Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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From the perspective of the Ainslie–Rachlin model, the setting up and attainment of a subgoal related to a delayed reward serves to (raise/lower) ______________ the delay function for that reward, making it (more/less) ________________ deeply scalloped.
A person is likely to be (more/less) ________________ impulsive in a pleasant environment as opposed to an unpleasant environment.
Exposure to gradually increasing delays seems to make the delay function (more/less) ________________ deeply scalloped.
The delay functions for a 6-year-old child will likely be (more/less) ______________ deeply scalloped than those for a 15-year-old.
The delay functions for a pigeon will likely be (more/less) ______________ deeply scalloped than those for a human.
One strategy for increasing self-control is to make the delay function (or delay curve) for the larger later reward (more/less) _______________ deeply scalloped.
In the above example, as the (smaller sooner/larger later) ________________ reward becomes imminent, its value comes to outweigh the value of the (smaller sooner/larger later) ________________ reward.
If confronted by a choice between one food pellet available in 10 seconds and two food pellets available in 15 seconds, a rat would likely choose the (former/latter) ________________. But if 9 seconds are allowed to pass before the rat can make a choice, then it will likely choose the
I offer to give people a thousand dollars. People are told that they will receive the thousand dollars in either 3 months, 2 months, 1 month, or immediately. Between which of the following conditions are we likely to fi nd the largest difference in level of excitement about receiving the money: 3
The Ainslie–Rachlin model is based on the fi nding that as a reward becomes imminent, its value increases more and more (slowly/sharply) ____________, yielding a“delay curve” (or delay function) that is upwardly sc________________.
While waiting for dessert, Housam imagines that the Jell-O looks like wobbly chunks of glass. By contrast, Ruby views the Jell-O as, well, Jell-O. Between the two of them, ________________ is less likely to get into trouble by eating the Jell-O before being told that it is okay to do so. This is
Children who are (most/least) ________________ successful at a delay of gratifi -cation task generally keep their attention fi rmly fi xed on the desired treat.
Outline the full set of consequences involved in choosing between studying and not studying:Immediate Delayed Studying Not studying
An additional problem in self-control situations is that the delayed consequences tend to be (more/less) _______________ certain than the immediate consequences.
With respect to choice between rewards, the opposite of self-control is called i________________, which is demonstrated by choice of a (smaller sooner/larger later) _____________________ reward over a _____________________ reward.
Self-control is shown by choice of a (smaller sooner/larger later) _______________ reward over a _____________________ reward. It can also be shown by choice of a(smaller sooner/larger later) _______________ punisher over a __________________ punisher.
From a temporal perspective, self-control problems arise from the extent to which we are (more/less) _______________ heavily infl uenced by delayed consequences.
Bandura believes that self-reinforcement and self-punishment can work for people who are likely to feel g_______________ if they violate standards that they have set for themselves.
There is also some evidence that self-reinforcement is more effective when others(know/do not know) ________________ about the contingency that we have arranged for ourselves.
Some people believe that self-reinforcement is really a way of making the completion of a behavior (more/less) _____________ salient, thereby enhancing its value as a s________________ reinforcer.
This can also be a problem in the use of s__________- p_______________, in which case we may engage in the behavior and not p_______________ ourselves.
A problem with the use of self-reinforcement is that we may be tempted to consume the ________________ without engaging in the behavior. This problem is known as s____________-_________________ the contingency.
Folding your arms to keep from chewing your nails is an example of the use of p________________ r________________ to control your behavior.
Suppose you post a reminder on your refrigerator about a long-distance phone call you should make this weekend. Posting the reminder is the _______________ response, while making the call on the weekend is the ________________ response.
Skinner analyzed self-control from the perspective of a ________________ response that alters the frequency of a subsequent response that is known as the ____________ response.
Behavioral approaches largely (accept/reject) ________________ the concept of willpower as an explanation for self-control.
Another problem is that melioration can result in too much time being spent on those alternatives that provide relatively i__________________ reinforcement and not enough time on those that provide d_________________ reinforcement.
One problem with melioration is that this tendency may result in (over/under) ______ indulgence of a favored reinforcer with the result that we may experience long-term h_________________ to it. This means that our enjoyment of life may be greatest when we (do/do not) ________________ have all that
Shona spends a lot of time cleaning her apartment, which she quite enjoys, and little time studying, which she does not enjoy. Chances are that this distribution of behavior, which results from the tendency to ______________________, (will/will not) ________________ maximize the amount of
A rat faced with a concurrent VR 60 VI 80-sec schedule will spend more time on the ___________________ schedule than necessary to pick up all of the available reinforcers on that schedule. This result is consistent with ________________ theory but contradicts what is known as max___________ (or
According to _________________ theory, the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward that alternative that has a (lower/higher) _______________ value. This shifting will cease at the point where the two outcomes are (approximately equal/maximally different) ________________ in
When a bear obtains 70% of its food from a nearby stream, it spends 80% of its time at the stream; when it obtains 30% of its food from the stream, it spends 25%of its time at the stream. When a cougar obtains 20% of its food in a particular canyon, it spends 35% of its time in that canyon; when it
Food patches that differ in the type of prey found within them may produce the type of deviation from matching known as ________________.
When greater responding is shown for a particular alternative than would be predicted by matching, irrespective of the amount of reinforcement obtained from that alternative, we say that the organism has a b________________ for that alternative.
In general, food patches that are separated by a very great distance will produce ________________ matching, while food patches that are separated by a very short distance will produce ________________ matching.
This experimental procedure seems analogous to foraging situations in which an animal has to t________________ a certain d_______________ from one food patch to another.
In experimental studies of matching, the act of switching from one alternative to another results in a c__________________ d___________: a short period of time that must pass before any response can produce a reinforcer.
When the difference in the proportion of responding on richer versus poorer alternatives is less than would be predicted by matching, we say that ________________ has occurred.
When the difference in the proportion of responding on richer versus poorer alternatives is greater than would be predicted by matching, we say that ________________ has occurred.
If a pigeon emits 1,100 responses on key A and 3,100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is ________________. If the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is ________________. This pigeon
On a concurrent VI 60-sec VI 120-sec schedule, the pigeon should emit about(half/twice) ________________ as many responses on the VI 60-sec alternative as opposed to the VI 120-sec alternative.
According to the matching law, the (number/proportion) _________ of ____________ on an alternative matches the (number/proportion) ____________ of _____________ obtained on that alternative.
If a VR 25 and VR 75 schedule of reinforcement are simultaneously available, your best strategy would be to choose the ______________________ schedule(100/50/25) ___________________% of the time.
Many behaviors are reinforced on a c_________________________ schedule in which two or more in_______________ schedules of reinforcement are s________________ available.
Stampfl demonstrated that a critical factor in phobic conditioning is the possibility of making an (early/late) _______________ avoidance response, thereby minimizing the amount of _______________ involved in avoiding the feared event.
Hugh got injured at work while goofi ng around, and as a result he became less likely to goof around. Eduardo got reprimanded by the boss for goofing around, and he also became less likely to goof around. Getting injured is a (primary/secondary) _______________ punisher for the behavior of goofi ng
According to learned helplessness research, Clint is (more/less) __________ likely to become depressed following a bitter divorce if his own parents divorced when he was a child and he later recovered from the experience.
A parent who wishes to punish her little girl for playing too roughly with the cat would do well to impose the punishing consequence ____________ after the occurrence of the unwanted behavior and, at least initially, on a(n) (consistent /unpredictable) ___________________ basis. The parent should
One problem with spanking a child for being noisy while playing is that he might not only stop being noisy but also stop _______________.
According to Mineka, there are limitations in the extent to which experimental demonstrations of avoidance are analogous to human phobias. For example, in an experimental demonstration of avoidance that involves a tone and an aversive air blast, the rat will likely require(one/more than one)
When Renee was in elementary school, she was cruelly teased by a classmate each recess. The teachers ignored her pleas for help, as did her other classmates. Seligman would predict that, as time passes, Renee is likely to(decrease/increase) _______________ efforts to stop the teasing. In other
Making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is an example of a ________ procedure, while turning off the television set when the child is too noisy is an example of a _______________ procedure.
For children who are old enough to understand language, punishment should always be combined with an _______________.
According to Mineka, there are limitations in the extent to which experimental demonstrations of avoidance are analogous to human phobias. For example, in an experimental demonstration of avoidance that involves a tone and an aversive air blast, the rat avoids the _______________, which is a
Pietro is having great diffi culty sleeping, is easily startled, and has developed various phobias. Pietro’s symptoms are similar to those shown by Masserman’s cats that were exposed to _____________ aversive stimulation.This set of symptoms in experimental animals is known as experimental
One difference between OCD and a phobia is that a phobia usually requires a(n) (passive/active) _______________ avoidance response, while OCD usually requires a(n) _______________ avoidance response.
The beneficial side effects of punishment can include increases in s___________________ behavior, improvements in m_____________, and increased a______________ to the environment.
The theoretical diffi culty with avoidance behavior, as opposed to escape behavior, is that the individual is moving from one (aversive/nonaversive) _______________ situation to another, and it is diffi cult to see how a lack of change serves as a reinforcer.
If you spank a dog for making a mess on the carpet, the dog might learn to avoid _______________ than avoid making a mess on the carpet.
One problem with spanking a child for being noisy while playing is that this will likely have an _________ effect in suppressing the behavior, which then serves as a strong reinforcer for the use of spanking on future occasions.
According to Mowrer, I go out of my way to avoid bees because behaving this way has been (positively/negatively) _______________ (reinforced/punished) _______________ by a _______________ in fear.
Losing your wallet by being careless is an example of a (negative /positive) __________________ punisher, while getting a shock by being careless is an example of a _______________ punisher (assuming in each case that the behavior _______________ in frequency).
According to the Premack principle, if Rick smokes a lot and rarely vacuums, then _____________ can serve as an effective punisher for ______________.
One criticism of Mowrer’s two-process theory is that an avoidance response often does not seem to _______________, even after hundreds of trials.According to the _______________ hypothesis, however, this is because exposures to the aversive _____________ are too brief for _______________ to take
Mowrer’s two-process theory seems highly applicable to obsessivecompulsive disorder in that the occurrence of an obsessive thought is associated with a(n) _______________ anxiety, while performance of a compulsive behavior is associated with a(n) _______________ in anxiety.
Skinner concluded that punishment generates a conditioned ______________ reaction that then suppresses any appetitive behavior, and that the appetitive behavior (will/will not) ___________ quickly recover once the punishment is withdrawn. Later research showed that this may be because Skinner had
One problem with spanking a child for spilling food is that the spanking will likely elicit a strong _______________________ response that will temporarily prevent the child from eating appropriately. The child may also become ________________ as a result of the spanking, which might later be
Obert did not want to go to school one morning and so pretended that he was ill. Sure enough, his mother fell for the trick and let him stay home that day. Thereafter, Obert often pretended that he was ill so that he did not have to go to school. Obert’s tendency to pretend that he was ill was
According to the _______________ theory of avoidance, I avoid bees simply because I am then less likely to be stung and not because I feel a reduction in fear.
A person who checks her apartment door dozens of times each night to make sure that it is locked probably experiences a(n) ___________________ in anxiety when she thinks about whether the door is locked and a(n) __________________ in anxiety when she checks it. This then acts as a
One criticism of Mowrer’s two-process theory is that animals continue to make the avoidance response even though they no longer seem to be ___________________ of the CS. One reply to this criticism is that although the animals may become signifi cantly less _______________ of the CS, they do not
Otto woke up one night to fi nd an intruder standing over him in his bedroom. When the intruder saw that Otto was awake, he stabbed him and fl ed. Boyd was walking through a strange part of town one night when he too was stabbed. In keeping with certain research fi ndings on experimental
If a father punishes his son for being aggressive with his playmates, the son may learn not to be aggressive only when the father is ___________.
According to the ______________ theory of punishment, if a rat is shocked for pressing a lever, then any behavior other than _______________ will be _______________ reinforced by the nonoccurrence of shock.
According to Mowrer, the two processes that underlie avoidance behavior are (1) c________________ conditioning, in which a ______________ response comes to be elicited by a CS, and (2) _______________ conditioning, in which moving away from the CS is _______________ reinforced by a reduction in
Describe Masserman’s procedure for inducing experimental neurosis, and list some of the symptoms he observed.
How can learned helplessness in dogs be eliminated? How can dogs be immunized against the development of learned helplessness?
Describe the basic procedure that was fi rst used to demonstrate learned helplessness in dogs and the outcome that was observed.
Describe the Premack approach to punishment.
Describe the avoidance theory of punishment.
Describe the conditioned suppression theory of punishment.
Outline the six characteristics of effective punishment.
What is the major advantage of punishment over extinction? What are three benefi cial side effects of punishment?
Briefl y outline the various problems listed concerning the use of punishment.
What is the distinction between a primary punisher and a secondary punisher?What is a generalized punisher?
What is the distinction between extrinsic punishment and intrinsic punishment?
Distinguish between time-out and response cost procedures.
How can two-process theory account for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
According to Stampfl , what is a critical factor in the development and maintenance of phobic behavior?
In what ways is experimental avoidance conditioning different from human phobic conditioning?
What is the anxiety conservation hypothesis? Outline Levis’s answer to the problem of the “nonchalant” rat.
Outline two criticisms of two-process theory.
Describe Mowrer’s two-process theory of avoidance behavior.
Describe the evolution of avoidance behavior in a shuttle avoidance procedure.
Distinguish between escape and avoidance behavior.
Learned helplessness can be viewed as resulting from repeated exposure to aversive events that are p_______________ but un_____________; experimental neurosis can be viewed as resulting from exposure to events that are u_________________.
Evidence suggests that neurotic symptoms are more likely to develop when the traumatic event occurs in an environment that the animal (or person) generally regards as (safe/dangerous) _______________.
When food was paired with unpredictable shock, the cats also developed p_________________ and counter________________ responses to the food.
Masserman (1943) found that normally quiet cats exposed to unpredictable shocks or blasts of air became (restless and agitated/withdrawn and passive) ________, whereas normally active cats became (restless and agitated/withdrawn and passive) ________________.
Experimental neurosis occurs when animals exposed to unp________________ events develop neurotic-like symptoms.

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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