Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

The terms reinforcer or punisher refer to the specifi c ________________ that follows a behavior, whereas the terms reinforcement or punishment refer to the ________________ or________________ whereby the probability of a behavior is altered by its consequences.
When combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, the word negative indicates that the consequence consists of something being _________________, whereas the word positive indicates that the consequence consists of something being ________________.
Each time a student studies at home, she is praised by her parents. As a result, she no longer studies at home. This is an example of what type of contingency? ____________________________
Operant responses are sometimes simply called ________________.
The gradual development of new operant behavior through reinforcement of ________________ to that behavior is called ________________.
The three-term contingency can be thought of as an ABC sequence in which A stands for ________________, B stands for ________________, and C stands for ________________.
Compared to most elicited behaviors, operant behaviors seem (more/less) ________________ automatic and refl exive.
At the zoo one day, you notice that a zookeeper is leading a rhinoceros into a pen by repeatedly whistling at it as the animal moves. It is probably the case that the whistle has been paired with ________________ and is now functioning as a ________________.
If the rat does not press the lever, then it does not receive a shock.As a result, the rat is more likely not to press the lever. This is an example of (A) negative reinforcement, (B) negative punishment,(C) positive reinforcement, (D) positive punishment. ______________(Think carefully about this.)
Money and praise are common examples of ______________ reinforcers.
An event is a punisher if it ________________ a behavior and the future probability of that behavior ________________.
Reinforcers and punishers are defi ned entirely by their ________________ on behavior.
Behaviors that are performed for their own sake are said to be _______ motivated; behaviors that are performed to achieve some additional incentive are said to be ________________ motivated.
An easy way to remember the three-term contingency is that you ______ something, _______________ something, and ____________ something.
Elicited behaviors are controlled by the events that (precede/follow) ____________________ their occurrence, while operant behaviors are controlled by the events that (precede /follow) ______________ their occurrence.
A positive reinforcer is a stimulus, (A) the presentation of which increases the strength of a response, (B) the presentation of which follows a response and increases the strength of that response, (C) the presentation of which decreases the strength of a response, (D) the presentation of which
Shaping is (A) the reinforcement of a new operant behavior, (B) the gradual reinforcement of a new operant behavior, (C) the reinforcement of successive approximations to a new operant behavior, (D) the creation of new operant behavior through successive approximations to reinforcement,(E) none of
Defi ne shaping. What are two advantages of using a secondary reinforcer, such as a sound, as an aid to shaping?
Defi ne natural and contrived reinforcers, and provide an example of each.
Under what three conditions does extrinsic reinforcement undermine intrinsic interest? Under what two conditions does extrinsic reinforcement enhance intrinsic interest?
Defi ne intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement, and provide an example of each.
What is a generalized reinforcer? What are two examples of such reinforcers?
Distinguish between primary and secondary reinforcers, and give an example of each.
How does immediacy affect the strength of a reinforcer? How does this often lead to diffi culties for students in their academic studies?
What are the similarities and differences between negative reinforcement and positive punishment?
Defi ne positive punishment and diagram an example. Defi ne negative punishment and diagram an example. (For each example, include the appropriate symbols.)
Defi ne positive reinforcement and diagram an example. Defi ne negative reinforcement and diagram an example. (For each example, include the appropriate symbols.)
What is a discriminative stimulus? Defi ne the three-term contingency and diagram an example.
What is the difference between the terms reinforcement and reinforcer?
Defi ne the terms reinforcer and punisher.
Explain why operant behaviors are said to be emitted and why they are defi ned as a “class” of responses.
State Thorndike’s law of effect. What is operant conditioning (as defi ned by Skinner), and how does this defi nition differ from Thorndike’s law of effect?
The advantages of using the click as a reinforcer is that it can be delivered i__________.It can also prevent the animal from becoming s______________.
In clicker training with dogs, the click is a s______________ reinforcer that has been established by fi rst pairing it with f______________.
Shaping is the creation of ___________________ operant behavior through the reinforcement of s______________ a______________ to that behavior.
(Intrinsic/Extrinsic) ______________ reinforcers are always natural reinforcers, while ______________ reinforcers can be either natural or contrived.
In most cases, the most important consequence in developing highly effective forms of behavior will be the (contrived/natural) ______________ consequences of that behavior.
In applied behavior analysis, although one might initially use (contrived/natural)______________ consequences to fi rst develop a behavior, the hope is that, if possible, the behavior will become tr______________ by the n______________ c______________ associated with that behavior.
You thank your roommate for helping out with the housework in an attempt to motivate her to help out more often. To the extent that this works, the thank-you is an example of a(n) (contrived/natural) ______________ reinforcer; it is also an example of an (intrinsic/extrinsic) ______________
You fl ip the switch and the light comes on. The light coming on is an example of a(n) (contrived/natural) ______________ reinforcer; in general, it is also an example of an (intrinsic/extrinsic) ______________ reinforcer.
A(n) ______________ reinforcer is a reinforcer that typically occurs for that behavior in that setting; a(n) ______________ reinforcer is one that typically does not occur for that behavior in that setting.
They also found that extrinsic rewards generally increased intrinsic motivation when the rewards were (tangible/verbal) ______________, and that tangible rewards increased intrinsic motivation when they were delivered contingent upon(high/low) ______________ quality performance.
In their meta-analysis of relevant research, Cameron and Pierce (1994) found that extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic motivation only when they are (expected/unexpected) _____________________, (tangible/verbal) ___________________, and given for (performing well/merely engaging in the behavior)
Running to lose weight is an example of an ______________ motivated activity;running because it “feels good” is an example of an ______________ motivated activity.
An __________________ motivated activity is one in which the activity is itself reinforcing; an ________________ motivated activity is one in which the reinforcer for the activity consists of some type of additional consequence that is not inherent to the activity.
Behavior modifi cation programs in institutional settings often utilize generalized reinforcers in the form of t_______________. This type of arrangement is known as a t______________ e______________.
Two generalized secondary reinforcers that have strong effects on human behavior are __________________________________________________.
A generalized reinforcer (or generalized secondary reinforcer) is a secondary reinforcer that has been associated with _________________________________.
A (CS/US) ______ that has been associated with an appetitive (CS/US) ______ can serve as a secondary reinforcer for an operant response. As well, a stimulus that serves as a(n) ______ for an operant response can also serve as a secondary reinforcer for some other response.
Honey is for most people an example of a ______________ reinforcer, while a coupon that is used to purchase the honey is an example of a ______________ reinforcer.
Events that become reinforcers through their association with other reinforcers are called _______________ reinforcers. They are sometimes also called _____________ reinforcers.
Events that are innately reinforcing are called ______________ reinforcers. They are sometimes also called un______________ reinforcers.
It has been suggested that delayed reinforcers (do/do not) __________________ function in the same manner as immediate reinforcers. Rather, the effectiveness of delayed reinforcers in humans is largely dependent on the use of i______________ or r________________ to bridge the gap between the
It is sometimes diffi cult for students to study in that the reinforcers for studying are ______________ and therefore w______________, whereas the reinforcers for alternative activities are ______________ and therefore s______________.
In general, the more _________________ the reinforcer, the stronger its effect on behavior.
When Tenzing shared his toys with his brother, his mother stopped criticizing him.Tenzing now shares his toys with his brother quite often. The consequence for sharing the toys was the ______________ of a stimulus, and the behavior of sharing the toys subsequently ______________ in frequency;
When Alex held the car door open for Stephanie, she made a big fuss over what a gentleman he was becoming. Alex no longer holds the car door open for her. The consequence for holding open the door was the ______________ of a stimulus, and the behavior of holding open the door subsequently
When Alex burped in public during his date with Stephanie, she got angry with him.Alex now burps quite often when he is out on a date with Stephanie. The consequence for burping was the ______________ of a stimulus, and the behavior of belching subsequently ______________ in frequency; therefore,
Whenever Sasha pulled the dog’s tail, the dog left and went into another room. As a result, Sasha now pulls the dog’s tail less often when it is around. The consequence for pulling the dog’s tail was the (presentation/removal) _____________ of a stimulus, and the behavior of pulling the
When Sasha was teasing the dog, it bit her. As a result, she no longer teases the dog.The consequence for Sasha’s behavior of teasing the dog was the (presentation/removal) _________________ of a stimulus, and the teasing behavior subsequently(increased/decreased) ________________ in frequency;
Turning down the heat because you are too hot is an example of an (escape/avoidance) ________________ response; turning it down before you become too hot is an example of an (escape/avoidance) ________________ response.
With respect to escape and avoidance, an ______________ response is one that terminates an aversive stimulus, while an ______________ response is one that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring. Escape and avoidance responses are two classes of behavior that are maintained by
Karen cries while saying to her boyfriend, “John, I don’t feel as though you love me.” John gives Karen a big hug saying, “That’s not true, dear, I love you very much.” If John’s hug is a reinforcer, Karen is (more/less) ___________________ likely to cry the next time she feels
When the dog sat at your feet and whined during breakfast one morning, you fed him. As a result, he sat at your feet and whined during breakfast the next morning. The consequence for the dog’s whining consisted of the (presentation/removal) _______________ of a stimulus, and his behavior of
When you reached toward the dog, he nipped at your hand. You quickly pulled your hand back. As a result, he now nips at your hand whenever you reach toward him.The consequence for the dog’s behavior of nipping consisted of the (presentation/removal) ________________ of a stimulus (namely, your
Reinforcement is related to a(n) (increase/decrease) _____________ in behavior, whereas punishment is related to a(n) (increase/decrease) ______________ in behavior.
Within the context of reinforcement and punishment, positive refers to the (addition/subtraction) ________________ of something, and negative refers to the (addition/subtraction) ______________ of something.
The word positive, when combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, (does/does not) ______________ mean that the consequence is good or pleasant. Similarly, the term negative, when combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, (does/does not) ______________ mean that the consequence
The word positive, when combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, means only that the behavior is followed by the ______________ of something. The word negative, when combined with the words reinforcement or punishment, means only that the behavior is followed by the ______________ of
A bell that signals the start of a round and therefore serves as an SD for the operant response of beginning to box may also serve as a(n) (SD/CS) _____________ for a fear response. This is an example of how the two processes of ________________ conditioning and ______________ conditioning often
A stimulus in the presence of which a response is punished is called a ______________ ______________ for ______________.
Another way of thinking about the three-term contingency is that you ___________ something, ________ something, and __________ something.
The three-term contingency can also be thought of as an ABC sequence, where A stands for ______________ event, B stands for ______________, and C stands for ______________.
Using the appropriate symbols, label each component in the following three-term contingency (assume that the behavior will be strengthened):Phone rings: Answer phone → Conversation with friend ______ ______ ______
A discriminative stimuli (does/does not) ______________ elicit behavior in the same manner as a CS.
A discriminative stimulus is said to “__________________ for the behavior,” meaning that its presence makes the response (more/less) _________________ likely to occur.
A discriminative stimulus is usually indicated by the symbol _______.
The operant conditioning procedure usually consists of three components:(1) a d_________________ s________________, (2) an o___________________ response, and (3) a c______________.
Manzar stopped using the toaster after it no longer made good toast. This is an example of (punishment/extinction) ______________.
Clayton stopped plugging in the toaster after he received an electric shock while doing so. This is an example of (punishment/extinction) ______________.
Weakening a behavior through the w______________ of reinforcement for that behavior is known as extinction.
When we chastise a child for being rude, we are attempting to punish (the child who was rude/the child’s rude behavior) _______________________________.
When we give a dog a treat for fetching a toy, we are attempting to reinforce(the behavior of fetching the toy/the dog that fetched the toy) _______________.
When labeling an operant conditioning procedure, punishing consequences(punishers) are given the symbol _____________ (which stands for ____________ ______________ ), while reinforcing consequences (reinforcers) are given the symbol ____________ (which stands for _____________ ______________ ). The
Each time Edna talked out in class, her teacher immediately came over and gave her a hug. As a result, Edna no longer talks out in class. By defi nition, the hug is a(n) __________________ because the behavior it follows has (increased/decreased) ______________ in frequency.
When Moe stuck his fi nger in a light socket, he received an electric shock. As a result, he now sticks his fi nger in the light socket as often as possible. By defi nition, the electric shock was a ______________ because the behavior it followed has (increased/decreased) ______________ in
Reinforcers and punishers are defi ned entirely by their ______________ on behavior.For this reason, the term reinforcer is often preferred to the term ______________ because the latter is too closely associated with events that are commonly regarded as pleasant or desirable.
Eliminating a dog’s tendency to jump up on visitors by scolding her when she does so is an example of ______________, while the scolding itself is a ______________.
Strengthening a roommate’s tendency toward cleanliness by thanking her when she cleans the bathroom is an example of ______________, while the thanks itself is a ______________.
The terms reinforcement and punishment refer to the pr_________ or pr__________ whereby a behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
More specifi cally, a reinforcer is a consequence that (precedes/follows) ___________ a behavior and (increases/decreases) _________________ the probability of that behavior. A punisher is a consequence that (precedes/follows) _____________ a behavior and (increases/decreases) _____________ the
Simply put, reinforcers are those consequences that s______________ a behavior, while punishers are those consequences that w______________ a behavior.
Operant behavior is usually defi ned as a(n) ______________ of responses rather than a specifi c response.
Operant responses are also simply called ______________.
Classically conditioned behaviors are said to be e______________ by the stimulus, while operant behaviors are said to be e______________ by the organism.
The process of operant conditioning involves the following three components:(1) a r___________ that produces a certain ______________, (2) a c______________ that serves to either increase or decrease the likelihood of the ____________ preceded it, and (3) a d______________ stimulus that precedes
Operant conditioning is similar to the principle of natural selection in that an individual’s behaviors that are (adaptive/nonadaptive) ______________ tend to increase in frequency, while behaviors that are ______________ tend to decrease in frequency.
Skinner’s defi nition of operant conditioning differs from Thorndike’s law of effect in that it views consequences in terms of their effect upon the strength of behavior rather than whether they are s_____________ing or a______________ing.
Skinner originally thought all behavior could be explained in terms of ______________, but he eventually decided that this type of behavior could be distinguished from another, seemingly more voluntary type of behavior known as ______________ behavior.
Skinner’s procedures are also known as fr_________________ o________________ procedures in that the animal controls the rate at which it earns food.

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Introduction To Learning And Behavior 3rd Edition Russell A. Powell, Diane G. Symbaluk, P. Lynne Honey - Solutions

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