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physics
modern physics
Physics Principles with Applications 7th edition Douglas C. Giancoli - Solutions
Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a thin coating layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24-30 or 24-36, and describe the conditions required for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative intensity of the
What percent of visible light is reflected from plain glass? Assume your answer refers to transmission through each surface, front and back. How does the presence of multiple lenses in a good camera degrade the image? What is suggested in Section 24-8 to reduce this reflection? Explain in words,
Nearsighted people often look over (or under) their glasses when they want to see something small up close, like a cell phone screen. Why?
The 300-meter radiotelescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico (Fig. 25-33), is the world's largest radiotelescope, but many other radiotelescopes are also very large. Why are radiotelescopes so big? Why not make optical telescopes that are equally large? (The largest optical telescopes have diameters of
1. The image of a nearby object formed by a camera lens is (a) At the lens' focal point. (b) Always blurred. (c) At the same location as the image of an object at infinity. (d) farther from the lens than the lens' focal point. 2. What is a megapixel in a digital camera? (a) A large spot on the
Which of the following statements is true? (a) A larger-diameter lens can better resolve two distant points. (b) Red light can better resolve two distant points than blue light can. (c) It is easier to resolve distant objects than nearer objects. (d) Objects that are closer together are easier to
1. While you are photographing a dog, it begins to move away. What must you do to keep it in focus? (a) Increase the f-stop value. (b) Decrease the f-stop value. (c) Move the lens away from the sensor or film. (d) Move the lens closer to the sensor or film. (e) None of the above. 2. A converging
1. How do eyeglasses help a nearsighted person see more clearly? (a) Diverging lenses bend light entering the eye, so the image focuses farther from the front of the eye. (b) Diverging lenses bend light entering the eye, so the image focuses closer to the front of the eye. (c) Converging lenses
1. It would be impossible to build a microscope that could use visible light to see the molecular structure of a crystal because. (a) Lenses with enough magnification cannot be made. (b) Lenses cannot be ground with fine enough precision. (c) Lenses cannot be placed in the correct place with enough
A properly exposed photograph is taken at f / 16 and 1/100 s. What lens opening is required if the shutter speed is 1/400 s?
Show that for objects very far away (assume infinity), the magnification of any camera lens is proportional to its focal length.
A human eyeball is about 2.0 cm long and the pupil has a maximum diameter of about 8.0 mm. What is the "speed" of this lens?
A person struggles to read by holding a book at arm's length, a distance of 52 cm away. What power of reading glasses should be prescribed for her, assuming they will be placed 2.0 cm from the eye and she wants to read at the "normal" near point of 25 cm?
Reading glasses of what power are needed for a person whose near point is 125 cm, so that he can read a computer screen at 55 cm? Assume a lens-eye distance of 1.8 cm.
An eye is corrected by a - 5.50-D lens, 2.0 cm from the eye. (a) Is this eye near-or farsighted? (b) What is this eye's far point without glasses?
A person's right eye can see objects clearly only if they are between 25 cm and 85 cm away. (a) What power of contact lens is required so that objects far away are sharp? (b) What will be the near point with the lens in place?
About how much longer is the nearsighted eye in Example 25-6 than the 2.0 cm of a normal eye?
One lens of a nearsighted person's eyeglasses has a focal length of - 26.0 cm and the lens is 1.8 cm from the eye. If the person switches to contact lenses placed directly on the eye, what should be the focal length of the corresponding contact lens?
What is the focal length of the eye-lens system when viewing an object? (a) At infinity, (b) 34 cm from the eye? Assume that the lens-retina distance is 2.0 cm.
The closely packed cones in the fovea of the eye have a diameter of about 2 μm. For the eye to discern two images on the fovea as distinct, assume that the images must be separated by at least one cone that is not excited. If these images are of two point-like objects at the eye's 25-cm near
A nearsighted person has near and far points of 10.6 and 20.0 cm, respectively. If she puts on contact lenses with power P = - 4.00 D, what are her new near and far points?
What is the focal length of a magnifying glass of 3.2 × magnification for a relaxed normal eye?
What is the magnification of a lens used with a relaxed eye if its focal length is 16 cm?
A magnifier is rated at 3.5 × for a normal eye focusing on an image at the near point. (a) What is its focal length? (b) What is its focal length if the 3.5 × refers to a relaxed eye?
Sherlock Holmes is using an 8.20-cm-focal-length lens as his magnifying glass. To obtain maximum magnification, where must the object be placed (assume a normal eye), and what will be the magnification?
A small insect is placed 4.85 cm from a +5.00-cm focal-length lens. Calculate (a) The position of the image, and (b) The angular magnification.
A 3.80-mm-wide bolt is viewed with a 9.60-cm-focallength lens. A normal eye views the image at its near point.Calculate(a) The angular magnification,(b) The width of the image,(c) The object distance from the lens.
A magnifying glass with a focal length of 9.2 cm is used to read print placed at a distance of 8.0 cm. Calculate (a) The position of the image; (b) The angular magnification.
A writer uses a converging lens of focal length f = 12 cm as a magnifying glass to read fine print on his book contract. Initially, the writer holds the lens above the fine print so that its image is at infinity. To get a better look, he then moves the lens so that the image is at his 25-cm near
A 65-mm-focal-length lens has f-stops ranging from f / 1.4 to f / 22. What is the corresponding range of lens diaphragm diameters?
A magnifying glass is rated at 3.0 × for a normal eye that is relaxed. What would be the magnification for a relaxed eye whose near point is (a) 75 cm, (b) 15 cm? Explain the differences.
What is the magnification of an astronomical telescope whose objective lens has a focal length of 82 cm, and whose eyepiece has a focal length of 2.8 cm? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for a relaxed eye?
The overall magnification of an astronomical telescope is desired to be 25 ×. If an objective of 88-cm focal length is used, what must be the focal length of the eyepiece? What is the overall length of the telescope when adjusted for use by the relaxed eye?
A 7.0 × binocular has 3.5-cm-focal-length eyepieces. What is the focal length of the objective lenses?
An astronomical telescope has an objective with focal length 75 cm and a +25-D eyepiece. What is the total magnification?
An astronomical telescope has its two lenses spaced 82.0 cm apart. If the objective lens has a focal length of 78.5 cm, what is the magnification of this telescope? Assume a relaxed eye.
A Galilean telescope adjusted for a relaxed eye is 36.8 cm long. If the objective lens has a focal length of 39.0 cm, what is the magnification?
What is the magnifying power of an astronomical telescope using a reflecting mirror whose radius of curvature is 6.1 m and an eyepiece whose focal length is 2.8 cm?
The Moon's image appears to be magnified 150 × by a reflecting astronomical telescope with an eyepiece having a focal length of 3.1 cm. What are the focal length and radius of curvature of the main (objective) mirror?
A 120 × astronomical telescope is adjusted for a relaxed eye when the two lenses are 1.10 m apart. What is the focal length of each lens?
A light meter reports that a camera setting of 1/500 s at f / 5.6 will give a correct exposure. But the photographer wishes to use f / 11 to increase the depth of field. What should the shutter speed be?
An astronomical telescope longer than about 50 cm is not easy to hold by hand. Estimate the maximum angular magnification achievable for a telescope designed to be handheld. Assume its eyepiece lens, if used as a magnifying glass, provides a magnification of 5 × for a relaxed eye with near point N
A 6.5 × pair of binoculars has an objective focal length of 26 cm. If the binoculars are focused on an object 4.0 m away (from the objective), what is the magnification? (The 6.5 × refers to objects at infinity; Eq. 25-3 holds only for objects at infinity and not for nearby ones.
A microscope uses an eyepiece with a focal length of 1.70 cm. Using a normal eye with a final image at infinity, the barrel length is 17.5 cm and the focal length of the objective lens is 0.65 cm. What is the magnification of the microscope?
A 720 × microscope uses a 0.40-cm-focal-length objective lens. If the barrel length is 17.5 cm, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? Assume a normal eye and that the final image is at infinity.
A 17-cm-long microscope has an eyepiece with a focal length of 2.5 cm and an objective with a focal length of 0.33 cm. What is the approximate magnification?
A microscope has a 14.0 × eyepiece and a 60.0 × objective lens 20.0 cm apart. Calculate (a) The total magnification, (b) The focal length of each lens, (c) Where the object must be for a normal relaxed eye to see it in focus.
Repeat Problem 46 assuming that the final image is located 25 cm from the eyepiece (near point of a normal eye). In problem 46 A microscope has a 14.0 × eyepiece and a 60.0 × objective lens 20.0 cm apart. Calculate (a) The total magnification, (b) The focal length of each lens, (c) Where the
A microscope has a 1.8-cm-focal-length eyepiece and a 0.80-cm objective. Assuming a relaxed normal eye, calculate (a) The position of the object if the distance between the lenses is 14.8 cm, (b) The total magnification.
For a camera equipped with a 55-mm-focal-length lens, what is the object distance if the image height equals the object height? How far is the object from the image on the film?
An inexpensive instructional lab microscope allows the user to select its objective lens to have a focal length of 32 mm, 15 mm, or 3.9 mm. It also has two possible eyepieces with magnifications 5 × and 15 ×. Each objective forms a real image 160 mm beyond its focal point. What are the largest
An achromatic lens is made of two very thin lenses, placed in contact, that have focal lengths f1 = -27.8 cm and f2 = 25.3 cm.(a) Is the combination converging or diverging?(b) What is the net focal length?
A planoconvex lens (Fig. 23-31a) has one flat surface and the other has R = 14.5 cm. This lens is used to view a red and yellow object which is 66.0 cm away from the lens. The index of refraction of the glass is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and
What is the angular resolution limit (degrees) set by diffraction for the 100-inch (254-cm mirror diameter) Mt. Wilson telescope (λ = 560 nm?)
What is the resolving power of a microscope (λ = 550 nm) with a 5-mm-diameter objective which has f = 9 mm?
Two stars 18 light-years away are barely resolved by a 66-cm (mirror diameter) telescope. How far apart are the stars? Assume λ = 550 nm and that the resolution is limited by diffraction.
The nearest neighboring star to the Sun is about 4 light-years away. If a planet happened to be orbiting this star at an orbital radius equal to that of the Earth-Sun distance, what minimum diameter would an Earth-based telescope's aperture have to be in order to obtain an image that resolved this
If you could shine a very powerful flashlight beam toward the Moon, estimate the diameter of the beam when it reaches the Moon. Assume that the beam leaves the flashlight through a 5.0-cm aperture, that its white light has an average wavelength of 550 nm, and that the beam spreads due to
The normal lens on a 35-mm camera has a focal length of 50.0 mm. Its aperture diameter varies from a maximum of 25 mm (f / 2) to a minimum of 3.0 mm (f / 16). Determine the resolution limit set by diffraction for (f / 2) and (f / 16). Specify as the number of lines per millimeter resolved on the
Suppose that you wish to construct a telescope that can resolve features 6.5 km across on the Moon, 384,000 km away. You have a 2.0-m-focal-length objective lens whose diameter is 11.0 cm. What focal-length eyepiece is needed if your eye can resolve objects 0.10 mm apart at a distance of 25 cm?
A nature photographer wishes to shoot a 34-m-tall tree from a distance of 65 m. What focal-length lens should be used if the image is to fill the 24-mm height of the sensor?
X-rays of wavelength 0.138 nm fall on a crystal whose atoms, lying in planes, are spaced 0.285 nm apart. At what angle (relative to the surface, Fig. 25-38) must the X-rays be directed if the first diffraction maximum is to be observed?
First-order Bragg diffraction is observed at 23.8° relative to the crystal surface, with spacing between atoms of 0.24 nm. (a) At what angle will second order be observed? (b) What is the wavelength of the X-rays?
If X-ray diffraction peaks corresponding to the first three orders (m = 1, 2, and 3) are measured, can both the X-ray wavelength λ and lattice spacing d be determined?
(a) Suppose for a conventional X-ray image that the X-ray beam consists of parallel rays. What would be the magnification of the image? (b) Suppose, instead, that the X-rays come from a point source (as in Fig. 25-41) that is 15 cm in front of a human body which is 25 cm thick, and the film is
A pinhole camera uses a tiny pinhole instead of a lens. Show, using ray diagrams, how reasonably sharp images can be formed using such a pinhole camera. In particular, consider two point objects 2.0 cm apart that are 1.0 m from a 1.0-mm-diameter pinhole. Show that on a piece of film 7.0 cm behind
An astronomical telescope has a magnification of 7.5 ×. If the two lenses are 28 cm apart, determine the focal length of each lens.
(a) How far away can a human eye distinguish two car headlights 2.0 m apart? Consider only diffraction effects and assume an eye pupil diameter of 6.0 mm and a wavelength of 560 nm. (b) What is the minimum angular separation an eye could resolve when viewing two stars, considering only diffraction
Figure 25-48 was taken from the NIST Laboratory (National Institute of Standards and Technology) in Boulder, CO, 2.0 km from the hiker in the photo. The Sun's image was 15 mm across on the film. Estimate the focal length of the camera lens (actually a telescope). The Sun has diameter 1.4
A 1.0-cm-diameter lens with a focal length of 35 cm uses blue light to image two objects 15 m away that are very close together. What is the closest those objects can be to each other and still be imaged as separate objects?
A 200-mm-focal-length lens can be adjusted so that it is 200.0 mm to 208.2 mm from the film. For what range of object distances can it be adjusted?
A movie star catches a reporter shooting pictures of her at home. She claims the reporter was trespassing. To prove her point, she gives as evidence the film she seized. Her 1.65-m height is 8.25 mm high on the film, and the focal length of the camera lens was 220 mm. How far away from the subject
A child has a near point of 15 cm. What is the maximum magnification the child can obtain using a 9.5-cm-focallength magnifier? What magnification can a normal eye obtain with the same lens? Which person sees more detail?
A woman can see clearly with her right eye only when objects are between 45 cm and 135 cm away. Prescription bifocals should have what powers so that she can see distant objects clearly (upper part) and be able to read a book 25 cm away (lower part) with her right eye? Assume that the glasses will
A physicist lost in the mountains tries to make a telescope using the lenses from his reading glasses. They have powers of + 2.0 D and + 5.5 D. respectively. (a) What maximum magnification telescope is possible? (b) Which lens should be used as the eyepiece?
A 50-year-old man uses + 2.5-D lenses to read a newspaper 25 cm away. Ten years later, he must hold the paper 38 cm away to see clearly with the same lenses. What power lenses does he need now in order to hold the paper 25 cm away? (Distances are measured from the lens.)
Two converging lenses, one with f = 4.0 cm and the other with f = 48 cm, are made into a telescope. (a) What are the length and magnification? Which lens should be the eyepiece? (b) Assume these lenses are now combined to make a microscope; if the magnification needs to be 25 ×, how long would
An X-ray tube operates at 95 kV with a current of 25 mA and nearly all the electron energy goes into heat. If the specific heat of the 0.065-kg anode plate is 0.11 kcal/ kg ∙ C◦, what will be the temperature rise per minute if no cooling water is used?
How large is the image of the Sun on film used in a camera with(a) A 28-mm-focal-length lens,(b) A 50-mmfocal-length lens,(c) A 135-mm-focal-length lens?(d) If the 50-mm lens is considered normal for this camera, what relative magnification does each of the other two lenses provide? The Sun has
Human vision normally covers an angle of roughly 40° horizontally. A "normal" camera lens then is defined as follows: When focused on a distant horizontal object which subtends an angle of 40°, the lens produces an image that extends across the full horizontal extent of the camera's
The objective lens and the eyepiece of a telescope are spaced 85 cm apart. If the eyepiece is what is + 19 D, the total magnification of the telescope?
Spy planes fly at extremely high altitudes (25 km) to avoid interception. If their cameras are to discern features as small as 5 cm, what is the minimum aperture of the camera lens to afford this resolution? (Use λ = 580 nm.)
X-rays of wavelength 0.0973 nm are directed at an unknown crystal. The second diffraction maximum is recorded when the X-rays are directed at an angle of 21.2° relative to the crystal surface. What is the spacing between crystal planes?
Given two 12-cm-focal-length lenses, you attempt to make a crude microscope using them. While holding these lenses a distance 55 cm apart, you position your microscope so that its objective lens is distance do from a small object. Assume your eye's near point N = 25 cm. (a) For your microscope to
The power of one lens in a pair of eyeglasses is - 3.5 D. The radius of curvature of the outside surface is 16.0 cm. What is the radius of curvature of the inside surface? The lens is made of plastic with n = 1.62.
If a 135-mm telephoto lens is designed to cover object distances from 1.30 m to ∞, over what distance must the lens move relative to the plane of the sensor or film?
Digital cameras may offer an optical zoom or a digital zoom. An optical zoom uses a variable focal-length lens, so only the central part of the field of view fills the entire sensor; a digital zoom electronically includes only the central pixels of the sensor, so objects are larger in the final
Redo Examples 25-3 and 25-4 assuming the sensor has only 6MP. Explain the different results and their impact on finished photographs.
An astronomical telescope, Fig. 25-20, produces an inverted image. One way to make a telescope that produces an upright image is to insert a third lens between the objective and the eyepiece, Fig. 25-23b. To have the same magnification, the non-inverting telescope will be longer. Suppose lenses of
If you were traveling away from Earth at speed 0.6c, would you notice a change in your heartbeat? Would your mass, height, or waistline change? What would observers on Earth using telescopes say about you?
1. The fictional rocket ship Adventure is measured to be 50 m long by the ship's captain inside the rocket. When the rocket moves past a space dock at 0.5c, space-dock personnel measure the rocket ship to be 43.3 m long. What is its proper length? (a) 50m. (b) 43.3 m. (c) 93.3 m. (d) 13.3 m. 2.
1. You are in a rocket ship going faster and faster. As your speed increases and your velocity gets closer to the speed of light, which of the following do you observe in your frame of reference? (a) Your mass increases. (b) Your length shortens in the direction of motion. (c) Your wristwatch slows
1. The period of a pendulum attached in a spaceship is 2 s while the spaceship is parked on Earth. What is the period to an observer on Earth when the spaceship moves at 0.6c with respect to the Earth? (a) Less than 2 s. (b) More than 2 s. (c) 2 s. 2. Two spaceships, each moving at a speed 0.75c
1. The rocket ship of MisConceptual Question 1 travels to a star many light-years away, then turns around and returns at the same speed. When it returns to the space dock, who would have aged less: the space-dock personnel or ship's captain? (a) The space-dock personnel. (b) The ship's captain. (c)
1. Spaceships A and B are traveling directly toward each other at a speed 0.5c relative to the Earth, and each has a headlight aimed toward the other ship. What value do technicians on ship B get by measuring the speed of the light emitted by ship A's headlight? (a) 0.5c. (b) 0.75c. (c) 1.0c. (d)
1. Which of the following will two observers in inertial reference frames always agree on? (Choose all that apply.) (a) The time an event occurred. (b) The distance between two events. (c) The time interval between the occurrence of two events. (d) The speed of light. (e) The validity of the laws
A spaceship passes you at a speed of 0.850c. You measure its length to be 44.2 m. How long would it be when at rest?
A star is 21.6 light-years from Earth. How long would it take a spacecraft traveling 0.950c to reach that star as measured by observers? (a) On Earth, (b) On the spacecraft? (c) What is the distance traveled according to observers on the spacecraft? (d) What will the spacecraft occupants compute
A fictional news report stated that starship Enterprise had just returned from a 5-year voyage while traveling at 0.70c. (a) If the report meant 5.0 years of Earth time, how much time elapsed on the ship? (b) If the report meant 5.0 years of ship time, how much time passed on Earth?
A box at rest has the shape of a cube 2.6 m on a side. This box is loaded onto the flat floor of a spaceship and the spaceship then flies past us with a horizontal speed of 0.80c. What is the volume of the box as we observe it?
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