction of the oil compared to that of water?
Radio waves and visible light are both electromagnetic waves. Why can a radio receive a signal behind a hill when we cannot see the transmitting antenna?
Describe the single-slit diffraction pattern produced when white light falls on a slit having a width of (a) 60 nm, (b) 60,000 nm.
What is the difference in the interference patterns formed by two slits 10-4cm apart as compared to a diffraction grating containing 104 slits / cm?
Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if their path lengths differ by how much?
1. Light passing through a double-slit arrangement is viewed on a distant screen. The interference pattern observed on the screen would have the widest spaced fringes for the case of(a) Red light and a small slit spacing.(b) Blue light and a small slit spacing.(c) Red light and a large slit
1. The colors in a rainbow are caused by (a) The interaction of the light reflected from different raindrops. (b) Different amounts of absorption for light of different colors by the water in the raindrops. (c) Different amounts of refraction for light of different colors by the water in the
1. If you hold two fingers very close together and look at a bright light, you see lines between the fingers. What is happening? (a) You are holding your fingers too close to your eye to be able to focus on it. (b) You are seeing a diffraction pattern. (c) This is a quantum-mechanical tunneling
1. Blue light of wavelength passes through a single slit of width d and forms a diffraction pattern on a screen. If we replace the blue light by red light of wavelength 2Î» we can retain the original diffraction pattern if we change the slit width(a) To d 4.(b) To d 2.(c) Not at all.(d)
1. If someone is around a corner from you, what is the main reason you can hear him speaking but can't see him? (a) Sound travels farther in air than light does. (b) Sound can travel through walls, but light cannot. (c) Sound waves have long enough wavelengths to bend around a corner; light
1. If a thin film has a thickness that is(a) ¼ of a wavelength, constructive interference will always occur.(b) ¼ of a wavelength, destructive interference will always occur.(c) ¼ of a wavelength, constructive interference will always occur.(d) ¼ of a wavelength,
Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.018 mm apart produces the fifth-order bright fringe at an 8.6° angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?
A physics professor wants to perform a lecture demonstration of Young's double-slit experiment for her class using the 633-nm light from a He-Ne laser. Because the lecture hall is very large, the interference pattern will be projected on a wall that is 5.0 m from the slits. For easy viewing by all
In a double-slit experiment it is found that blue light of wavelength 480 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?
Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544-nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 4.0 m from the slits.
Assume that light of a single color, rather than white light, passes through the two-slit setup described in Example 24-3. If the distance from the central fringe to a first-order fringe is measured to be 2.9 mm on the screen, determine the light's wavelength (in nm) and color (see Fig. 24-12).
In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of wavelength 480 nm is located 16 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second order maximum
Light of wavelength 470 nm in air shines on two slits 6.00 x 10-2 mm apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?
A very thin sheet of plastic n = 1.60 covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 680-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?
A light beam strikes a piece of glass at a 65.00° incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4831 and 1.4754, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?
The third-order bright fringe of 610-nm light is observed at an angle of 31° when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?
A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengths, Î»1 = 455 nm and Î»2 = 642nm, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig.24-59. At what angles, Î¸1 and Î¸2 does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the
If 680-nm light falls on a slit 0.0425 mm wide, what is the angular width of the central diffraction peak?
Monochromatic light falls on a slit that is 2.60 x 10-3 wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 28.0° (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?
When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are separated by 51.0°. Determine the width of the slit.
A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 6.0 m away?
Consider microwaves which are incident perpendicular to a metal plate which has a 1.6-cm slit in it. Discuss the angles at which there are diffraction minima for wavelengths of (a) 0.50 cm, (b) 1.0 cm, and (c) 3.0 cm.
(a) For a given wavelength λ, what is the minimum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima? (b) What is the minimum slit width so that no visible light exhibits a diffraction minimum?
Light of wavelength 620 nm falls on a slit that is 3.80 x 10-3 mm wide, estimate how far the first bright diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.
Monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first two bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32°, estimate the slit width.
Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 6.50 m away are 8.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at a 28.0° angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.
At what angle will 510-nm light produce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose slits are 1.35 x 10-3 apart?
A grating that has 3800 slits per cm produces a third-order fringe at a 22.0° angle. What wavelength of light is being used?
A grating has 7400 slits / cm. How many spectral orders can be seen (400 to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?
Red laser light from a He-Ne laser λ = 632.8 nm creates a second-order fringe at 53.2° after passing through the grating. What is the wavelength of light that creates a first-order fringe at 20.6°?
How many slits per centimeter does a grating have if the third order occurs at a 15.0° angle for 620-nm light?
A source produces first-order lines when incident normally on a 9800-slit/cm diffraction grating at angles 28.8°, 36.7°, 38.6°, and 41.2°. What are the wave lengths?
White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with 7800 slits / cm. How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 3.40 m away?
A diffraction grating has 6.5 x 105 slits / m. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength 7.0 x 10-7 and blue light of wavelength 4.5 x 10-7 m.
If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0.62 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?
Two first-order spectrum lines are measured by a 9650-slit/cm spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26o38', +41 o 03' and -26 o 18', -41 o 27'. Calculate the wavelengths based on these data.
What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with 6500 slits per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normal incidence.
The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffraction grating is observed at a 14.5° angle. How far apart are the slits? At what angle will the third order be observed?
If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally by white light? Assume that n = 1.32.
How far apart are the dark bands in Example 24-10 if the glass plates are each 21.5 cm long?
(a) What is the smallest thickness of a soap film n = 1.33 that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film.(b) What are two other possible thicknesses for the film to appear black?(c) If the thickness was much less than λ why would the
A thin film of oil no = 1.50 with varying thickness floats on water nw = 1.33. When it is illuminated from above by white light, the reflected colors are as shown in Fig. 24-60. In air, the wavelength of yellow light is 580 nm.(a) Why are there no reflected colors at point A?(b) What is the oil's
How many uncoated thin lenses in an optical instrument would reduce the amount of light passing through the instrument to 50% or less?
Water waves having parallel crests 4.5 cm apart pass through two openings 7.5 cm apart in a board. At a point 3.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the "straight-through" direction would there be little or no wave action?
A total of 35 bright and 35 dark Newton's rings (not counting the dark spot at the center) are observed when 560-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24-31). How much thicker is the lens at the center than the edges?
If the wedge between the glass plates of Example 24-10 is filled with some transparent substance other than air- say, water-the pattern shifts because the wavelength of the light changes. In a material where the index of refraction is n, the wavelength is λn = λ/n where is the wavelength in
A uniform thin film of alcohol (n = 1.36) lies on a flat glass plate n = 1.56. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for and a maximum for λ = 525 nm λ = 655nm. What is the minimum thickness of the film?
How far must the mirror M1 in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 680 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?
What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 362 bright fringes are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.125 mm?
A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to closing the empty micrometer, is 296. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm.
One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24-61) passes through a small evacuated glass container 1.155 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 158 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 632.8 nm. Calculate the
A red laser from the physics lab is marked as producing 632.8-nm light. When light from this laser falls on two closely spaced slits, an interference pattern formed on a wall several meters away has bright red fringes spaced 5.00mm apart near the center of the pattern. When the laser is replaced by
At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light to? (a) 1/3 (b) 1/10
Two polarizers are oriented at 42.0° to one another. Light polarized at a 21.0° angle to each polarizer passes through both. What is the transmitted intensity (%)?
Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an interference pattern in which the third-order bright red fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.8 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?
Unpolarized light of intensity Io passes through six successive Polaroid sheets each of whose axes makes a 35° angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?
Two polarizers are oriented at 48° to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 35% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?
Light of wavelength 5.0 x 10-7 m passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 5.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.(a) Find the distance between the slits.(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the
Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes can interfere with the direct signal from the station.(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 122 m
Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffraction grating with 3.60 x 105 slits / m. The wavelengths of the three lines are 6.56 x 10-7 m (hydrogen), 6.50 x 10-7 m (neon), and 6.97 x 10-7 m (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction line of each source.
What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimum thickness of 125 nm, when laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 675 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?
Light of wavelength 650 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.66 mm apart. The screen is 2.40 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.23 mm closer to the central maximum than the 650-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light?
Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of plastic film in air. The reflected light is a maximum only for λ = 491.4 nm and λ = 688.0 nm in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film n = 1.58?
Light of wavelength λ passes through a pair of slits separated by 0.17 mm, forming a double-slit interference pattern on a screen located a distance 37 cm away. Suppose that the image in Fig. 24-9a is an actual-size reproduction of this interference pattern. Use a ruler to measure a pertinent
Calculate the minimum thickness needed for an antireflective coating n = 1.38 applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate(a) Blue (450 nm), or(b) Red (720 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.
Stealth aircraft are designed to not reflect radar, whose wavelength is typically 2 cm, by using an anti-reflecting coating. Ignoring any change in wavelength in the coating, estimate its thickness.
A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 633 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moon due to diffraction.
When violet light of wavelength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 8.20 cm wide on a screen that is 3.15 m away. How wide is the slit?
A series of polarizers are each rotated 10° from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is 1/5 of its original intensity?
The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 480-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 56°. How far apart are the lines?
A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequency 950 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway. Assume 340 m/s for the speed of sound.
Light is incident on a diffraction grating with 7200 slits / cm and the pattern is viewed on a screen located 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelengths, λ1 = 4.4 x 10-7 m and λ2 = 6.8 x 10-7 m Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes
A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with a wavelength 633 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.068mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.3 m away?
When yellow sodium light, λ = 589 nm, falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 72.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is its wavelength? How many slits / cm are on the grating?
Two of the lines of the atomic hydrogen spectrum have wavelengths of 656 nm and 410 nm. If these fall at normal incidence on a grating with 7700 slits / cm, what will be the angular separation of the two wavelengths in the first-order spectrum?
A tungsten-halogen bulb emits a continuous spectrum of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light in the wavelength range 360 nm to 2000 nm. Assume that the light from a tungsten-halogen bulb is incident on a diffraction grating with slit spacing d and that the first-order brightness maximum for the
Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose axes are at right angles. (a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted? (b) What fraction is transmitted if a third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis makes a 56° angle with the axis of the first
Compare Figs. 24-5, 24-6, and 24-7, which are different representations of the double-slit experiment. For each figure state the direction the light is traveling. Where are the wave crests in terms of this direction? How are they represented in each figure? Give one advantage of each figure in
Discuss the similarities, and differences, of double-slit interference and single-slit diffraction.
When can we use geometric optics as in Chapter 23, and when do we need to use the more complicated wave model of light discussed in Chapter 24? In particular, what are the physical characteristics that matter in making this decision?

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