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physics
modern physics
Physics Principles with Applications 7th edition Douglas C. Giancoli - Solutions
Estimate the radiation pressure due to a bulb that emits 25 W of EM radiations at a distance of 9.5 cm from the center of the bulb. Estimate the force exerted on your fingertip if you place it at this point.
What size should the solar panel on a satellite orbiting Jupiter is if it is to collect the same amount of radiation from the Sun as a 1.0-m2 solar panel on a satellite orbiting Earth?
Suppose you have a car with a 100-hp engine. How large a solar panel would you need to replace the engine with solar power? Assume that the solar panels can utilize 20% of the maximum solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface (1000W m2).
What is the range of wavelengths for? (a) FM radio (88MHz to 108 MHz) (b) AM radio (535 kHz to 1700 kHz)
Compare 980 on the AM dial to 98.1 on FM. Which has the longer wavelength, and by what factor is it larger?
The variable capacitor in the tuner of an AM radio has a capacitance of 2500 pF when the radio is tuned to a station at 550 kHz. What must the capacitance be for a station near the other end of the dial, 1610 kHz?
A 1500-nF capacitor with circular parallel plates 2.0 cm in diameter is accumulating charge at the rate of 32.0 m C / s at some instant in time. What will be the induced magnetic field strength 10.0 cm radically outward from the center of the plates? What will be the value of the field strength
A certain FM radio tuning circuit has a fixed capacitor C = 810 pF. Tuning is done by a variable inductance. What range of values must the inductance have to tune stations from 88 MHz to 108 MHz?
An amateur radio operator wishes to build a receiver that can tune a range from 14.0 MHz to 15.0 MHz. A variable capacitor has a minimum capacitance of 86 pF. (a) What is the required value of the inductance? (b) What is the maximum capacitance used on the variable capacitor?
A satellite beams microwave radiation with a power of 13 kW toward the Earth's surface, 550 km away. When the beam strikes Earth, its circular diameter is about 1500 m. find the rms electric field strength of the beam.
A 1.60-m-long FM antenna is oriented parallel to the electric field of an EM wave. How large must the electric field be to produce a 1.00-mV (rms) voltage between the ends of the antenna? What is the rate of energy transport per m2?
Who will hear the voice of a singer first: a person in the balcony 50.0 m away from the stage (see Fig. 22-21), or a person 1200 km away at home whose ear is next to the radio listening to a live broadcast? Roughly how much sooner? Assume the microphone is a few centimeters from the singer and the
A global positioning system (GPS) functions by determining the travel times for EM waves from various satellites to a land-based GPS receiver. If the receiver is to detect a change in travel distance on the order of 3m, what is the associated change in travel time (in ns) that must be measured?
The voice from an astronaut on the Moon (Fig. 22-22) was beamed to a listening crowd on Earth. If you were standing 28 m from the loudspeaker on Earth, what was the total time lag between when you heard the sound and when the sound entered a microphone on the Moon? Explain whether the microphone
Radio-controlled clocks throughout the United States receive a radio signal from a transmitter in Fort Collins, Colorado, that accurately (within a microsecond) marks the beginning of each minute. A slight delay, however, is introduced because this signal must travel from the transmitter to the
If the electric field in an EM wave has a peak magnitude of 0.72 x 10-4 V / m. what is the peak magnitude of the magnetic field strength?
Cosmic microwave background radiation fills space with an average energy density of about 4 x 10-14 j / m3. (a) Find the rms value of the electric field associated with this radiation. (b) How far from a 7.5-kW radio transmitter emitting uniformly in all directions would you find a comparable value?
The average intensity of a particular TV station's signal is 1.0 x 10-13 W/m2 when it arrives at a 33-cm-diameter satellite TV antenna. (a) Calculate the total energy received by the antenna during 4.0 hours of viewing this station's programs. (b) Estimate the amplitudes of the E and B fields of
What length antenna would be appropriate for a portable device that could receive satellite TV?
The radiation pressure (Section 22-6) created by electromagnetic waves might someday be used to power spacecraft through the use of a "solar sail," Example 22-6. (a) Assuming total reflection, what would be the pressure on a solar sail located at the same distance from the Sun as the Earth (where
Suppose a 35-kW radio station emits EM waves uniformly in all directions. (a) How much energy per second crosses a 1.0-m2 area 1.0 km from the transmitting antenna? (b) What is the rms magnitude of the E̅ field at this point, assuming the station is operating at full power? What is the rms
What is the maximum power level of a radio station so as to avoid electrical breakdown of air at a distance of 0.65 m from the transmitting antenna? Assume the antenna is a point source. Air breaks down in an electric field of about 3 x 106 V/m.
12 km from a radio station's transmitting antenna, the amplitude of the electric field is 0.12 V/m. What is the average power output of the radio station?
In an EM wave traveling west, the B field oscillates up and down vertically and has a frequency of 90.0 kHz and rms strength of 7.75 x 10-9 T. Determine the frequency and rms strength of the electric field. What is the direction of its oscillations?
How long should it take the voices of astronauts on the Moon to reach the Earth? Explain in detail.
How practical is solar power for various devices? Assume that on a sunny day, sunlight has an intensity of at the surface of Earth and that a solar-cell panel can convert 20% of that sunlight into electric power. Calculate the area A of solar panel needed to power (a) A calculator that consumes
The Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico can detect a radio wave with an intensity as low as 1 x 10-23 W/m2. Consider a "best-case" scenario for communication with extraterrestrials: suppose an advanced civilization a distance x away from Earth is able to transform the entire power output of a
Laser light can be focused (at best) to a spot with a radius r equal to its wavelength λ, Suppose a 1.0-W beam of green laser light (λ = 5 x 10-7 m) forms such a spot and illuminates a cylindrical object of radius r and length r (Fig. 22-23). Estimate(a) The radiation
When a wide beam of parallel light enters water at an angle, the beam broadens. Explain.
You look into an aquarium and view a fish inside. One ray of light from the fish is shown emerging from the tank in Fig. 23-48. The apparent position of the fish is also shown (dashed ray). In the drawing, indicate the approximate position of the actual fish. Briefly justify your answer.
How can you "see" a round drop of water on a table even though the water is transparent and colorless?
Light rays from stars (including our Sun) always bend toward the vertical direction as they pass through the Earth's atmosphere. (a) Why does this make sense? (b) What can you conclude about the apparent positions of stars as viewed from Earth? Draw a circle for Earth, a dot for you, and 3 or 4
If a glass converging lens is placed in water, its focal length in water will be(a) Longer,(b) Shorter, or(c) The same as in air. Explain.
Compare the mirror equation with the thin lens equation. Discuss similarities and differences, especially the sign conventions for the quantities involved.
A lens is made of a material with an index of refraction n = 1.25. In air, it is a converging lens. Will it still be a converging lens if placed in water? Explain, using a ray diagram.
(a) Does the focal length of a lens depend on the fluid in which it is immersed? (b) What about the focal length of a spherical mirror? Explain.
An underwater lens consists of a carefully shaped thin walled plastic container filled with air. What shape should it have in order to be (a) Converging, (b) Diverging? Use ray diagrams to support your answer.
A non-symmetrical lens (say, planoconvex) forms an image of a nearby object. Use the lensmaker's equation to explain if the image point changes when the lens is turned around.
Example 23-16 shows how to use a converging lens to measure the focal length of a diverging lens. (a) Why can't you measure the focal length of a diverging lens directly? (b) It is said that for this to work, the converging lens must be stronger than the diverging lens. What is meant by
An object is placed along the principal axis of a spherical mirror. The magnification of the object is -2.0. Is the image real or virtual, inverted or upright? Is the mirror concave or convex? On which side of the mirror is the image located?
What is the angle of refraction when a light ray is incident perpendicular to the boundary between two transparent materials?
When you look down into a swimming pool or a lake, are you likely to overestimate or underestimate its depth? Explain. How does the apparent depth vary with the viewing angle?
1. Suppose you are standing about 3 m in front of a mirror. You can see yourself just from the top of your head to your waist, where the bottom of the mirror cuts off the rest of your image. If you walk one step closer to the mirror (a) You will not be able to see any more of your image. (b) You
1. You want to create a spotlight that will shine a bright beam of light with all of the light rays parallel to each other. You have a large concave spherical mirror and a small light bulb. Where should you place the light bulb? (a) At the focal point of the mirror. (b) At the radius of curvature
1. Parallel light rays cross interfaces from medium 1 into medium 2 and then into medium 3 as shown in Fig. 23-51. What can we say about the relative sizes of the indices of refraction of these media?(a) n1 > n2 > n3(b) n3 > n2 > n1(c) n2 > n3 > n1(d) n1 > n3 > n2(e) n2 >
1. When moonlight strikes the surface of a calm lake, what happens to this light? (a) All of it reflects from the water surface back to the air. (b) Some of it reflects back to the air; some enters the water. (c) All of it enters the water. (d) All of it disappears via absorption by water
1. A converging lens, such as a typical magnifying glass, (a) Always produces a magnified image (taller than object). (b) Always produces an image smaller than the object. (c) Always produces an upright image. (d) Always produces an inverted image (upside down). (e) None of these statements are
1. A lens can be characterized by its power, which (a) Is the same as the magnification? (b) Tells how much light the lens can focus. (c) Depends on where the object is located. (d) Is the reciprocal of the focal length. 2. You cover half of a lens that is forming an image on a screen. Compare what
1. Which of the following can form an image? (a) A plane mirror. (b) A curved mirror. (c) A lens curved on both sides. (d) A lens curved on only one side. (e) All of the above. 2. As an object moves from just outside the focal point of a converging lens to just inside it, the image goes from _____
A small candle is 38 cm from a concave mirror having a radius of curvature of 24 cm. (a) What is the focal length of the mirror? (b) Where will the image of the candle be located? (c) Will the image be upright or inverted?
An object 3.0 mm high is placed 16 cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature 16 cm. (a) Show by ray tracing that the image is virtual, and estimate the image distance. (b) Show that the (negative) image distance can be computed from Eq. 23-2 using a focal length of -8.0 cm. (c) Compute the
You are standing 3.4 m from a convex security mirror in a store. You estimate the height of your image to be half of your actual height. Estimate the radius of curvature of the mirror.
The image of a distant tree is virtual and very small when viewed in a curved mirror. The image appears to be 19.0 cm behind the mirror. What kind of mirror is it, and what is its radius of curvature?
A mirror at an amusement park shows an upright image of any person who stands 1.9 m in front of it. If the image is three times the person's height, what is the radius of curvature of the mirror? (See Fig. 23-50.)
Some rearview mirrors produce images of cars to your rear that are smaller than they would be if the mirror were flat. Are the mirrors concave or convex? What is a mirror's radius of curvature if cars 16.0 m away appear 0.33 their normal size?
Suppose that you want to take a photograph of yourself as you look at your image in a mirror 3.1 m away. For what distance should the camera lens be focused?
An object is placed a distance r in front of a wall, where r exactly equals the radius of curvature of a certain concave mirror. At what distance from the wall should this mirror be placed so that a real image of the object is formed on the wall? What is the magnification of the image?
The speed of light in a certain substance is 82% of its value in water. What is the index of refraction of that substance?
A flashlight beam strikes the surface of a pane of glass (n = 1.56) at a 67° angle to the normal. What is the angle of refraction?
A diver shines a flashlight upward from beneath the water at a 35.2° angle to the vertical. At what angle does the light leave the water?
Two plane mirrors meet at a 135° angle, Fig. 23-52. If light rays strike one mirror at 34° as shown, at what angle do ɸ they leave the second mirror?
A light beam coming from an underwater spotlight exits the water at an angle of 56.0°. At what angle of incidence did it hit the air-water interface from below the surface?
Rays of the Sun are seen to make a 36.0° angle to the vertical beneath the water. At what angle above the horizon is the Sun?
An aquarium filled with water has flat glass sides whose index of refraction is 1.54. A beam of light from outside the aquarium strikes the glass at a 43.5° angle to the perpendicular (Fig. 23-56). What is the angle of this light ray when it enters?(a) The glass, and then(b) The water?(c) What
In searching the bottom of a pool at night, a watchman shines a narrow beam of light from his flashlight, 1.3 m above the water level, onto the surface of the water at a point 2.5 m from his foot at the edge of the pool (Fig. 23-57). Where does the spot of light hit the bottom of the 2.1-m-deep
What is the critical angle for the interface between water and crown glass? To be internally reflected, the light must start in which material?
The critical angle for a certain liquid-air surface is 47.2°. What is the index of refraction of the liquid?
A beam of light is emitted 8.0 cm beneath the surface of a liquid and strikes the air surface 7.6 cm from the point directly above the source. If total internal reflection occurs, what can you say about the index of refraction of the liquid?
(a) What is the minimum index of refraction for a glass or plastic prism to be used in binoculars (Fig. 23-28) so that total internal reflection occurs at 45°?(b) Will binoculars work if their prisms (assume n = 1.58) are immersed in water?(c) What minimum n is needed if the prisms are immersed
A person whose eyes are 1.72 m above the floor stands 2.20 m in front of a vertical plane mirror whose bottom edge is 38 cm above the floor, Fig. 23-53. What is the horizontal distance x to the base of the wall supporting the mirror of the nearest point on the floor that can be seen reflected in
A sharp image is located 391 mm behind a 215-mmfocal- length converging lens. Find the object distance (a) Using a ray diagram, (b) By calculation.
Sunlight is observed to focus at a point 16.5 cm behind a lens. (a) What kind of lens is it? (b) What is its power in diopters?
(a) What is the power of a 32.5-cm-focal-length lens? (b) What is the focal length of a -6.75-D lens? Are these lenses converging or diverging?
A certain lens focuses light from an object 1.55 m away as an image 48.3 cm on the other side of the lens. What type of lens is it and what is its focal length? Is the image real or virtual?
A 105-mm-focal-length lens is used to focus an image on the sensor of a camera. The maximum distance allowed between the lens and the sensor plane is 132 mm. (a) How far in front of the sensor should the lens (assumed thin) be positioned if the object to be photographed is 10.0m away? (b) 3.0 m
A stamp collector uses a converging lens with focal length 28 cm to view a stamp 16 cm in front of the lens. (a) Where is the image located? (b) What is the magnification?
An object is located 1.50 m from a 6.5-D lens. By how much does the image move if the object is moved?(a) 0.90 m closer to the lens, and(b) 0.90 m farther from the lens
(a) How far from a 50.0-mm-focal-length lens must an object be placed if its image is to be magnified 2.50 x and be real?(b) What if the image is to be virtual and magnified 2.50 x?
(a) A 2.40-cm-high insect is 1.30 m from a 135-mmfocal-length lens. Where the image, how high is it, and what type are is it? (b) What if f = -135mm?
A bright object and a viewing screen are separated by a distance of 86.0 cm. At what location(s) between the object and the screen should a lens of focal length 16.0 cm be placed in order to produce a sharp image on the screen?
How far apart an object and an image are formed by an 85-cm-focal-length converging lens if the image is 3.25 x larger than the object and is real?
In a film projector, the film acts as the object whose image is projected on a screen (Fig. 23-59). If a 105-mmfocal- length lens is to project an image on a screen 25.5 m away, how far from the lens should the film be? If the film is 24 mm wide, how wide will the picture be on the screen?
A diverging lens with f = -36.5cm is placed 14.0 cm behind a converging lens with f = 20.0cm. Where will an object at infinity are focused?
Two 25.0-cm-focal-length converging lenses are placed 16.5 cm apart. An object is placed 35.0 cm in front of one lens. Where will the final image formed by the second lens be located? What is the total magnification?
Two plane mirrors, nearly parallel, are facing each other 2.3 m apart as in Fig. 23-55.You stand 1.6 m away from one of these mirrors and look into it. You will see multiple images of yourself.(a) How far away from you are the first three images of yourself in the mirror in front of you?(b) Are
A 38.0-cm-focal-length converging lens is 28.0 cm behind a diverging lens. Parallel light strikes the diverging lens. After passing through the converging lens, the light is again parallel. What is the focal length of the diverging lens?
A lighted candle is placed 36 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length f1 = 13cm, which in turn is 56 cm in front of another converging lens of focal length f2 = 16 cm (see Fig. 23-60).(a) Draw a ray diagram and estimate the location and the relative size of the final image.(b) Calculate
A double concave lens has surface radii of 33.4 cm and 28.8 cm. What is the focal length if n = 1.52?
Both surfaces of a double convex lens have radii of 34.1 cm. If the focal length is 28.9 cm, what is the index of refraction of the lens material?
A planoconvex lens (Fig. 23-31a) with n = 1.55 is to have a focal length of 16.3 cm. What is the radius of curvature of the convex surface?
An object is placed 96.5 cm from a glass lens n = 1.52 with one concave surface of radius 22.0 cm and one convex surface of radius 18.5 cm. Where is the final image? What is the magnification?
Sunlight is reflected off the Moon. How long does it take that light to reach us from the Moon?
You hold a small flat mirror 0.50 m in front of you and can see your reflection twice in that mirror because there is a full-length mirror 1.0 m behind you (Fig. 23-61). Determine the distance of each image from you.
We wish to determine the depth of a swimming pool filled with water by measuring the width x = 6.50m and then noting that the far bottom edge of the pool is just visible at an angle of 13.0° above the horizontal as shown in Fig. 23-62. Calculate the depth of the pool.
The critical angle of a certain piece of plastic in air is θC = 37.8o. What is the critical angle of the same plastic if it is immersed in water?
A pulse of light takes 2.63 ns (see Table 1-4) to travel 0.500 m in a certain material. Determine the material's index of refraction, and identify this material.
A 4.5-cm-tall object is placed 32 cm in front of a spherical mirror. It is desired to produce a virtual image that is upright and 3.5 cm tall. (a) What type of mirror should be used? (b) Where is the image located? (c) What is the focal length of the mirror? (d) What is the radius of curvature of
If the apex angle of a prism is Ï• (see Fig. 23-63), what is the minimum incident angle for a ray if it is to emerge from the opposite side (i.e., not be totally internally reflected), given n = 1.58?
An object is placed 18 cm from a certain mirror. The image is half the height of the object, inverted, and real. How far the image from the mirror and what is is the radius of curvature of the mirror?
A solar cooker, really a concave mirror pointed at the Sun, focuses the Sun's rays 18.8 cm in front of the mirror. What is the radius of the spherical surface from which the mirror was made?
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