Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

In the original version of the Skinner box, rats earn food by p________________ a _____________; in a later version, pigeons earn a few seconds of access to food by p______________ at an illuminated plastic disc known as a __________ ______________.
The Skinner box evolved out of Skinner’s quest for a procedure that would, among other things, yield (regular/irregular) ______________ patterns of behavior.
According to Thorndike, behaviors that worked were st____________ i__, while behaviors that did not work were st___________ o___.
Based on his research with cats, Thorndike formulated his famous ______________ of ______________, which states that behaviors that lead to a(n) ___________ state of affairs are strengthened, while behaviors that lead to a(n) __________________ state of affairs are weakened.
Thorndike’s cats learned to solve the puzzle box problem (gradually/suddenly) ________.
Another name for operant conditioning is ______________ conditioning.
Elicited behavior is a function of what (precedes/follows) _______________ it;operant behavior is a function of what (precedes/follows) _______________ it.
Operant behaviors are infl uenced by their _______________.
Tran’s slight fear of rats turns into a major phobia when he is told by his parents that rats are much more dangerous than he previously suspected.This is an example of ______________.
Research on classical conditioning processes in drug addiction suggests that the withdrawal symptoms evoked by the sight of a desired drug are actually ______________ reactions to the drug that have come to be elicited by environmental cues associated with that (drug/primary response to the drug)
Gina’s parents are extremely concerned about her well-being, and as a result they do almost everything for her. By contrast, Sara’s parents make sure that she does a lot of things on her own. Between the two of them, ______________ may be less susceptible to the development of a phobia, insofar
According to the ______________ effect, if two fully conditioned stimuli are combined into a compound stimulus that is then subjected to further pairings with the US, the associative value of each member of the compound will (increase/decrease) ______________.
Fionn experiences an allergic reaction whenever people even talk about dogs. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the talk about dogs appears to be a (use the abbreviation) ______________ while the allergic reaction is a ______________.
The ease with which an individual can acquire a conditioned fear response may be infl uenced by that person’s base level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation, which is known as t______________. This may, to a large extent, be (genetically/environmentally) ______________ determined.
Tika’s slight fear of snakes turns into a major phobia when she suffers a serious illness. This is an example of the process of ______________.
A cat salivates to the sound of your alarm clock in anticipation of a breakfast feeding. It also freezes at the sight of another cat in anticipation of an attack.These examples best illustrate the ______________ theory of conditioning.
Bo was never afraid of bees until he saw his best friend, Emmet, react with a look of horror to the sight of a bee. Bo now becomes quite anxious each time he sees a bee. This is best described as an example of ______________ learning.
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, ______________ occurs because the (CS/NS/US) ______________ in the compound has already picked up most of the available associative value.
The _______________ approach to learning, views classical conditioning as a process of directly attaching a refl ex response to a new stimulus.
Evidence for the role of conditioning in placebo effects includes the fact that such effects are more likely (following/preceding) ______________ a period of treatment with (a fake/the real) ______________ drug. Also, repeated administration of a placebo reduces its effectiveness, which suggests
Traditional advice has it that if you fall off a horse you should immediately get back on and keep riding until your fear has disappeared. This approach is similar to the therapeutic technique known as ______________.Furthermore, getting back on immediately allows no opportunity for brief exposures
In ___________________ therapy, one attempts to (decrease/increase)________________ the attractiveness of a desired event by pairing it with an (appetitive/aversive) _______________ stimulus. An imagery-based form of this therapy is called ______________.
Whenever I see Attila, the neighbor’s dog, I am reminded that he once bit me, which makes me quite nervous. This sequence of events fits best with an (S-R /S-S) __________________ approach to classical conditioning.
Many fatalities seemingly due to drug overdose appear to actually be the result of taking the drug in the presence of cues (associated /not associated) _______________ with drug use thereby resulting in a (weaker/stronger) __________________ compensatory response and a(higher/lower) ____________
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, overshadowing occurs because the _______________ stimulus picks up most of the associative value.
While playing with a spider, Suyen was frightened by the sound of a fi recracker. As a result, she acquired a lasting fear of spiders, but not of fi recrackers. This is an illustration of the concept of ______________.
Desensitization and fl ooding procedures that utilize thoughts about the feared stimulus are known as ______________ procedures, whereas procedures that involve exposure to the real stimulus are known as ______________ procedures.
When Uncle Bob and Aunt Shirley were separated, they each gave Little Lucas great Christmas presents, with the result that he developed strong positive feelings for both of them. They then resolved their diffi culties and moved back together. They now give Little Lucas one great present from the
The procedure of pairing the frightening sight of a hornet with an appetitive stimulus such as candy is an example of ______________. This type of procedure is effective due to the process of ______________.
Tara’s slight fear of spiders turns into a major phobia when she witnesses a friend become hospitalized after being bitten by a spider. This is an example of ______________.
The ______________ approach proposes that classical conditioning involves establishing a direct connection between an NS and a US.
Lothar’s job has recently become quite stressful. Interestingly, he is also developing a fear of driving through rush hour traffic. This is best described as an example of ______________.
In the Little Albert study, the loud noise was the (CS/US) ______________, while the white rat was the (CS/US) ______________. Little Albert’s fear of other furry objects illustrates the process of stimulus ______________.
The three steps in systematic desensitization are (1) training in _____________,(2) creation of a ______________ of feared stimuli, and (3) pairing __________ with each item in the ______________.
Diagram an example of a classical conditioning procedure that results in an alteration (strengthening or weakening) of immune system functioning.Diagram an example of a classical conditioning process involved in the creation of a placebo effect.
Defi ne aversion therapy. What is covert sensitization?
Defi ne fl ooding. Be sure to mention the underlying process by which it is believed to operate. Also, what is the distinction between imaginal and in vivo versions of fl ooding (and desensitization)?
Defi ne systematic desensitization and outline its three components.
What is counterconditioning? Name and defi ne the underlying process.
Describe how history of control and US revaluation can affect the acquisition of a phobia.
Describe how selective sensitization and incubation can affect the acquisition of a phobia.
Describe how temperament and preparedness can affect the acquisition of a phobia.
Describe how observational learning can affect the acquisition of a phobia. Assuming that the look of fear in others can act as a US, diagram an example of such a process.
Briefl y describe the Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert and the results obtained.
Describe the overexpectation effect and how the Rescorla-Wagner theory accounts for it.
Describe the Rescorla-Wagner theory. Describe how the Rescorla-Wagner theory accounts for overshadowing and blocking.
Describe the compensatory-response model of conditioning. How does the compensatory-response model account for drug overdoses that occur when an addict seems to have injected only a normal amount of the drug?
Describe the preparatory-response theory of conditioning.
Describe stimulus-substitution theory. What is the major weakness of this theory?
Distinguish between S-R and S-S models of conditioning.
Aversion therapy is sometimes carried out using __________________ stimuli rather than real stimuli. This type of treatment procedure is known as ______________ sensitization.
In general, aversion therapy is (more/less) ____________ effective when the unpleasant response that is elicited is biologically relevant to the problematic behavior.
A highly effective procedure for reducing cigarette consumption, at least temporarily, is r_______________ s__________________.
A standard treatment for alcoholism is to associate the taste of alcohol with feelings of n________________ that have been induced by consumption of an e__________.
In ________________ therapy, one attempts to reduce the attractiveness of an event by associating that event with an unpleasant stimulus.
Öst's single-session procedure combines the gradualness of s_______________ d____________ with the prolonged exposure time of f________________. This procedure also makes use of p____________________ m________________, in which the therapist demonstrates how to interact with the feared object.
Modern-day therapies for phobias are often given the general name of e________________-b_____________ treatments.
For fl ooding therapy to be effective, the exposure period must be of relatively(long/short) __________________ duration.
Two types of fl ooding therapy are ______________ fl ooding in which one visualizes the feared stimulus, and _____________ fl ooding in which one encounters a real example of the feared stimulus.
In fl ooding therapy, the avoidance response is (blocked/facilitated) _____________, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear to ______________.
One bit of evidence against the counterconditioning explanation for this type of treatment is that relaxation (is/is not) ____________ always necessary for the treatment to be effective. On the other hand, in keeping with the counterconditioning explanation, relaxation does seem to facilitate
Wolpe’s procedure is very effective with people who have (few/many) ___________ phobias that are highly (general/specific) ________________. Thus, this procedure(does/does not) ________________ work well with people who have a social phobia.
A version of Wolpe’s procedure that uses real-life rather than imaginary stimuli is called __________________ _________________ _______________. A major advantage of this procedure is that one does not have to worry about whether the treatment effect will g________________ to the real world.
The three basic components of Wolpe’s procedure are:a. ________________________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________________________c. ________________________________________________________________
Mary Cover Jones used the stimulus of ______________ to counter Peter’s feelings of anxiety, while Wolpe, in his s_______________ d_______________ procedure, used _____________.
Associating a stimulus that already elicits one type of response with an event that elicits an incompatible response is called c_______________________. Wolpe believed that the underlying process is r___________________ i_________________ in which certain types of responses are
The process of s_______________ s_______________ refers to an increase in one’s reactivity to a potentially fearful stimulus following exposure to a stressful event, even though the stressful event is (related/unrelated) ________________ to the feared stimulus.
According to the concept of ______________ revaluation, phobic behavior might sometimes develop when the person encounters a (more/less) ___________ intense version of the (CS/US) ______ than was used in the original conditioning. This process can also occur through o______________
Brief exposures to a feared CS in the absence of the US may result in a phenomenon known as ______________ in which the conditioned fear response grows (stronger/weaker) _________. This runs counter to the general principle that presentation of the CS without the US usually results in
We will probably be (more/less) _________ susceptible to acquiring a conditioned fear response if we grow up in a world in which we experience little or no control over the available rewards.
The fact that many people are more petrifi ed of encountering snakes than they are of being run over by cars, even though the latter is a far more relevant danger in the world in which they live, refl ects differences in _____________ for acquiring certain kinds of fears.
Travis rolled his pickup truck, yet he had no qualms about driving home afterwards;Cam was in a minor fender bender last week and remained petrifi ed of driving for several days afterward. These different outcomes may refl ect inherited differences in t_______________ between the two individuals.
The concept of p_____________ holds that we are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of fears, such as fear of snakes and spiders, more readily than other kinds.
The term _______________ refers to an individual’s genetically determined level of emotionality and reactivity to stimulation. It (does/does not) ______________ seem to affect the extent to which responses can be classically conditioned.
From a conditioning perspective, viewing a display of fear in others can be conceptualized as a(n) _______________ stimulus that elicits a(n) _______________ response of fear in oneself. The event the other person is reacting to might then become a(n) ________________ stimulus that elicits a(n)
Albert’s fear response was (present/absent) _______________ whenever he was sucking his thumb, which suggests that the fear conditioning was actually relatively (strong/weak) _________________.
Unlike real-life phobias, Albert’s fear of the rat seemed to grow (stronger/weaker)_______________ following a 30-day break.
One difference between Albert’s fear conditioning and conditioning of real-life phobias is that the latter often require (only one/more than one) ______________ conditioning trial.
Albert’s startle response to the noise was a(n) _______________ response, while his crying in response to the rat was a(n) ______________ response.
In the Little Albert experiment, the rat was originally a(n) ______________ stimulus, while the loud noise was a(n) ______________ stimulus.
A phobia is an extreme, irrational fear reaction to a particular event. From a classical conditioning perspective, it seems to represent a process of over-________________.
Suppose a tone and a light are each conditioned with food to a maximum associative value of 8 units. If the tone and light are combined into a compound stimulus for further conditioning trials, the associative value of each stimulus must necessarily(decrease/increase) ______________. This is known
Suppose a compound stimulus has an associative value of 25 following conditioning.According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, if one CS has acquired 15 units of associative value, the other CS must have acquired ____________ units of associative value.
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, blocking occurs because the (CS/NS)_________ in the compound has already picked up all of the available associative value.
According to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, overshadowing occurs because the more salient CS picks up (most/little) __________ of the associative value available in that setting.
In general, stronger USs support (more/less) _______ conditioning than weaker USs.
The Rescorla-Wagner theory proposes that a given _____________ can support only so much conditioning, and this amount of conditioning must be distributed among the various ______________ available.
A person who drinks a glass of wine in a fi ne restaurant is likely to be (more/less)__________ affected by the alcohol than if she drank the same amount of wine in a courtroom.
Suppose an addict always injects heroin in her bedroom at home, but one time stays overnight at a friend’s house and decides to take an injection there. The addict will likely experience a(n) (increased/decreased) _________________ reaction to the drug at her friend’s house.
We tend to have (higher/lower) ________________ tolerance for a drug in the presence of cues associated with taking the drug.
In keeping with the compensatory-response model, modern treatments for drug addiction often recommend (exposure to/removal of) ______________________ drug-related cues to allow (conditioning/extinction) __________________ of the cravings to take place.
According to the compensatory-response model of drug addiction, symptoms of withdrawal are likely to be (stronger/weaker) __________ in the presence of drugrelated cues. This is because the drug-related cues tend to elicit (primary/compensatory)_____________ responses to the drug that are
Following from question 4, a tone that is repeatedly paired with shock will eventually come to elicit a compensatory decrease in heart rate. Diagram the actual events involved in this type of conditioning (paying particular attention to what the actual US consists of).Tone:
Following from question 3, an increase in heart rate naturally elicits a compensatory decrease in heart rate. For this sequence of events, the increase in heart rate is a (NS/CS/US) _____ and the decrease in heart rate is (CR/UR) _____.
Shock naturally elicits an increase in heart rate. In this case, shock is a (NS/CS/US)______ and the increase in heart rate is a (CR/UR) ______.
Diagram the actual events involved in the conditioning of an increase in blood pressure in response to a hypodermic needle that has been consistently associated with heroin administration (hint: the US in this conditioning is not heroin):Needle: _________________________ →
According to the _____________-_______________ model of drug conditioning, a CS that has been associated with (a drug/primary response to a drug) ________ will eventually come to elicit a c________________ reaction. Another way of looking at it is that the CS has become associated with the
According to ________________-________________ theory, the CR and UR should always be the same or at least highly similar. As it turns out, this is (true/false) ___________.
According to ________________-________________ theory, the purpose of the CR is to prepare the organism for the occurrence of the US.
According to ________________-________________ theory, the CS acts as a substitute for the US.

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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