Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

Dana always feels very relaxed when she takes her large dog for a walk, even though the neighborhood is relatively dangerous. This appears to be an example of _____________, with the dog functioning as an _______________ CS (abbreviated _______________).
Imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. After conditioning, the click becomes a(n) _________________ stimulus (abbreviated _______________) because it now elicits an eyeblink. The eyeblink elicited by the click is called the
To calculate a suppression ratio, divide the number of responses that occur(during/following/preceding) _______________ the CS by the number that occur ______________ the CS plus the number that occur _______________ the CS.
The refl exive action of a dog pricking up its ears in response to a sound is an example of a(n) _______________ response, which consists of movements designed to facilitate _______________.
Fixed action patterns are sometimes called _______________ behaviors because they are often unique to a certain species.
Inadvertently touching a hot object is likely to elicit a(n) _______________ response; the sound of a gunshot is likely to elicit a(n) ____________ response;the sound of someone talking behind you may elicit a(n) _______________ response.
When you opened the refrigerator one evening, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you feel extremely nauseous. In classical conditioning terms, the putrid smell is a(n) ____________ stimulus that elicits a(n) _____________ response of nausea.
In general, long-term habituation is most likely to occur when the stimulus is presented at (narrowly/widely) ____________ spaced intervals; in this case, the ability to respond tends to recover (slowly/quickly) ____________ when the stimulus is no longer presented.
Imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. The puff of air is called the _____________ stimulus (abbreviated _______________), and the eyeblink that it elicits is called the _______________ response (abbreviated _______________).
You fi nally habituate to the faint sound of a jackhammer half a block away, such that you cease to notice it. The lights in your house then fl icker, at which point you again notice the sound of the jackhammer. This is an example of the process of _______________.
Feeling a sting and then seeing the wasp on your arm is an example of a _________________ conditioning procedure, which in this case may be(effective/ineffective) _____________ because the CS is a ______________ for a fear response.
The refl exive action of pulling your hand away from a hot pot handle is activated through a _______________: a neural structure underlying simple refl exes that consists of a (in correct order) ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________.
When you opened the refrigerator last evening, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you feel extremely nauseous. Today, when you are about to open the refrigerator again, you fi nd yourself experiencing a slight twinge of nausea, even though the refrigerator has been thoroughly cleaned. In
Behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede them are referred to as _______________ behaviors.
In the opening scenario, Uma witnessed her boyfriend fl irting with another woman. First, she experienced intense anger. Later, however, when he apologized for his actions and was very attentive to her, she experienced unusually strong feelings of attraction toward him. An explanation for this
Imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. Each pairing of the click and air puff during conditioning is referred to as a(n) _______________.
According to the opponent-process theory of emotion, b-processes are (slow/quick) _______________ to increase and (slow/quick) _______________ to decrease.
The most basic type of elicited behavior is the _______________, which is a simple, involuntary response to a stimulus.
In general, aversive conditioning occurs (more/less) _______________ readily than appetitive conditioning.
The faint sound of a jackhammer several blocks away will likely result in __________________, but the extremely loud sound of a jackhammer right outside your window will likely result in _______________. The moderately loud sound of a jackhammer half a block away may result in a period of
Classical conditioning is also known as P_______________ conditioning or ___________________ conditioning. In the latter case, the elicited behaviors are referred to as _______________.
When a subordinate dog submits to a threatening display from a dominant dog, it will often roll over on its back and display its stomach. This sequence of actions is called a _______________, and the threatening display from the dominant dog is called the _______________ stimulus or _______________
Seeing a wasp land on your arm and then watching it as it stings you is an example of a ___________conditioning procedure; noticing the wasp at the same moment that you feel the sting is an example of a ____________ conditioning procedure.
With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) ______________ in both ______________ and _______________.
A sudden loud noise is likely to elicit a(n) _______________ reaction, which is a refl exive defensive response to a sudden stimulus.
Name and diagram four temporal arrangements of the NS and US.Which two temporal arrangements of the NS and US are traditionally considered to be most effective?
Distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory conditioning.
Describe the conditioned suppression (or CER) procedure. Explain how to calculate a suppression ratio.
Distinguish between appetitive and aversive conditioning.
Defi ne the terms conditioned stimulus and conditioned response.
Defi ne the terms unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response.
Diagram an example of a classical conditioning procedure using the appropriate abbreviations to label each component.
Defi ne classical conditioning.
List three main characteristics of opponent processes.
Defi ne the opponent-process theory of emotion.
Describe the phenomenon of dishabituation.
Describe the evolutionary signifi cance of trends in habituation and sensitization.
Distinguish between long-term and short-term habituation.
What is the effect of high versus low versus moderate stimulus intensity on habituation and sensitization?
Defi ne habituation and sensitization.
Defi ne fi xed action pattern. What is a sign stimulus or releaser?
Describe, or diagram, the sequence of events in a refl ex arc.
Describe the startle response, orienting response, and fl exion response.
What is a refl ex?
Suppose that we attempt to condition a refl ex response of sneezing using a fl ower as the NS and pollen as the US. Name each of the four NS-US arrangements listed.a.________________ conditioning: Flower |----|Pollen |-----|b.________________ conditioning: Flower |--------|Pollen
Backward conditioning can result in excitatory conditioning of fear when the NS is a b_________ relevant stimulus for fear. Backward conditioning can also result in inhibitory conditioning when the NS signals the (presentation/removal) _________ of the US.
In backward conditioning, the (US/NS) _______________ is presented fi rst and the(US/NS) ______________ is presented later. Backward conditioning is generally considered to result in (good/poor) ___________ conditioning.
In simultaneous conditioning, the ______________ of the NS occurs at the same time as the _____________ of the US. Simultaneous conditioning usually results in (good/poor) ______________ conditioning.
In trace conditioning, the time between the _________ of the NS and the __________ of the US is called the ____________ interval. Trace conditioning can be effective if this interval is relatively (long/short) ____________.
In trace conditioning, the (onset/offset) ___________ and __________ of the NS precedes the __________ of the US.
In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the ______________ interval (abbreviated _____________ ).
The most successful temporal arrangement for conditioning is delayed conditioning, in which the onset of the NS (precedes/follows) ____________ the onset of the US, and the two stimuli (overlap/do not overlap) ______________.
A click is followed by food, while a click and a buzzing noise is never followed by food. In this case, the click will become a (CS+/CS–) ________ and the buzzing noise will become a (CS+/CS–) _______.
For the residents of Berlin and London during World War II, an air-raid siren would have been a (CS+/CS–) _______ for anxiety, while the all-clear siren would have been a (CS+/CS–) ________ for anxiety.
An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) _____________ a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) ______________ a fear response.
A conditioned excitatory stimulus (an excitatory CS) is one that is associated with the(presentation/removal) __________ of a US; a conditioned inhibitory stimulus (an inhibitory CS) is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) ___________ of a US.
Most of the basic principles of classical conditioning have been established using procedures that involve _______________ conditioning.
Your grandmother always cooks great meals except when your vegetarian sister is present. As a result, you usually salivate a great deal when sitting at your grandmother’s table for a meal, but not when your sister is present. Your grandmother’s table is an ________________ CS for salivation,
Conditioning associated with the removal of a US is known as ______________ conditioning, whereas conditioning associated with the presentation of a US is known as ______________ conditioning.
Total suppression of behavior results in a suppression ratio of (.5/0) _____ whereas no suppression of behavior will result in a suppression ratio of around _____.
The suppression ratio is the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) _________ responses divided by the number of _________ responses plus the number of ________ responses.
The CER paradigm is also known as a c_____________ s_______________ paradigm.
In a c______________ e_____________ response (CER) paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat’s rate of lever pressing for food (decreases/increases) _______________ in the presence of that stimulus.
Learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of _____________ conditioning.
Learning to associate the corner bar with the happy times you experience in that bar is an example of ______________ conditioning.
In _____________ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered pleasant and that the organism seeks out.
In _____________ conditioning, the US is an event that is usually considered unpleasant and that the organism avoids.
In the basic classical conditioning procedure, the (CS/US/NS) ______ is paired with the (CS/US/NS) _____, which in turn elicits the (CR/UR) _____. As a result, the fi rst stimulus becomes a (CS/US/NS) _____, which elicits a (CR/UR) _______.
Write out the term indicated by each of the following abbreviations:CS: ___________________________________________________________________ UR: ________________________________________________________________ NS: _________________________________________________________________ US:
Each pairing of the metronome and the food is called a c__________________ tr______________.
Following conditioning, the metronome is a(n) ______________ stimulus, and the salivation elicited by the metronome is a(n) ______________ response.
During conditioning, the metronome can be labeled as either a(n) _____________ stimulus or a(n) _____________ stimulus.
In the metronome example, the metronome is initially a(n) ___________ stimulus because it (does/does not) ___________ elicit salivation. The food, however, is a(n) ___________ stimulus that elicits a(n) ____________ response of salivation.
Feeling elated while talking on the phone to someone with whom you are in love is an example of the ____-_______________. Feeling lovesick after you fi nally hang up for the night is an example of the ____-_______________.
The _____-_____________ is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the ___-_________ is (slow/quick) _________ to increase and (slow/quick) __________ to decrease.
With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) ________________ in both s_______________ and d______________.
The a-process is also known as the pr____________ process, and the b-process is also known as the o______________ process.
The _____-_____________ is directly elicited by the emotional event; this in turn elicits the _____-_____________, the purpose of which is to maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as h_________________.
The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) _____________ emotional response.
We often fail to _____________ to stimuli (even if they are not actually dangerous)because our nervous system tends to “err on the side of caution” to keep us safe.
From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stimulus is irrelevant or “safe,” we tend to ______________ to it, whereas if a stimulus is perceived as a signal of danger we will become ______________ to it.
A stimulus of intermediate intensity will initially result in a period of ______________, which is then followed by ________________.
In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus result in ____________, and repeated presentations of a high-intensity stimulus result in ________________.
One factor that infl uences whether we habituate or become sensitized to a particular stimulus is the ______________ of the eliciting stimulus.
The presentation of a novel stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in dis__________________________, in which the habituated response(reappears/disappears) _____________________.
In general, sensitization is (less/more) __________ stimulus specifi c than habituation.
The fact that it has been several months since you noticed the sound of the fan in your home computer is an example of l_______________-t___________ habituation.Such habituation tends to build up (quickly/slowly) _______________ and disappear(quickly/slowly) ____________.
Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of ______________;becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of __________________.
A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called _______________.
An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called _______________.
Different species of spiders spin different kinds of webs. Web spinning of this sort can thus be considered a sp___________-sp___________ behavior. Such behaviors used to be called i____________, but some researchers dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more (fl exible/infl
The specifi c stimulus that elicits a fi xed action pattern is called a s____________ stimulus or r______________.
A ____________ ____________ _____________ is a fi xed sequence of responses that occurs in reaction to a specifi c stimulus.
Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open fl ame or sharp object is a refl exive action known as a fl ___________ response. In such cases, the perception of pain generally (precedes/follows) _____________ the response.
Many simple refl exes are activated through a r___________ a_________ that consists of a(n) _________ neuron, a(n) ___________ neuron, and a(n) ____________ neuron(in that order).
A s_____________ reaction is an automatic defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus; the o_____________ response consists of movements designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.
Refl exes are e____________ in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurrence.
A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus is called a ____________.
To determine whether drinking coffee in the evening keeps me awake at night, I observe my sleep patterns for a 2-week period in which I drink coffee each evening, followed by a 2-week period in which I do not drink coffee in the evening. I am using a ______________ design to conduct this study,
Dr. Ross studies the effects of schizoid personality disorder by sitting in the park each day and observing the behavior of street people who are known to be suffering from the disorder. Dr. Ross is using a descriptive research method known as ______________.

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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