Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

Blinking is a(n) ______________ behavior, but thinking about blinking is a(n) ____________ behavior.
Two main approaches to behavioral research are the _______________ approach and the _________________ approach.
On a cumulative recorder, a gradually sloping line indicates a _______ rate of response, and a steep line indicates a ______________ rate of response.By contrast, a ________________ line indicates no response.
In a classical conditioning experiment, one group of dogs fi rst hears a tone and then receives food, while another group of dogs receives food and then hears a tone. Following this, the researcher measures how much the dogs in each group salivate when they simply hear the tone.In this experiment,
The _______________ approach is a descriptive method of research often used by psychiatrists who encounter a very unusual case.
Using a(n) ________________ recording procedure, a school psychologist drops into a classroom for a 20-minute period four times each day and notes whether some type of disruption occurs during the time that he is there.
Dr. Takeuchi wonders whether the crows that he is studying can solve certain types of problems as well as dogs can. In testing this notion, he would use a type of experimental design known as a ________________ design.
A knife and spoon are placed side by side in a dinner setting, creating spatial (contiguity/contingency) __________________ between the two utensils.
Robbie is afraid of spiders, but Naseem fi nds them interesting. A spider is a(n) _________________ stimulus to Robbie, and a(n) ______________ stimulus to Naseem.
Any characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change can be called a _________________.
When people feel confi dent, they tend to stand straight. In this case, we are using a ___________________ measure of behavior as an index of confi dence.
You have not had a pizza in 4 months. It is likely that the reward value of eating a pizza has (increased/decreased) _______________ as a function of (which type of establishing operation) ________________.
After Trish told Jen that Ryan was the most popular guy in school, Jen became extremely interested in him. Trish’s statement about Ryan apparently functioned as an _________________ that increased Ryan’s value as an ________________ stimulus.
A fl ash of light is a __________, and two fl ashes of light are ____________.A specifi c eyeblink that is elicited by a fl ash of light is a _____________.
An experiment that utilizes a type of ____________ design requires only one or a few subjects.
I wish to test a new drug that I believe will permanently remove the symptoms of a rare neurological disorder. Unfortunately, only three patients who suffer from the disorder have volunteered to take the drug. What would be a useful type of design to demonstrate the effectiveness of this drug?
The force with which a boxer delivers a blow is a(n) ______________ measure of behavior.
Animals are often used in behavioral research because this practice allows for greater _____________ over learning history, genetic infl uences, and experimental environment than is possible with humans. As well, animals are often used when the use of humans would be __________________ questionable.
Number of cigarettes smoked each week is a _________________ measure of smoking.
In a _______________ design, subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment or nontreatment condition.
The amount of time it takes Robert to read a chapter is a __________ measure of behavior, and the amount of time it took him to begin reading the chapter is a _____________ measure of behavior. The total amount of time he spends reading each day is a ___________ measure of behavior.
You have just eaten a large pizza. It is likely that the reward value of eating a pizza has (increased/decreased) ______________ as a function of (which type of establishing operation) ________________.
Each time it rains, I see an increased number of umbrellas being carried.There appears to be a ______________ relationship between the weather and the appearance of umbrellas.
The reversal design is also known as a(n) ________________ design.
Being quite addicted to computer games, James decides to implement a program to gradually reduce the amount of time that he spends playing these games. A useful design for determining if his program is successful would be a _____________ design.
Using a(n) ________________ recording procedure, we fi nd that during a 10-minute observation, Erik chewed his nails only during the fi rst and second minute, as well as during the fourth, seventh, ninth, and tenth minutes.
List four advantages and two disadvantages of using animals as subjects in behavioral research.
Describe a changing-criterion design. How can it be strengthened? For what types of situations is this design appropriate?
Describe a multiple-baseline design. What are two limitations of this type of design?
Describe a reversal design. What are the drawbacks to this type of design?
What are single-subject designs? Describe a simple-comparison design.In what sense is it a “fl awed” design?
What are three limitations of control group designs?
What is a comparative design?
Describe the simplest form of a control group design. How are subjects assigned to the different conditions, and why is this done?
Name and describe two types of descriptive research methods. What is the major limitation of these types of research methods?
Distinguish between interval recording and time-sample recording, and specify how the overall measure of behavior is calculated.
Distinguish between the intensity and topography of a behavior.
Distinguish between speed, duration, and latency measures of behavior.
How does one distinguish a high rate of response versus a low rate of response versus a period of no response on a cumulative record?
Defi ne rate of response. Why is rate of response a favored measure of behavior among radical behaviorists?
Distinguish between contiguity and contingency. Name and defi ne two types of contiguity.
Defi ne establishing operation. Name and describe two types of establishing operations.
Distinguish between overt and covert behavior. Distinguish between appetitive and aversive stimuli.
Defi ne stimulus and response. Differentiate between the terms stimulus and stimuli.
Distinguish between independent and dependent variables. What is a functional relationship?
Two arguments against the use of animals in research area. __________________________________________________________b. __________________________________________________________
A fourth advantage to using animals for research is that it would be u___________ to conduct certain types of studies with humans, such as examining the effects of brain lesions on learning ability.
A third advantage to using animals is that the e_____________ environment can more easily be controlled for animals than for humans.
Two advantages to using animals for behavioral research is that one can more strictly control an animal’s g______________ makeup and l_______________ history.
The changing-criterion design can be strengthened by including periods in which the criterion suddenly __________________________________________________ ________________________________.
In using this type of design, it is important that the level of behavior closely _________ the changes in the criterion for that behavior.
A changing-criterion design is most appropriate for assessing the effect of programs designed to produce a (sudden/gradual) _____________ change in behavior.
In a changing-criterion design, the question of interest is whether the changes in behavior match changes in a c_______________ for the behavior that is being systematically al________.
It is therefore a preferable design for situations in which the treatment might result in a (temporary/permanent) _________________ change in behavior, or where it might be un____________ to withdraw the treatment.
A key advantage of the multiple-baseline design is that we do not have to w_________ the treatment to determine if it is effective.
With a multiple-baseline design, the treatment is instituted at different points in t___________ for __________ or more p____________, s______________, or b_______________.
A reversal design is also inappropriate when the act of withdrawing the treatment during the second A phase would lead to e___________ problems.
A reversal design is inappropriate for an experiment in which the treatment produces a (temporary/permanent) ______________ change in the behavior.
What type of result do we need to see during the second baseline phase to determine whether our treatment is the cause of the change in the behavior?____________ _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________.
A reversal design (also called an ______________ design) involves repeated alternations between a _____________ period and a ______________ period.
A simple-comparison design (does/does not) ______________ allow us to determine if there is a f______________ relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
In a simple-comparison design, behavior in a b______________ condition is compared to behavior in a t_____________ condition.
Briefl y stated, three problems with control group designs are a.__________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ b.__________________________________________________________________
Control group designs in which behaviors or response to treatments are compared between species are referred to as ________________ designs.
In the simplest form of a control group design, individuals are r_____________ assigned to either an e_____________ (or tr___________) group and a __________ group.
In an experiment, a(n) ______________ variable is systematically varied (manipulated)to determine its effects on the ______________ variable.
Because the case study approach often involves only one person, the results may be limited in the extent to which they can be g_____________ to other people, places, and times.
The major problem with both approaches is that it is often (easy/diffi cult) ________ to specify which variables infl uence which behavior.
Both approaches are susceptible to the problem of researcher b____________ in which the opinions and beliefs of the researcher can unduly infl uence his or her observations.
Two common descriptive methods are n_______________ _____________ and c_________ _________.
A device commonly used to measure the ongoing rate of a behavior is a c________ r_____________. On this device, a fl at line indicates (no/slow/fast) __________ responding, a steep line indicates ________________ responding, and a shallow line indicates ___________ responding.
Recording whether Ashley hiccups during a continuous series of 5-minute time periods is an example of _____________ recording, whereas measuring whether a hiccup occurs during a 5-minute period at the start of each hour throughout the day is an example of __________-____________ recording.
The number of fi sh a person catches in a 1-hour period is a measure of r_________.
The time it takes before a response begins is a measure of l________________.
The exact manner in which a person lifts a weight is called the t________________ of the behavior.
How quickly a musician plays a musical piece from beginning to end is a measure of ______________, whereas the number of hours the musician practices each week is a measure of ___________________. The amount of time it takes the musician to commence playing following the conductor’s cue to begin
The force with which a person can squeeze a device that measures grip strength is a measure of i_______________.
Behavioral defi nitions should be o_______________ and un________________.
If a dog receives a dog biscuit only when it begs, then receiving the dog biscuit is c_______________ upon the behavior of begging.
Sasha obtains a high mark on her exams only when she studies diligently. For Sasha, there is a c_____________ between studying diligently and doing well on her exams.
People who live close to each other are more likely to date and fall in love. Thus, s_______________ c_______________ seems to have a strong effect on the development of romantic relationships.
Erin says that she once experienced a strong pain in her leg at the precise moment that her son, who was away on a mountain-climbing expedition, broke his leg.Because of the t_____________ c____________ between her feeling of pain and her son’s injury, Erin now claims that she must have some type
The term _____________ means “closeness or nearness.”
Farah has been working out of town and has not seen a movie for over a year.It is likely that the reward value of going to a movie has (increased/decreased)____________ as a function of (satiation/deprivation) _______________.
An e________________ o_______________ is a procedure that affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus.
If we think before we act, then our (covert/overt) ____________ behavior serves as a stimulus that infl uences our (covert/overt) ____________ behavior. If we act fi rst and then feel regret later, then our ____________ behavior serves as a stimulus that infl uences our ____________ behavior.
Jake is strongly attracted to Julie and often hangs around her offi ce just to get a glimpse of her. Julie is thus an ________________ stimulus for Jake.
Julie also thinks unkind thoughts about Jake and feels anxious when she sees him in the hallway, both of which are examples of __________________ behavior.
Julie dislikes Jake, one of the sales personnel who works in her department. Because Julie avoids Jake like the plague, Jake can be considered an _______________ stimulus. For example, Julie closes her offi ce door when Jake is nearby, which is an example of a(n) (overt/covert) ______________
One person’s response can be another person’s _____________.
A tone is a s__________, and a tone and a bell are s___________.
A(n) ___________________ is any event that can potentially infl uence behavior;a(n) ______________ is a specifi c instance of behavior.
A ______________________ relationship is the relationship between a change in an independent variable and an associated change in a dependent variable.Behaviorists are typically concerned with discovering the relationship between changes in e__________________ events and changes in b_______________.
A dependent variable is considered to be the (cause/effect) ___________ in an experiment, whereas the independent variable is considered to be the _________.
A researcher is interested in studying the effects of viewing television violence on aggression in children. She shows one group of participants an extremely violent movie, another group a moderately violent movie, and a third group a nonviolent movie. In this case, the level of movie violence
Skinner’s approach to the study of behavior is a (molar/molecular) ________ approach. In this sense, Skinner is quite similar to (Watson/Tolman/Hull) ________________.
Removing the television set from the room so you won’t be distracted while studying each evening is an example of what Skinner called _____________.
The defi ning characteristic of behaviorism, as originally proposed by Watson, is the emphasis on ___________________.
William James was a (structuralist /functionalist) ___________________, and Titchener was a ___________________.
(Hull/Tolman) ____________ viewed behavior from a gestalt perspective, whereas (Hull/Tolman) ______________ assumed that behavior consists of a long chain of specifi c stimulus-response connections. This latter approach is known as a(n) _______________ theory of behavior.

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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