Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

What is resistance to extinction? Be sure to distinguish between low resistance and high resistance to extinction.
What are four side effects of extinction, other than extinction burst and resurgence?
What is an extinction burst? What is resurgence?
Defi ne extinction as it applies to operant conditioning. Be sure to distinguish between the process of extinction and the procedure of extinction.
Jaclyn’s cat has a terrible habit of jumping up on the kitchen counter whenever Jaclyn is preparing food. How might Jaclyn use a stimulus control procedure to eliminate this behavior? ____________________________________________________.
Training a rhinoceros to touch the end of a stick with its nose is an example of a useful behavior management technique called t_______________.
On such tasks, pigeons are (less/more) _______________ likely to select the correct stimulus following exposure to the forget cue.
In a directed forgetting task, the pigeon is shown a cue during the __________ period, which signals whether the s____________ stimulus needs to be r____________ or can be f____________.
A useful procedure for studying memory is a d____________ m____________ to s_____________ task. In it, the animal is fi rst shown a s_____________ stimulus and then, following some d___________, is required to select that stimulus out of a group of alternative stimuli.
Memory is often a matter of s____________ c_____________ in which one is fi rst exposed to a stimulus and is then required to respond to that stimulus at a later time.
Gradually altering the intensity of a stimulus is called f____________.
This type of discrimination training is also likely to produce behavior patterns that are (easy/diffi cult) ________________ to modify at a later point in time.
This type of discrimination training is likely to produce (more/less) _____________ emotional behavior compared to the standard form of discrimination training.
In e____________________ discrimination training, the SΔ must be presented (early/later) __________ in the training procedure, and at very (weak/strong) __________ intensity to begin with.
Vronsky (another character in Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina) falls deeply in love with Anna, who is the wife of another man. For several months, they carry on a passionate affair. When Anna, however, fi nally leaves her husband to be with him, Vronsky fi nds that he soon becomes bored with their
If Jackie hears her mother say that it is getting close to her bedtime, she is likely to become (more/less) __________________ involved in the computer game she is playing.
An increase in the rate of responding for an available reinforcer when faced with the possibility of losing it in the near future is known as ____________ contrast.
When Levin (a lonely bachelor in Tolstoy’s novel Anna Karenina) proposed to the beautiful young Kitty, she rejected him. Levin was devastated and decided to devote the rest of his life to his work. Kitty, in turn, was subsequently rejected by the handsome young military offi cer, Vronsky, whom
A pigeon that experiences a shift from a multiple FR 10 VI 60-sec schedule to a multiple FR 100 VI 60-sec schedule will likely (increase/decrease) _____________ its rate of response on the VI 60-sec component.
In __________________ behavioral contrast, a decrease in reinforcement on one alternative results in a(n) _________________ in ________________ on the other alternative.
In __________________ behavioral contrast, an increase in reinforcement on one alternative results in a(n) (increase/decrease) _______________ in (responding/reinforcement) ________________ on the other alternative.
On a multiple FR 50 VR 50 schedule, we are likely to fi nd a high rate of response on the(FR/VR/both) ________ component(s) along with a p___________ r_______________ pause on the (FR/VR/both) _________ component(s).
This type of schedule differs from a chained schedule in that a _________________ is provided after each component schedule is completed.
On a _________________ schedule, two or more schedules are presented (sequentially/simultaneously) _____________, with each resulting in a r_______________ and having its own distinctive _________________.
If a pigeon undergoes discrimination training in which a yellow key light is explicitly established as an SΔ and an orange key light is explicitly established as the SD, the strongest response in the generalization gradient will likely be to a (yellowishorange/orange/orange-reddish)
If an orange key light is trained as an SD in a key pecking task with pigeons, and the pigeons are then exposed to other key colors ranging from yellow on one end of the continuum to red on the other (with orange in the middle), then the peak of the generalization gradient will likely be to a
In the peak shift effect, the peak of a generalization gradient, following d___________ t_________________, shifts away from the ________________ to a stimulus that is further removed from the _________________.
An “Open for Business” sign is an ______ for entering the store and making a purchase, while a “Closed for Business” sign is an ______ for entering the store and making a purchase.
In a discrimination training procedure, responses that occur in the presence of the(use the symbols) ________ are reinforced, while those that occur in the presence of the ______ are not reinforced. This latter stimulus is called a d________________ s________________ for e_______________.
Jonathan always goes for lunch around 12:30, with the range being somewhere between 12:25 and 12:35 P.M. The generalization gradient for this behavior across various points in time would therefore be much (steeper/fl atter) ________________ than if the range was between 12:00 and 1:00. This
When Jonathan looked at his watch and noticed that it was 12:30 P.M., he decided that it was time for lunch. Jonathan’s eating behavior appears to be under strong s_________________ c______________.
In a graph that depicts a g_________________ g________________, a relatively fl at line indicates more ________________ and less _______________. A relatively steep line indicates more ________________ and less ________________.
A g_______________ g__________________ indicates the strength of responding to stimuli that vary along a continuum.
In general, stimuli that are (more/less) _____________ similar produce stronger generalization.
In operant conditioning, the term s__________________ g__________________ refers to the tendency for a response to be emitted in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the original ___________________. The opposite process, called s_____________ d_______________, refers to the tendency for the
A behavior is said to be under s_______________ c________________ when it is highly likely to occur in the presence of a certain stimulus.
DRO and DRI procedures are useful in that they tend to reduce many of the side effects associated with an _______________ procedure.
Giving a dog a treat whenever it does something other than jump up on visitors as they enter the house is an example of a (use the abbreviation) _____________ procedure. Giving a dog a treat for sitting quietly when visitors enter the house is an example of a _________________ procedure.
The procedure of reinforcing only those behaviors that are specifi cally incompatible with the target behavior that you wish to extinguish is known as ______________ ______________ of _______________ behavior (abbreviated ____________ ).
The procedure of reinforcing all behaviors except the particular target behavior that you wish to extinguish is known as d_________________ r__________________ of o_________________ behavior (abbreviated _______ ).
Skinner believed that this phenomenon is a function of ________________ that are uniquely associated with the start of the session.
In general, each time this occurs, the behavior is (weaker/stronger) _____________ than before and extinguishes (more/less) ____________ readily.
S________________ _________________ is the reappearance of an extinguished response at a later point in time.
Previous experience with extinction, as well as a distinctive signal for extinction, tends to produce a(n) (increase/decrease) __________________ in resistance to extinction.
In general, there is a(n) (direct/inverse) _________________ relationship between resistance to extinction and the organism’s level of deprivation for the reinforcer.
Resistance to extinction is generally greater when the behavior that is being extinguished has been reinforced with a (high/low) _____________-magnitude reinforcer, though the opposite effect has also been found.
In general, a behavior that has been reinforced many times is likely to be (much easier/more diffi cult) _______________ to extinguish.
Among the four basic intermittent schedules, the (use the abbreviation) _______ schedule is particularly likely to produce strong resistance to extinction.
According to the p____________ r______________ effect, responses that have been maintained on an intermittent schedule will show (more/less) ____________ resistance to extinction than responses that have been reinforced on a continuous schedule.
R________________ to _______________ is the extent to which responding persists after an extinction procedure is implemented.
On the trip home, Krissy, who never did get a toy, sat silently and stared out the window. This is not surprising, because extinction is sometimes followed by a temporary period of d_______________.
When her father still refuses to buy her a toy, Krissy suddenly asks her dad to pick her up and carry her, something she has not asked for since she was much smaller. This could be an example of r______________, or what psychoanalysts call r_____________.
Krissy might also begin showing a lot of e_______________ behavior, including a________________.
Krissy is also likely to ask for the toy in many different ways because extinction often results in an increase in the v________________ of a behavior.
Krissy asked her father to buy her a toy, as he usually did, when they were out shopping.Unfortunately, Krissy’s father had spent all of his money on building supplies and told her that he had nothing left for a toy. The fi rst thing that might happen is that Krissy will (increase/decrease)
In carrying out an extinction procedure, an important fi rst step is to ensure that the consequence being withdrawn is in fact the ______________.
Whenever Jana’s friend Karla phoned late in the evening, she would invariably begin complaining about her coworkers. In the beginning, Jana listened attentively and provided emotional support. Unfortunately, Karla started phoning more and more often, with each call lasting longer and longer. Jana
Extinction is the ______________ of a previously ______________ response, the result of which is a(n) ______________ in the strength of that response.
On a _____________ schedule (abbreviated _____________), the reinforcer is delivered following a fi xed interval of time, regardless of the organism’s behavior.
Eddy fi nds that he has to thump his television set twice before the picture will clear up. His behavior of thumping the television set is on a (be specifi c and use the abbreviation) _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
A pigeon pecks a green key on a VR 9 schedule, then a red key on an FI 20-sec, following which it receives food. The reinforcer for pecking the green key is the presentation of the _______________, which is a _____________ reinforcer.
Different response requirements have different effects on behavior. These effects are known as _____________.
As noted in the opening scenario to this chapter, Mandy found that she had to work harder and harder to entice Alvin to pay attention to her.It is quite likely that her behavior was on a _____________ schedule of reinforcement. As a result, she began experiencing periods of time where she simply
The abbreviation DRL refers to ______________________ reinforcement of _____________ rate behavior.
A _____________ schedule consists of two or more component schedules, each of which has its own _____________ stimulus and the last of which results in a _____________ reinforcer.
A _____________ is the response requirement that must be met to obtain reinforcement.
Anna ideally likes to exercise for 1 hour each morning, followed by a 30-minute sauna, in turn followed by a half hour of drinking coffee and reading the newspaper. Unfortunately, due to other commitments, she actually spends 45 minutes exercising, followed by a 15-minute sauna, and a half hour
On a _____________ schedule (abbreviated _______), the reinforcer is delivered following a varying period of time. It differs from a VI schedule in that a response (is/is not) ___________ required to obtain the reinforcer.
Gambling is often maintained by a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
On a _______________ schedule (abbreviated _______________), reinforcement is contingent upon the fi rst response after a varying interval of time. This produces a _____________ rate of response.
On a ________________ schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcer is delivered independently of any response.
Dagoni works for longer and longer periods of time and takes fewer and fewer breaks as his project nears completion. This is an example of the ________________ effect.
“If I’m not a success in every aspect of my life, my family will reject me.”This is a severe example of a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
Neem accepts Jason’s invitation for a date only when he has just been paid his monthly salary. Of the four simple schedules, the contingency governing Jason’s behavior of asking Neem for a date seems most similar to a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
A pigeon pecks a green key on a VI 60-sec schedule, which results in the insertion of a foot-treadle into the chamber. The pigeon then steps on the treadle 10 times, following which it receives food. To train this chain of behaviors, one should start with _________________________________.
On a _____________ schedule (abbreviated _______), reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses. This produces a _____________ rate of response.
Drinking a soda to quench your thirst is an example of _____________ reduction; drinking a soda because you love its tangy sweetness is an example of _____________ motivation.
When Deanna screams continuously, her mother occasionally pays attention to her. This is most likely an example of a(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
Neem accepts Jason’s invitation for a date only when she has “nothing better to do.” Of the four basic intermittent schedules, Jason’s behavior of asking Neem for a date is best described as being on a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
On a fi xed interval schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the fi rst response _____________ a fi xed period of time. (A) during, (B) before,(C) after, (D) none of the preceding.
Gina often goes for a walk through the woods, and even more often she does yardwork. According to the _____________, walking through the woods could still be used as a reinforcer for yardwork given that one restricts the frequency of walking to _____________ its_____________ level.
Dersu often carried a lucky charm with him when he went out hunting.This is because the appearance of game was often on a (use the abbreviation)_____________ schedule of reinforcement.
If a dog receives a treat each time it begs for one, its begging is being maintained on a(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement. If it only sometimes receives a treat when it begs for one, its begging is being maintained on a(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
Ahmed’s daily routine consists of swimming without rest for 30 minutes, following which he takes a break. This most closely resembles a(n)________________ schedule of reinforcement.
On a _________________ schedule, a response cannot be reinforced until 20 seconds have elapsed since the last reinforcer. (A) VI 20-sec, (B) VT 20-sec, (C) FT 20-sec, (D) FI 20-sec, (E) none of the preceding.
A _____________ schedule generally produces a high rate of response with a short pause following the attainment of each reinforcer. In general, the higher the requirement, the (longer/shorter) _____________ the pause.
On a _____________ schedule (abbreviated _____________), reinforcement is contingent upon the fi rst response after a fi xed period of time.This produces a _____________ pattern of responding.
Shawna often goes for a walk through the woods, but she rarely does yardwork. According to the _____________, walking through the woods could be used as a _____________ for yardwork.
On _____________ schedules, reinforcement is contingent upon the rate of response.
Postreinforcement pauses are most likely to occur on which two types of simple intermittent schedules? _____________ _____________.
On a _____________ schedule, a response must not occur until 20 seconds have elapsed since the last reinforcer. (A) VI 20-sec, (B) VT 20-sec, (C) FT 20-sec,(D) FI 20-sec, (E) none of the preceding.
Russ is so impressed with how quickly his betta learned to swim in a circle that he keeps doubling the number of circles it has to perform in order to receive a reinforcer. This is an example of an _____________ schedule of reinforcement (one that is particularly likely to suffer from
If Jason is extremely persistent in asking Neem out for a date, she will occasionally accept his invitation. Of the four basic schedules, Jason’s behavior of asking Neem for a date is most likely on a _____________ _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
On a (use the abbreviation) _____________ schedule, a minimum amount of time must pass between each response before the reinforcer will be delivered. On a _____________ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon emitting at least a certain number of responses in a certain period of time. On a
On a _____________ schedule (abbreviated ______), reinforcement is contingent upon a fi xed, predictable number of responses. This produces a _____________ rate of response often accompanied by a ____________ ______________________________________________________.
On a _____________ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the fi rst response during a varying period of time. (A) fi xed interval, (B) variable time, (C) fi xed time, (D) variable interval, (E) none of the preceding.
Describe the behavioral bliss point approach to reinforcement.
Outline the response deprivation hypothesis. Give an example of the response deprivation hypothesis from your own life.
Outline the Premack principle. Give an example of the Premack principle from your own life.
Describe the drive reduction theory of reinforcement. What is a major diffi culty with this theory? What is incentive motivation?

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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