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Statistics Without Maths For Psychology 7th Edition Chistine Dancey, John Reidy - Solutions
22. (c) A researcher wants to find out if males or females are more anxious about statistics. Groups of male and female students are given a questionnaire that measures several components of statistics anxiety (e.g. fear of statistics teachers, fear of asking questions in class).
21. (b) A researcher wants to find out if ‘a bit of naughtiness’ is good for your health. He compares one group who are allowed to have treats (e.g. eating chocolate or drinking beer) during one year and one group who are to abstain from such treats.Health is measured by number of illnesses in
20. (a) A researcher, interested in the effects of overcrowding on trains, conducts a study comparing the stress experienced by commuters with that experienced by leisure travellers. Stress is measured using a heart-rate monitor at the end of each journey.
20. Only the most ‘significant’ loadings are shown in this table. This is because it is customary to blank out loadings below:(a) 0.4(b) 0.5(c) 0.6(d) 0.7
19. On Factor 2, only one of the items is positive. This is because:(a) The authors have made a mistake(b) The positive item is coded in the opposite way to the other two items(c) The three items are coded in the same direction(d) There is no significance in the direction of the loadings
18. Which factor represents ‘non-verbal orientation’?(a) Factor 1(b) Factor 2(c) Factor 3(d) Factor 4
17. Which factor represents ‘risk seeking’?(a) Factor 1(b) Factor 2(c) Factor 3(d) Factor 4
16. What is the minimum number of participants recommended for a factor analysis?(a) 50(b) 70(c) 100(d) 500
15. How many variables were in this analysis?(a) 3(b) 10(c) 22(d) Impossible to tell
14. If a three-factor solution is retained, approximately how much variance has been accounted for?(a) 43%(b) 35%(c) 24%(d) 10%
13. How many components have an eigenvalue above 1?(a) 3(b) 4(c) 5(d) 6
12. It is possible to extract:(a) As many factors as variables(b) More factors than variables(c) More variables than factors(d) None of the above?
11. A scree plot is a number of:(a) Variables plotted against variance accounted for(b) Variables plotted against factor loadings(c) Factors plotted against correlation coefficients(d) None of the above
10. The original unrotated matrix is usually rotated so that:(a) The factors are more significant(b) The mathematical calculations are easier(c) Interpretation is easier(d) All of these
9. The decision on how many factors to keep is decided on:(a) Statistical criteria(b) Theoretical criteria(c) Both (a) and (b)(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
8. Using the correlational matrix to perform factor analysis rather than the variance–covariance matrix ensures that the data:(a) Will be statistically significant(b) Are standardised(c) Are unstandardised(d) None of these
7. Factor analysis requires that variables:(a) Are not related to each other(b) Are related to each other(c) Have only a weak relationship with each other(d) Are measured in the same units
6. Factor analysis deals with:(a) Patterns of correlations(b) Patterns of mean values(c) Frequency counts(d) None of the above
5. A vector is:(a) A curved line with an indefinite length(b) A straight line with an indefinite length(c) A straight line with a definite length(d) A curved line with a definite length
4. Look at the following diagram.These variables are:(a) Perfectly related to each other (b) Totally unrelated to each other (c) Share a moderate correlation with each other (d) None of the above applies
3. A factor is thought of as an underlying latent variable:(a) That is influenced by observed variables(b) That is unexplained by unobserved variables(c) Along which individuals differ(d) Along which individuals are homogeneous
2. The differences between factor analysis and principal components analysis are relatively unimportant when the dataset is:(a) Large and the participant numbers are high(b) Large and the participant numbers are low(c) Small and the participant numbers are high(d) Small and the participant numbers
1. In order to name factors that have been extracted, researchers look at:(a) The rotated factor loadings(b) The unrotated factor loadings(c) The table of eigenvalues(d) None of the above
13. (b) Using a ruler and a protractor, draw one diagram to represent the relationship between the three tests.
12. (a) Convert these to degrees of angle using Table 14.3.
11. Look at the rotated matrix above (Table 14.6). You already know that the authors have named Factor 1 as ‘neuroticism’. Have a go at naming the other seven factors. Of course there are no ‘right’ answers, but you might want to check whether your Factor names are similar to those of the
10.Not saying anything when a shop assistant gives you too much change (G)
9. To behave unkindly (G)
8. To feel self-conscious in front of others (S)
7. To have something unfavourable revealed about you (S)
6. To behave in an uncaring way to others (G)
5. To appear inadequate to other people (S)
4. To be the centre of attention (S)
3. To hurt someone’s feelings (G)
2. Secretly cheating on something you know will not be found out (G)
1. To do something embarrassing in public (S)
■ give examples from the literature to help you understand how factor analysis has been used in psychology?
■ show how to interpret the statistical output from such an analysis
■ show how to enter a dataset into SPSS and analyse it by factor analysis
■ give a conceptual understanding of factor analysis, using one example from the psychological literature throughout
20. The group with the widest confidence interval around the mean level of verbal ability is:(a) Group 1(b) Group 2(c) Group 3(d) They are all identical
19. The strongest difference between the groups is between:(a) 1 + 2 versus 3(b) 2 + 3 versus 1(c) 1 + 3 versus 2(d) They are all identical
18. The effect size for the differences between the groups is approximately:(a) 2%(b) 12%(c) 21%(d) 70%
17. Which is the most appropriate statement? The differences between the groups are:(a) Likely to have arisen by sampling error alone F (1,65) = 150.46, p 60.001(b) Likely to have arisen by sampling error alone F (1,65) = 1.22, p 60.273(c) Unlikely to have arisen by sampling error alone F (2,65) =
16. The highest level of verbal ability is shown by:(a) Group 1(b) Group 2(c) Group 3(d) They are all identical
15. Using difference scores in a pretest–posttest design does not partial out the effect of the pretest for the following reason:(a) The pretest scores are not normally correlated with the posttest scores(b) The pretest scores are normally correlated with the difference scores(c) The posttest
14. The dependent variable is:(a) Reaction time(b) Group(c) Age(d) None of the above
13. The covariate is:(a) Reaction time(b) Group(c) Age(d) None of the above
12. The independent variable is:(a) Reaction time(b) Group(c) Age(d) None of the above
11. His analysis would show:(a) Differences between groups on the memory test, partialling out the effects of IQ(b) Differences on IQ, partialling out the effects of IQ(c) Differences on IQ, partialling out the effects of alcohol(d) Differences between groups on the memory test, partialling out the
10. Which is the covariate?(a) Scores on the memory test(b) The amounts of alcohol(c) IQ(d) None of the above
9. When carrying out a pretest–posttest study, researchers often wish to:(a) Partial out the effect of the dependent variable(b) Partial out the effect of the pretest(c) Reduce the correlation between the pretest and posttest scores(d) None of the above
8. You can perform ANCOVA on:(a) Two groups(b) Three groups(c) Four groups(d) All of the above
7. Four groups have the following means on the covariate: 35, 42, 28, 65. What is the grand mean?(a) 43.5(b) 42.5(c) 56.7(d) None of the above
6. The difference between the groups is:(a) Unlikely to have occurred by sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true (F (2,470) =387.806; p 60.001)(b) Unlikely to have occurred by sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true (F (2,470) =14.565; p 60.001)(c) Likely to have
5. The covariate is:(a) Beginning Salary(b) PREVEXP(c) JOBCAT(d) None of the above
4. The dependent variable is:(a) Beginning Salary(b) PREVEXP(c) JOBCAT(d) None of the above
3. The use of ANCOVA is sometimes controversial when:(a) Randomly allocating participants to conditions(b) Assumptions have not been met(c) Using intact groups(d) (b) and (c)
2. ANCOVA adjusts the means on the covariate, so that the mean covariate score is:(a) The same for all groups(b) Different for all groups(c) The same for all participants(d) It depends
1. ANCOVA shows us how likely it is that differences between conditions are due to sampling error, once means have been adjusted for the relationship between:(a) The dependent variable and the covariate(b) The independent variable and the covariate(c) The dependent variable and the independent
ANCOVA assumes that:(a) The covariate must be linearly related to the dependent variable(b) The regression lines must not be parallel(c) The covariate need not be reliable
ANCOVA adjusts the means of the group on the covariate to:(a) The grand mean(b) The harmonic mean(c) The arithmetic mean At this point we will show you how to obtain output for an ANCOVA on SPSS.
ANCOVA:(a) Reduces between-groups variance(b) Reduces the F-ratio(c) Reduces error variance
A covariate is a variable that has a:(a) Curvilinear relationship with the dependent variable(b) Linear relationship with the dependent variable(c) Curvilinear relationship with the independent variable(d) Linear relationship with the independent variable
20. Which is the most appropriate statement?(a) As stress increased by 1 standard deviation, blood pressure increased by nearly half a standard deviation(b) As stress increased by 1 standard deviation, age increased by 0.18 of a standard deviation(c) As age increased by 1 year, blood pressure fell
19. Which is the most appropriate statement? The explanatory variables predicted(a) 6.5% of the variation in blood pressure(b) 42% of the variation in blood pressure(c) 6.5% of the variation in stress(d) 18% of the variation in age
18. Saeeda doesn’t know about the necessity for large participant numbers in multiple regression. She’s only got 20 participants in her study, and she has 10 explanatory variables. Which is the most appropriate statement? Compared with an analysis using 100 participants, Multiple R will be:(a)
17. Kieran wants to perform a standard multiple regression using six explanatory variables. He is only interested in the overall R2. According to Tabachnick and Fidell’s formula, how many participants should he recruit?(a) 98(b) 56(c) 240(d) 120
16. Multicollinearity means:(a) There are high intercorrelations among the predictor variables(b) The predictor variables are positively correlated with the criterion variable(c) The variables show a skewed distribution(d) The variables show a peaked distribution
15. a is:(a) 0.514(b) 0.790(c) 0.276(d) 0.571
14. The slope of the line (b) for previous history rating is:(a) 0.514(b) 0.790(c) 0.276(d) 0.571
13. The achieved significance level associated with the F-value of 18.182 is:(a) 0.824(b) 0.36(c) 6 0.001(d) None of these
12. The predictor variables are called:(a) Credit rating and age(b) Credit rating and previous history rating(c) Previous history and age(d) The criterion variables
11. For every 1 standard deviation rise in previous history rating, credit rating:(a) Decreases by 0.5 of a standard deviation(b) Increases by 0.5 of a standard deviation(c) Decreases by 0.3 of a standard deviation(d) Increases by 0.3 of a standard deviation
10. The correlation between credit rating and the other variables is:(a) 0.867(b) 0.752(c) 0.711(d) 1.32
9. Psychologists use regression mainly to:(a) Assess relationships between variables(b) Use the regression formula for further research(c) Look at differences between groups(d) None of the above
8. How many degrees of freedom would you have where the linear regression scatterplot had only ONE datapoint? (very unrealistic we know . . . )(a) Zero(b) One(c) Two(d) Three
7. a is:(a) 1.75772(b) 1.5455(c) 4.19978(d) 0.01659
6. b is:(a) 2.049(b) 0.31928(c) 0.01659(d) None of these
5. The exact probability value of the results having occurred by sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true, is:(a) 0.0000(b) 0.05(c) 4.19978(d) 0.048
4. Marks on MRL would be called:(a) The predictor variable(b) The criterion variable(c) The covariate(d) The constant
3. In a linear regression analysis, the residuals are:(a) Actual scores minus the predicted scores(b) Actual scores plus the predicted scores(c) The correlation between the actual and predicted scores(d) None of the above
2. In linear regression, where only one variable predicts y, and F is statistically significant at p = 0.049, then:(a) The value of p for t = 0.049(b) The value of p for t = 0.0245(c) The value of p for t = 0.098(d) Cannot tell
1. The line of best fit:(a) Minimises the distance between the scores and the regression line(b) Is the best of all possible lines(c) Maximises the correlation between x and y(d) All of these
2. In regression analysis, the predicted y scores are labelled:(a) y(b) x(c) ŷ
1. Which is the correct answer?(a) b = 0(b) b = 5(c) b = 1
■ learn how to use confidence limits when analysing data by the use of multiple regression.
■ learn how to predict a person’s score on the criterion variable by a knowledge of their scores on one or more explanatory variables
■ learn how to assess the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more explanatory variables
■ the relationship between power, effect size and probability levels
■ the factors influencing power
■ issues surrounding the use of criterion significance levels.
What do the figures 0.1, 0.2, etc. mean?
The size of the effect you expect to find.
The criterion significance level (i.e. the value of the significance level at which you are prepared to accept that results are probably not due to sampling error).
The numbers of participants in the study.
The type of statistical test you use.
Whether the design is between-participants or within-participants.
Whether the hypothesis is one- or two-tailed.
A researcher runs an experiment with a large number of participants, and power is 0.9. She finds no effect at all. Which is the most sensible conclusion?(a) There is an effect but she did not have enough power to find it.(b) She had enough power to find an effect, so it seems likely that there
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