Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction 9th edition William D. Callister Jr., David G. Rethwisch - Solutions

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Fill in the missing particles or nuclei:(a)(b)(c)(d)where d stands for deuterium.
In a nuclear reaction, which of the following is not conserved? (a) Energy. (b) Momentum. (c) Electric charge. (d) Nucleon number. (e) None of the above.
1. The fuel necessary for fusion-produced energy could be derived from (a) Water. (b) Superconductors. (c) Uranium. (d) Helium. (e) Sunlight. 2. Which of the following is true? (a) Any amount of radiation is harmful to living tissue. (b) Radiation is a natural part of the environment. (c) All forms
Which of the following would reduce the cell damage due to radiation for a lab technician who works with radioactive isotopes in a hospital or lab? (a) Increase the worker's distance from the radiation source. (b) Decrease the time the worker is exposed to the radiation. (c) Use shielding to reduce
1. If the same dose of each type of radiation was provided over the same amount of time, which type would be most harmful? (a) X-rays. (b) γ rays. (c) β rays. (d) α particles. 2. 23592U releases an average of 2.5 neutrons per fission compared to 2.9 for 23994PU. Which has the smaller critical
1. Fission fragments are typically (a) B+ emitters. (b) B- emitters. (c) Both. (d) Neither. 2. Which of the following properties would decrease the critical mass needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction? (a) Low boiling point. (b) High melting point. (c) More neutrons released per fission. (d)
Rather than having a maximum at about A ≈ 60, as shown in Fig. 31-12, suppose the average binding energy per nucleon continually increased with increasing mass number. Then, (a) Fission would still be possible, but not fusion. (b) Fusion would still be possible, but not fission. (c) Both fission
1. Why is a moderator needed in a normal uranium fission reactor? (a) To increase the rate of neutron capture by uranium-235. (b) To increase the rate of neutron capture by uranium-238. (c) To increase the rate of production of plutonium-239. (d) To increase the critical mass of the fission
1. A primary difficulty in energy production by fusion is (a) The scarcity of necessary fuel. (b) The disposal of radioactive by-products produced. (c) The high temperatures necessary to overcome the electrical repulsion of protons. (d) The fact that it is possible in volcanic regions only. 2. If
1. Which radiation induces the most biological damage for a given amount of energy deposited in tissue? (a) Alpha particles. (b) Gamma radiation. (c) Beta radiation. (d) All do the same damage for the same deposited energy. 2. Which would produce the most energy in a single reaction? (a) The
Calculate the total kinetic energy of the products of the reaction if d + 136C → 147N + n the incoming deuteron has kinetic energy KE = 41.4 MeV.
What is the energy released in the fission reaction of Eq. 31-4? (The masses of 14156Ba and 9236Kr are 140.914411 u and 91.926156 u, respectively.)
How many fissions take place per second in a 240-MW reactor? Assume 200 MeV is released per fission.
How much mass of 23592U is required to produce the same amount of energy as burning 1.0 kg of coal (about 3 × 107 J)?
What initial mass of 23592U is required to operate a 950-MW reactor for 1 yr? Assume 34% efficiency.
If a 1.0-MeV neutron emitted in a fission reaction loses one-half of its kinetic energy in each collision with moderator nuclei, how many collisions must it make to reach thermal energy (3/2 kT = 0.040 eV)?
Suppose that the neutron multiplication factor is 1.0004. If the average time between successive fissions in a chain of reactions is 1.0 ms, by what factor will the reaction rate increase in 1.0 s?
What is the average kinetic energy of protons at the center of a star where the temperature is 2 × 107 K?
(a) Calculate the energy release per gram of fuel for the reactions of Eqs. 31-8a, b, and c. (b) Calculate the energy release per gram of uranium 23592U in fission, and give its ratio to each reaction in (a).
How much energy is released when 23892U absorbs a slow neutron (kinetic energy ≈ 0) and becomes 23992U?
If a typical house requires 960 W of electric power on average, what minimum amount of deuterium fuel would have to be used in a year to supply these electrical needs? Assume the reaction of Eq. 31-8b.
Suppose a fusion reactor ran on "d-d" reactions, Eqs. 31-8a and b in equal amounts. Estimate how much natural water, for fuel, would be needed per hour to run a 1150-MW reactor, assuming 33% efficiency.
350 rads of α-particle radiation is equivalent to how many rads of X-rays in terms of biological damage?
How many rads of slow neutrons will do as much biological damage as 72 rads of fast neutrons?
A cancer patient is undergoing radiation therapy in which protons with an energy of 1.2 MeV are incident on a 0.20-kg tumor. (a) If the patient receives an effective dose of 1.0 rem, what is the absorbed dose? (b) How many protons are absorbed by the tumor? Assume RBE ≈ 1.
A 0.035-μCi sample of 3215P is injected into an animal for tracer studies. If a Geiger counter intercepts 35% of the emitted β particles, what will be the counting rate, assumed 85% efficient?
A 1.6-mCi source of 3215P (in NaHPO4), a β emitter, is implanted in a tumor where it is to administer 32 Gy. The half-life of 3215P is 14.3 days, and 1.0 mCi delivers about 10 mGy/min. Approximately how long should the source remain implanted?
What is the mass of a 2.50-μCi 146C source?
Ionizing radiation can be used on meat products to reduce the levels of microbial pathogens. Refrigerated meat is limited to 4.5 kGy. If 1.6-MeV electrons irradiate 5 kg of beef, how many electrons would it take to reach the allowable limit?
The reaction p + 188O → 189F + n requires an input of energy equal to 2.438 MeV. What is the mass of 189F?
Huge amounts of radioactive 13153I were released in the accident at Chernobyl in 1986. Chemically, iodine goes to the human thyroid. (It can be used for diagnosis and treatment of thyroid problems.) In a normal thyroid, 13153I absorption can cause damage to the thyroid.(a) Write down the reaction
Assume a liter of milk typically has an activity of 2000 pCi due to 4019K.If a person drinks two glasses (0.5 L) per day, estimate the total effective dose (in Sv and in rem) received in a year. As a crude model, assume the milk stays in the stomach 12 hr and is then released. Assume also that
Radon gas, 22286Rn, is considered a serious health hazard. It decays by -emission.(a) What is the daughter nucleus?(b) Is the daughter nucleus stable or radioactive? If the latter, how does it decay, and what is its half-life? See Figure below(c) Is the daughter nucleus also a noble gas, or is it
Consider a system of nuclear power plants that produce 2100MW. (a) What total mass of 23592U fuel would be required to operate these plants for 1 yr, assuming that 200 MeV is released per fission? (b) Typically 6% of the 9038Sr nuclei that fission produce strontium-90, 9038Sr, a β- emitter with a
The average yearly background radiation in a certain town consists of 32 mrad of X-rays and γ rays plus 3.4 mrad of particles having a RBE of 10. How many rem will a person receive per year on average?
(a) Can the reaction n + 2412Mg →2311Na + d occur if the bombarding particles have 18.00 MeV of kinetic energy? (d stands for deuterium, 21H.) (b) If so, how much energy is released? If not, what kinetic energy is needed?
A shielded -ray source yields a dose rate of 0.048 rad/h at a distance of 1.0 m for an average-sized person. If workers are allowed a maximum dose of 5.0 rem in 1 year, how close to the source may they operate, assuming a 35-h work week? Assume that the intensity of radiation falls off as the
Energy reaches Earth from the Sun at a rate of about 1300 W/m2. Calculate (a) The total power output of the Sun, (b) The number of protons consumed per second in the reaction of Eq. 31-7, assuming that this is the source of all the Sun's energy. (c) Assuming that the Sun's mass of 2.0 × 1030 kg
Estimate how many solar neutrinos pass through a 180-m2 ceiling of a room, at latitude 44°, for an hour around midnight on midsummer night.
Estimate how much total energy would be released via fission if 2.0 kg of uranium were enriched to 5% of the isotope 23592U.
An average adult body contains about 0.10μCi of 4019K, which comes from food.(a) How many decays occur per second?(b) The potassium decay produces beta particles with energies of around 1.4 MeV. Estimate the dose per year in sieverts for a 65-kg adult. Is this a significant fraction of the
(a) Can the reaction p + 73Li → 42He + α occur if the incident proton has kinetic energy = 3100 keV?(b) If so, what is the total kinetic energy of the products? If not, what kinetic energy is needed?
A 1.2-μCi 13755Cs source is used for 1.4 hours by a 62-kg worker. Radioactive 13755Cs decays by β- decay with a halflife of 30 yr. The average energy of the emitted betas is about 190 keV per decay. The β decay is quickly followed by a γ with an energy of 660 keV. Assuming the person absorbs
Three radioactive sources have the same activity, 35 mCi. Source A emits 1.0-MeV γ rays, source B emits 2.0-MeV γ rays, and source C emits 2.0-MeV alphas. What is the relative danger of these sources?
A 55-kg patient is to be given a medical test involving the ingestion of 99m43Tc (Section 31-7) which decays by emitting a 140-keV gamma. The half-life for this decay is 6 hours. Assuming that about half the gamma photons exit the body without interacting with anything, what must be the initial
In the reaction α + 147N → 178O + P, the incident α particles have 9.85 MeV of kinetic energy. The mass of 178O is 16.999132 u.(a) Can this reaction occur?(b) If so, what is the total kinetic energy of the products? If not, what kinetic energy is needed?
Referring to Section 31-3, (a) Why can small nuclei combine to form larger ones, releasing energy in the process? (b) Why does the first reaction in the proton-proton chain limit the rate at which the Sun produces energy? (c) What are the heaviest elements for which energy is released if the
(a) Explain how each of the following can cause damage to materials: beta particles, alpha particles, energetic neutrons, and gamma rays. (b) How might metals be damaged? (c) How can the damage affect living cells?
(a) Why are Type Ia supernovae so useful for determining the distances of galaxies? (b) How are their distances actually measured?
(a) Why did astronomers expect that the expansion rate of the universe would be decreasing (decelerating) with time? (b) How, in principle, could astronomers hope to determine whether the universe used to expand faster than it does now?
1. Which one of the following is not expected to occur on an H-R diagram during the lifetime of a single star? (a) The star will move off the main sequence toward the upper right of the diagram. (b) Low-mass stars will become white dwarfs and end up toward the lower left of the diagram. (c) The
1. Observations show that all galaxies tend to move away from Earth, and that more distant galaxies move away from Earth at faster velocities than do galaxies closer to the Earth. These observations imply that (a) The Earth is the center of the universe. (b) The universe is expanding. (c) The
1. Which of the following methods can be used to find the distance from us to a star outside our galaxy? Choose all that apply. (a) Parallax. (b) Using luminosity and temperature from the H-R diagram and measuring the apparent brightness. (c) Using supernova explosions as a "standard candle." (d)
1. Where did the Big Bang occur? (a) Near the Earth. (b) Near the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. (c) Several billion light-years away. (d) Throughout all space. (e) Near the Andromeda Galaxy. 2. When and how were virtually all of the elements of the Periodic Table formed? (a) In the very early
1. We know that there must be dark matter in the universe because (a) We see dark dust clouds. (b) We see that the universe is expanding. (c) We see that stars far from the galactic center are moving faster than can be explained by visible matter. (d) We see that the expansion of the universe is
The parallax angle of a star is 0.00029°. How far away is the star?
A star is 56 pc away. What is its parallax angle? State (a) In seconds of arc, (b) In degrees.
What is the parallax angle for a star that is 65 ly away? How many parsecs is this?
A star is 85 pc away. How long does it take for its light to reach us?
Suppose two stars of the same apparent brightness b are also believed to be the same size. The spectrum of one star peaks at 750 nm whereas that of the other peaks at 450 nm. Use Wien's law and the Stefan-Boltzmann equation (Eq. 14-6) to estimate their relative distances from us.
Stars located in a certain cluster are assumed to be about the same distance from us. Two such stars have spectra that peak at λ1 = 470nm and λ2 = 720 nm, and the ratio of their apparent brightness is b1/b2 = 0.091. Estimate their relative sizes (give ratio of their diameters) using Wien's law
Show that the Schwarzschild radius for Earth is 8.9 mm.
A star exhibits a parallax of 0.27 seconds of arc. How far away is it?
Describe a triangle, drawn on the surface of a sphere, for which the sum of the angles is (a) 359°, (b) 179°.
What is the apparent deflection of a light beam in an elevator (Fig. 33-13) which is 2.4 m wide if the elevator is accelerating downward at 9.8 m/s2?
The redshift of a galaxy indicates a recession velocity of 1850 km/s. How far away is it?
Estimate the wavelength shift for the 656.3-nm line in the Balmer series of hydrogen emitted from a galaxy whose distance from us is (a) 7.0 × 106 ly, (b) 7.0 × 107 ly.
If an absorption line of calcium is normally found at a wavelength of 393.4 nm in a laboratory gas, and you measure it to be at 423.4 nm in the spectrum of a galaxy, what is the approximate distance to the galaxy?
What would be the red shift parameter z for a galaxy traveling away from us at v = 0.075c?
Starting from Eq. 33-3, show that the Doppler shift in wavelength is Δλ/λrest ≈ v/c (Eq. 33-6) for v
Only about 5% of the energy in the universe is composed of baryonic matter. (a) Estimate the average density of baryonic matter in the observable universe with a radius of 14 billion light-years that contains 1011 galaxies, each with about 1011 stars like our Sun. (b) Estimate the density of dark
By what factor does the rotational kinetic energy change when the star in Problem 39 collapses to a neutron star?Problem 39The angular velocity of a neutron star which has collapsed to a diameter of 16 km, from a star whose core radius was equal to that of Earth (6 × 106m) Assume its mass is 1.5
Two stars, whose spectra peak at 660 nm and 480 nm, respectively, both lie on the main sequence. Use Wien's law, the Stefan-Boltzmann equation, and the H-R diagram (Fig. 33-6) to estimate the ratio of their diameters.
(a) In order to measure distances with parallax at 100 ly, what minimum angular resolution (in degrees) is needed? (b) What diameter mirror or lens would be needed?
When our Sun becomes a red giant, what will be its average density if it expands out to the orbit of Mercury (6 × 1010 m from the Sun)?
Use dimensional analysis with the fundamental constants c, G, and to estimate the value of the so-called Planck time. It is thought that physics as we know it can say nothing about the universe before this time.
Estimate the mass of our observable universe using the following assumptions: Our universe is spherical in shape, it has been expanding at the speed of light since the Big Bang, and its density is the critical density.
Assuming our Galaxy represents a good average for all other galaxies, how many stars are in the observable universe?
Estimate what neutrino mass (in eV/c2) would provide the critical density to close the universe. Assume the neutrino density is, like photons, about 109 times that of nucleons, and that nucleons make up only (a) 2% of the mass needed, (b) 5% of the mass needed.
Describe how we can estimate the distance from us to other stars. Which methods can we use for nearby stars, and which can we use for very distant stars? Which method gives the most accurate distance measurements for the most distant stars?
The evolution of stars, as discussed in Section 33-2, can lead to a white dwarf, a neutron star, or even a black hole, depending on the mass.(a) Referring to Sections 33-2 and 33-4, give the radius of (i) a white dwarf of 1 solar mass, (ii) a neutron star of 1.5 solar masses, and (iii) a black hole
When stable nuclei first formed, about 3 minutes after the Big Bang, there were about 7 times more protons than neutrons. Explain how this leads to a ratio of the mass of hydrogen to the mass of helium of 3:1. This is about the actual ratio observed in the universe.
We cannot use Hubble's law to measure the distances to nearby galaxies, because their random motions are larger than the overall expansion. Indeed, the closest galaxy to us, the Andromeda Galaxy, 2.5 million light-years away, is approaching us at a speed of about 130km/s (a) What is the shift in
Potassium iodide (KI) exhibits predominantly ionic bonding. The K+ and I-ions have electron structures that are identical to which two inert gases?
The atomic radii of Mg2+ and F- ions are 0.072 and 0.133 nm, respectively.(a) Calculate the force of attraction between these two ions at their equilibrium interionic separation (i.e., when the ions just touch one another).(b) What is the force of repulsion at this same separation distance?
The force of attraction between a divalent cation and a divalent anion is 1.67 × 10-8N. If the ionic radius of the cation is 0.080 nm, what is the anion radius?
Silicon has three naturally occurring isotopes: 92.23% of 28Si, with an atomic weight of 27.9769 amu, 4.68% of 29Si, with an atomic weight of 28.9765 amu, and 3.09% of 30Si, with an atomic weight of 29.9738 amu. On the basis of these data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Si is 28.0854 amu?
Compute the %IC of the inter atomic bond for each of the following compounds: MgO, GaP, CsF, CdS, and FeO?
(a) Calculate %IC of the interatomic bonds for the intermetallic compound Al6Mn? (b) On the basis of this result what type of interatomic bonding would you expect to be found in Al6Mn?
Zinc has five naturally occurring isotopes: 48.63% of 64 Znwith an atomic weight of 63.929 amu; 27.90% of66Zn with an atomic weight of 65.926 amu; 4.10% of 67Zn with an atomic weight of 66.927 amu; 18.75% of 68Zn with an atomic weight of 67.925 amu; and 0.62% of 70Zn with an atomic weight of 69.925
Indium has two naturally occurring isotopes: 113In with an atomic weight of 112.904 amu, and 115In with an atomic weight of 114.904 amu. If the average atomic weight for In is 114.818 amu, calculate the fraction-of-occurrences of these two isotopes?
Give the electron configurations for the following ions: P5+, P3-, Sn4+, Se2-, I-, and Ni2+?
The chemical composition of the repeat unit for nylon 6,6 is given by the formula C12H22N2O2. Atomic weights for the constituent elements are AC = 12, AH = 1, AN = 14, and AO = 16. According to this chemical formula (for nylon 6,6), the percent (by weight) of carbon in nylon 6,6 is most nearly: (A)
Which of the following electron configurations is for an inert gas? (A) 1s22s22p63s23p6 (B) 1s22s22p63s2 (C) 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 (D) 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2
Calculate the radius of a tantalum (Ta) atom, given that Ta has a BCC crystal structure, a density of 16.6 g/cm3, and an atomic weight of 180.9 g/mol?
A hypothetical metal has the simple cubic crystal structure shown in Figure 3.3. If its atomic weight is 74.5 g/mol and the atomic radius is 0.145 nm, compute its density?
Titanium (Ti) has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 4.51 g/cm3.(a) What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic meters?(b) If the c/a ratio is 1.58, compute the values of c and a?
Magnesium (Mg) has an HCP crystal structure and a density of 1.74 g/cm3. (a) What is the volume of its unit cell in cubic centimeters? (b) If the c/a ratio is 1.624, compute the values of c and a.
Using atomic weight, crystal structure, and atomic radius data tabulated inside the front cover of the book, compute the theoretical densities of aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), magnesium (Mg), and tungsten (W), and then compare these values with the measured densities listed in this same table. The
Niobium (Nb) has an atomic radius of 0.1430 nm and a density of 8.57 g/cm3. Determine whether it has an FCC or a BCC crystal structure?

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Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction 9th edition William D. Callister Jr., David G. Rethwisch - Solutions

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