Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

Learned helplessness may account for various diffi culties in humans, including the clinical disorder known as d__________________.
This effect can be overcome by (forcing/enticing) _______________ the dogs to make an escape response. As well, dogs that have had previous exposure to escapable shock are (more/less) _______________ susceptible to becoming helpless when later exposed to inescapable shock.
It seemed as though these dogs had learned that there (is/is not) ______________ a contingency between their behavior and the offset of shock.
The original experiments on learned ___________revealed that dogs that had fi rst been exposed to inescapable shock had (no diffi culty/diffi culty) ______________ learning an escape response when later exposed to (escapable/inescapable) ________ shock.
According to the punishment version of the Premack principle, the occurrence of a ___________ ____________ behavior can be used to punish the occurrence of a ___________ _____________ behavior. This means that if Sally rarely washes dishes and often bites her nails, then the behavior of _________
According to the a_________________ theory of punishment, a rat stops lever pressing when lever pressing is followed by shock because the occurrence of any behavior other than lever pressing is n________________ r_______________ by the nonoccurrence of shock.
This theory was based on evidence that punishment tends to produce only a (temporary/permanent) _______________ effect. This effect, however, probably results from using relatively (strong/weak) _______________ forms of punishment.
According to the conditioned suppression theory of punishment, the application of punishment does not directly w________________ a behavior; instead, it produces an em______________ reaction that tends to interfere with ongoing behavior.
In general, n_______________ punishment is preferable to p_______________ punishment because the former is likely to have fewer side effects.
If punishment is to be used, it should be im_____________, since d____________ punishment tends to be relatively ineffective.
In general, when attempting to punish a maladaptive behavior, one should also attempt to _______________ more adaptive behavior.
Unlike reinforcement, punishment tends to have a stronger impact on behavior if delivered (consistently/intermittently) _______________.
In general, when implementing a punishment procedure, one should begin with a punisher of suffi cient i________________ to s_______________ the behavior.
With verbally profi cient humans, punishment tends to be more effective when it is accompanied by an e________________.
Benefi cial side effects of punishment include increases in s_______________ behavior, improvements in m______________, and increased att____________ to the environment.
If punishment has an i___________________ effect in getting someone to stop annoying us, this result can then act as a strong n___________ r _____________ for using punishment in the future.
Yelling at your dog for chewing your slippers might also teach your dog not to chew the slippers only when ____________________________________.
Yelling at your dog for chewing your slippers might teach the dog to avoid _________ rather than the slippers.
The use of punishment could, through the process of m_____________, teach the recipient that punishment is an acceptable means for modifying a person’s behavior.
Punishment of an inappropriate behavior (will/will not) _______________ directly strengthen the occurrence of an appropriate behavior. It might even result in a general s________________ of behavior.
Punishment, especially (positive/negative) ___________________ punishment, can often elicit a strong e____________________ reaction. This reaction might include ________________ that, if not directed toward the punisher, might be directed toward a substitute target.
Looking at an old photo album reminds you of your loneliness as a child, the loss of a favorite pet, and a childhood friend who died. As a result, you stop looking at it.The old photo album can be classifi ed as a g______________ punisher. Looking at it is also (intrinsically/extrinsically)
The bad taste of rotting food will likely, for most people, function as a (primary/secondary) _______________ punisher, while a restaurant that has served such food will function as a _______________ punisher.
Exercising to the point of exhaustion is for many people likely to be an (extrinsically/intrinsically) _______________ punishing event.
If the frequency of a behavior decreases because performing the behavior no longer leads to something, the process involved is (extinction/negative punishment)_________________. If the frequency of a behavior decreases because performing the behavior leads to the removal of something, the process
Val’s mother used to play with Val whenever she whined but then stopped doing so. As a result, Val’s whining soon ceased. This is an example of (extinction/negative punishment) _______________.
When Val began whining, her mother immediately stopped playing with her and left the room. Val quickly stopped whining. This is an example of (extinction/negative punishment) _______________.
A(n) (advantage/disadvantage) _______________ of a time-out procedure is that one (does/does not) _______________ have to clearly identify a specifi c reinforcer before implementing the procedure. An (advantage/disadvantage) _____________ of a response cost procedure is that one (can/cannot)
When Bobbi threw a temper tantrum, Bobbi’s mother made her sit in the corner for a minute. Bobbi’s mother is attempting to apply a (response cost/time-out) _________________ procedure.
When Bobbi threw a temper tantrum, her mother turned off the television program that Bobbi was watching. Bobbi’s mother is attempting to apply a (response cost/time-out) _______________ procedure.
Negative punishment involves the (presentation/removal) ___________________ of a stimulus following a response that subsequently results in a (increase/decrease) _______________ in the likelihood of that response occurring again.
When the cat sat at your feet and meowed annoyingly during breakfast one morning, you sprayed it with water. As a result, the cat did not come near the table or meow the next time you sat down for a meal. The consequence for the cat’s begging consisted of the (presentation/removal)
Combined with ERP, cognitive interventions for OCD have been found to provide(much/little) _______________ additional benefi t.
People with OCD fail to realize that intrusive thoughts are (common/uncommon)_______________ and that such thoughts are often (controllable/uncontrollable)_______________. They also (take/fail to take) _______________responsibility for highly (probable/improbable) _______________ events.
People with OCD are usually (able/unable) _______________ to recall a particular conditioning event that was the cause of the obsessional anxiety response. The disorder often arises, however, during times of s______________. This suggests that a process of s_______________ s______________ may
ERP is similar to systematic desensitization in that exposure to the anxietyprovoking event is usually (gradual/sudden) _________________. It is similar to flooding therapy in that exposure to the anxiety-provoking event is (brief/prolonged) __________________.
Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy for OCD involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while (engaging/not engaging) _______________ in the (obsessive/compulsive) _______________ behavior that serves to reduce the anxiety.
From the perspective of two-process theory, this decrease in anxiety likely functions as a n_____________ r______________ for the compulsive behavior.
In general, (compulsions/obsessions) ______________ are associated with an increase in anxiety, whereas _______________ are associated with a decrease in anxiety.
Janice continually worries that her alarm clock might not be set, and that she will wake up late for class. She therefore checks the alarm clock about 20 times each night before fi nally falling asleep. The persistent thoughts about the alarm clock not being set are classifi ed as a(n)
This results in (little/considerable) _______________ exposure to the feared CS, thereby greatly (increasing/reducing) _______________ the likelihood that the fear response will e___________________.
A critical aspect of Stampfl ’s experimental analogue of phobic conditioning is that the avoidance response can occur (early/late) _________________________ in the sequence of events leading up to the feared CS, thereby (maximizing/minimizing) ____________ the amount of effort involved in making
Experimental avoidance usually requires (one/a few) _______________ conditioning trial(s), while phobic conditioning usually requires _______________ conditioning trial(s). Also, (experimental/phobic) _______________ conditioning is less than 100% certain.
According to Mineka, a second limitation of applying experimental models of avoidance to phobias is that avoidance behavior in an experiment conditions (more/less)_______________ readily than does avoidance behavior in a phobia.
According to Mineka, one limitation in applying experimental models of avoidance to human phobias is that the animals are usually avoiding the aversive(CS/US) ________________________ whereas human phobics are avoiding the aversive ____________________.
According to species-specifi c defense reaction theory, avoidance responses are often (learned/innate) _______________ reactions to aversive stimulation that are automatically (emitted/elicited) _______________ in dangerous situations.
According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is negatively reinforced by a reduction in overall rate of av________________ st______________, as opposed to a reduction in _______________.
A second problem with Mowrer’s theory is that after suffi cient experience with avoiding the aversive CS, the animals no longer show any _______________, yet continue to make the avoidance response. Levis, however, contends that such animals are nevertheless still (slightly/strongly)
However, according to the a___________________ c_______________ hypothesis, avoidance responses usually occur so (quickly/slowly) __________________ that exposures to the (CS/US) ________________ are too (long/brief) _______________ for_______________ to take place.
One apparent problem with two-process theory is that, even after hundreds of trials, the avoidance response does not seem to e__________________.
According to Mowrer, avoidance is the result of two distinct processes: (1) ____________ conditioning of a ____________________ response, and (2) __________________ conditioning in which an avoidance response is n_____________ r_______________ by a reduction in _______________.
It is relatively easy to understand the process underlying (escape/avoidance) _________ conditioning because the organism moves from an __________________ situation to a non_______________________ situation. By contrast, it is more diffi cult to understand _______________________ conditioning
In the shuttle avoidance procedure described previously, the rat fi rst learns to _______________ from the shock, with the _______________ acting as the SD for the behavior. The rat later learns to _______________ the shock, with the _______________ acting as the SD for the behavior.
Julio initially takes vitamin C whenever he has a cold, in the hope that it will shorten the duration of his symptoms. Feeling that this is effective, he begins taking it daily in the hope that it will keep him from contracting a cold. Julio initially took the vitamin C to (avoid/escape)
Typically, one fi rst learns to _______________ from an aversive stimulus, and then to _______________ it.
Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus is called ____________________ behavior, whereas behavior that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring is called _______________ behavior.
When Trish’s best friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. Laura tried very hard to get Trish to talk to her.When Trish refused, Laura eventually became _______________, one symptom of which was a relatively (low/high) ____________ level of activity.
When Trish’s friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. Laura tried many different ways to get Trish to talk to her: phoning her, e-mailing, writing letters, and sending messages through mutual friends. The many ways in which Laura attempted to interact with
When Trish’s friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. Laura tried hard to get Trish to talk to her. She even asked Trish if she would like to go to the local video arcade, which had been a favorite activity of theirs when they fi rst became friends. This may
In a _______________ forgetting task, the pigeon is shown a cue during the _______________ period, which signals whether the sample stimulus needs to be remembered or can be forgotten.
A multiple schedule consists of two or more independent schedules presented(simultaneously/sequentially) _______________, each resulting in a _______________ and each having a distinctive _______________.
Ahmed found school only slightly interesting. Unfortunately, his lack of studying led to some very poor marks one semester, with the result that he faced the real threat of being forced to withdraw for a year.Throughout the rest of the semester, Ahmed was probably (more/less) __________________
When Trish’s friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. Laura tried very hard to get Trish to talk to her but quickly gave up. Laura’s behavior of trying to interact with Trish seems to have (low/high) _______________ resistance to extinction.
The first step in carrying out an extinction procedure is to identify the _______________ that is maintaining the behavior.
When Tamara first moved to the city, she went out each evening and had a great time. One evening at a nightclub, however, she had a frightening experience that really turned her off the club scene.Interestingly, she subsequently became (more/less) _________________ interested in other activities,
A _______________________ indicates the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the ______________________ and that vary along a _______________.
When visiting a foreign resort last summer, you frequently encountered a group of children in the street who were trying to sell souvenirs.Although you always rejected their sales pitches, they were incredibly persistent. Chances are that this persistence results because their behavior of selling
When Trish’s friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. Laura tried very hard to get Trish to talk to her.She also became emotionally (upset /distant) ____________________, which included becoming quite _______________ with Trish.
While teaching his daughter the letters of the alphabet, Vern would say each letter as he showed it to her and then encourage her to repeat what he said. He then began to say the letters more and more softly, with the result that she eventually said them on her own without any prompt from him. This
When the commander yells “Charge!” all of his troops climb out of the trench and start running toward the enemy. The behavior of these troops is obviously under strong _______________ control.
Yan lives in a very crowded city, so he teaches his little boy to stay in close contact with his right hand whenever they are walking in a crowd. This is similar to a behavior management technique known as _______________ that is used to guide animals.
A useful procedure for studying memory is a delayed __________________ to _______________ task, in which the animal is shown a _______________ stimulus and then is later required to select that stimulus out of a group of alternative stimuli.
A dog whose begging for food has been reinforced 200 times is likely to show greater _______________ to extinction than a dog whose begging has been reinforced only 10 times.
The nonreinforcement of a previously reinforced response defines the _______________________ of extinction, while the resultant decrease in the strength of that response defines the _____________________ of extinction.
On a generalization gradient, the strongest response typically occurs to the _______________.
In behavioral _______________, a change in the rate of _______________ on one component of a multiple schedule is followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) _______________ change in the rate of _______________ on the other component.
When Mehgan lived in Vancouver, she dated Mike, who was quite uneducated, and David, who was moderately educated. She had a boring time with Mike and a great time with David. She then moved to Dallas and set her sights on meeting someone new. According to the ____________________________ effect, we
When Erin was babysitting Lucie, it took hours before Lucie would stop pestering her for a treat. Erin could likely have speeded up this process through the use of a (give the abbreviation) ___________________ procedure.
Lana finds that the children in her class are extremely unruly. To solve this problem, she announces that whenever she is holding up a flag, the children can run around and do whatever they want. Then, periodically throughout the day, she holds up the flag for a few minutes and lets the children
Right after Gina was stung by a hornet, she was as likely to run away from housefl ies as from hornets, which is an example of stimulus _____________.One year later, we fi nd that Gina runs away from hornets but not housefl ies, which is an example of stimulus _______________.
When Trish’s friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. Laura did not understand the reason for Trish’s silence and initially (increased/decreased) _______________ the frequency with which she attempted to talk to Laura. From the perspective of this being an
More persistent is to less persistent as (high/low) _______________ resistance to extinction is to _______________ resistance to extinction.
Lucie is ecstatic when Tamsen is her babysitter, and completely indifferent when Natasha is her babysitter. This is because Tamsen tends to give her treats, but Natasha does not. Thus, Tamsen is an (give the abbreviation) __________________ for the availability of treats, while Natasha is an
When Erin was babysitting Lucie, it took hours before Lucie would stop pestering her for a treat (Erin had been instructed not to give her any treats). The next time Erin babysits Lucie, Lucie will (probably/probably not) _______________ resume asking for a treat. This can be considered an example
When Asha’s parents won the lottery and bought her lots of neat playthings, she became (less/more) _______________ interested in school.This is an example of a _______________ contrast effect.
How might a bird owner use stimulus control to eliminate a parrot’s tendency to squawk for long periods of time? How might a novelist use stimulus control to facilitate the act of writing?
Using a diagram, describe the delayed matching-to-sample procedure for studying memory in pigeons.
Describe errorless discrimination training and the two basic aspects of this procedure. What is a major drawback of such training?
Defi ne anticipatory contrast and give an example.
Defi ne positive and negative contrast effects, and give an example of each.
Defi ne a multiple schedule. Diagram an experimental example involving the response of lever pressing for food on an FR 20 and VI 30-sec schedule, and the stimuli of tone and light. Be sure to include the appropriate label for each component (SD, etc.).
Defi ne the peak shift effect. Illustrate your answer with a graph of a generalization gradient.
What is a generalization gradient? How does the shape of the gradient refl ect the degree of generalization?
What is an SΔ? Diagram an example of a discrimination training procedure(be sure to include the appropriate abbreviations for each component).
Defi ne stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination as they occur in operant conditioning.
Defi ne stimulus control. What would be an example of stimulus control of behavior at a hockey game and at a church service?
Defi ne a DRO procedure. How does it differ from a DRI procedure?To eliminate a behavior, why is a DRO procedure more effective than a straight extinction procedure?
What is spontaneous recovery, and how is it affected by successive sessions of extinction?
How is resistance to extinction affected by history of reinforcement, magnitude of reinforcement, degree of deprivation, and previous experience with extinction?
Defi ne the partial reinforcement effect. Of the four basic intermittent schedules, which produces the strongest resistance to extinction?

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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