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Statistics The Exploration And Analysis Of Data 007th Edition Roxy Peck, Ay L Devore - Solutions

how we can analyse data from a study that includes two or more IVs using factorial ANOVA
the sources of variance for the following three designs:– two between-participants variables– two within-participants variables– one between-participants and one withinparticipants variable (split-plot design)
how to examine the interaction between two IVs using the following:– error bar charts– line graphs– simple effects analyses
how SPSS gives partial η2 as the measure of effect size in factorial ANOVA, and that this is simply a ratio of the effect sum of squares to the effect sum of squares plus the error sum of squares
that when we have a completely withinparticipants design, the main effects and interactions have their own error terms
that a priori and post-hoc analyses of simple effects can be conducted using t-tests
that when conducting more than one post-hoc(or a priori) comparison, you should adjust yourα by dividing 0.05 by the number of comparisons being made.
1. What sort of design is this study?
2. What are the IVs and DV?
3. Input the data into SPSS and conduct an ANOVA.
4. What are the F-values and associated probabilities for each main effect and any interactions?
5. Are there any effects that are probably not due to sampling error? If there are, which are they?
6. Which of the above effects has the largest magnitude of effect?
1. What sort of design is this?
2. What are the IVs and DV?
3. Input the data into SPSS and conduct an ANOVA.
4. What are the F-values and associated probabilities of the main effects and any interactions?
5. Are any of these effects probably not due to sampling error? Which ones?
6. What are the magnitudes of effects for the main effects and interactions?
7. Conduct simple effects analyses to find out if there was any improvement in colour perception with age for the boys and then do the same analysis for the girls.
1. How would you describe a 2 * 2 * 4 ANOVA?(a) One IV with three conditions(b) One IV with four conditions and one IV with two conditions(c) One IV with four conditions and two IVs with two conditions(d) One IV with 16 conditions
2. ANOVA is useful for:(a) Teasing out the individual effects of factors on an IV(b) Analysing data from research with more than one IV and one DV(c) Analysing correlational data(d) All of the above
3. What are the various sources of variance in an ANOVA with two between-participants IVs?(a) Variance attributable to the populations(b) Variance attributable to the two IVs and the error(c) Variance attributable to the two IVs, the interaction between the two IVs and the error(d) Both (a) and (c)
4. Partial η2 is:(a) A measure of the magnitude of the probability that the effects are due to sampling error(b) A measure of magnitude of effect used with ANOVA(c) A left-wing terrorist organisation(d) Both (a) and (b) above
5. When generating error bar charts for a study with two between-participants IVs, each with two conditions, which combination of options should you select in SPSS?(a) Simple along with Summaries of groups of cases(b) Simple along with Summaries of separate variables(c) Clustered along with
6. What is the obvious conclusion from this printout?(a) That there is a main effect of AREA and an interaction, which are probably not due to sampling error(b) That there is only an interaction between the two IVs, which is probably not due to sampling error(c) That there are no main effects or
7. What is the p-value for the main effect of CARBUS?(a) 0.003(b) 9.945(c) 0.101(d) None of the above
8. How is the F-value for the interaction calculated?(a) 4.900 , 12.100(b) 12.100 , 67.600(c) 67.600 , 1.217(d) None of the above
9. How much variation in driving errors is accounted for by the interaction between CARBUS and AREA?(a) 93%(b) 5.2%(c) 60.7%(d) 65.9%
10. Look at the following error bar chart. What would be the sensible conclusion?
11. How many effects are we comparing against their respective null hypotheses in a 2 * 2 ANOVA?(a) 1(b) 2(c) 3(d) 4
12. The Mauchley sphericity test is:(a) A test of the assumption that the standard errors of the difference between means of the withinparticipants variables are equal(b) A test that the data used in ANOVA are rounded in nature(c) A well-known test developed at a well-known London psychiatric
13. How would you describe a 2 * 3 * 5 * 7 * 7 ANOVA?(a) Sensible(b) An ANOVA with two variables with three conditions, five variables with seven conditions and seven variables with one condition(c) An ANOVA with one variable with two conditions, one variable with three conditions, one variable
14. What are the sources of variance in a completely within-participants design with two IVs?(a) Main effect of IV1 plus error, main effect of IV2 plus the error, interaction between IV1 and IV2 plus error(b) Main effects of IV1, IV2 and the interaction between these two plus the error(c) Main
15. Partial η2 is:(a) A measure of the power of your analyses(b) Equal to η2(c) Usually much greater than η2(d) A measure of magnitude of effect
16. What is the definition of a simple effect?(a) The effect of one variable on another(b) The difference between two conditions of one IV at one level of another IV(c) The easiest way to get a significant result(d) All of the above
17. If you had an MS for your main effect of 12.4 and an MS for the error term of 3.1, what would your F-value be?(a) 6.2(b) 4.1(c) 3.1(d) 4
18. If you had a completely within-participants design, with each IV having two conditions, how would you examine the simple effects?(a) With independent t-tests, being careful to select the correct participants using the Split File command in SPSS(b) With independent t-tests, taking care to adjust
19. How many effects are we comparing against their respective null hypotheses in a 2 * 2 * 2 ANOVA?(a) 3(b) 5(c) 7(d) 8
20. If you have a 2 * 2 between-participants design, what should be the first step before generating descriptive statistics in SPSS?(a) Transform your data(b) Split the datafile(c) Conduct t-tests(d) Conduct correlational analyses
■ learn how to assess the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more explanatory variables
■ learn how to predict a person’s score on the criterion variable by a knowledge of their scores on one or more explanatory variables
■ learn how to use confidence limits when analysing data by the use of multiple regression.
1. Which is the correct answer?(a) b = 0(b) b = 5(c) b = 1
2. In regression analysis, the predicted y scores are labelled:(a) y(b) x(c) ŷ
1. The line of best fit:(a) Minimises the distance between the scores and the regression line(b) Is the best of all possible lines(c) Maximises the correlation between x and y(d) All of these
2. In linear regression, where only one variable predicts y, and F is statistically significant at p = 0.049, then:(a) The value of p for t = 0.049(b) The value of p for t = 0.0245(c) The value of p for t = 0.098(d) Cannot tell
3. In a linear regression analysis, the residuals are:(a) Actual scores minus the predicted scores(b) Actual scores plus the predicted scores(c) The correlation between the actual and predicted scores(d) None of the above
4. Marks on MRL would be called:(a) The predictor variable(b) The criterion variable(c) The covariate(d) The constant
5. The exact probability value of the results having occurred by sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true, is:(a) 0.0000(b) 0.05(c) 4.19978(d) 0.048
6. b is:(a) 2.049(b) 0.31928(c) 0.01659(d) None of these
7. a is:(a) 1.75772(b) 1.5455(c) 4.19978(d) 0.01659
8. How many degrees of freedom would you have where the linear regression scatterplot had only ONE datapoint? (very unrealistic we know . . . )(a) Zero(b) One(c) Two(d) Three
9. Psychologists use regression mainly to:(a) Assess relationships between variables(b) Use the regression formula for further research(c) Look at differences between groups(d) None of the above
10. The correlation between credit rating and the other variables is:(a) 0.867(b) 0.752(c) 0.711(d) 1.32
11. For every 1 standard deviation rise in previous history rating, credit rating:(a) Decreases by 0.5 of a standard deviation(b) Increases by 0.5 of a standard deviation(c) Decreases by 0.3 of a standard deviation(d) Increases by 0.3 of a standard deviation
12. The predictor variables are called:(a) Credit rating and age(b) Credit rating and previous history rating(c) Previous history and age(d) The criterion variables
13. The achieved significance level associated with the F-value of 18.182 is:(a) 0.824(b) 0.36(c) 6 0.001(d) None of these
14. The slope of the line (b) for previous history rating is:(a) 0.514(b) 0.790(c) 0.276(d) 0.571
15. a is:(a) 0.514(b) 0.790(c) 0.276(d) 0.571
16. Multicollinearity means:(a) There are high intercorrelations among the predictor variables(b) The predictor variables are positively correlated with the criterion variable(c) The variables show a skewed distribution(d) The variables show a peaked distribution
17. Kieran wants to perform a standard multiple regression using six explanatory variables. He is only interested in the overall R2. According to Tabachnick and Fidell’s formula, how many participants should he recruit?(a) 98(b) 56(c) 240(d) 120
18. Saeeda doesn’t know about the necessity for large participant numbers in multiple regression. She’s only got 20 participants in her study, and she has 10 explanatory variables. Which is the most appropriate statement? Compared with an analysis using 100 participants, Multiple R will be:(a)
19. Which is the most appropriate statement? The explanatory variables predicted(a) 6.5% of the variation in blood pressure(b) 42% of the variation in blood pressure(c) 6.5% of the variation in stress(d) 18% of the variation in age
20. Which is the most appropriate statement?(a) As stress increased by 1 standard deviation, blood pressure increased by nearly half a standard deviation(b) As stress increased by 1 standard deviation, age increased by 0.18 of a standard deviation(c) As age increased by 1 year, blood pressure fell
A covariate is a variable that has a:(a) Curvilinear relationship with the dependent variable(b) Linear relationship with the dependent variable(c) Curvilinear relationship with the independent variable(d) Linear relationship with the independent variable
ANCOVA:(a) Reduces between-groups variance(b) Reduces the F-ratio(c) Reduces error variance
ANCOVA adjusts the means of the group on the covariate to:(a) The grand mean(b) The harmonic mean(c) The arithmetic mean At this point we will show you how to obtain output for an ANCOVA on SPSS.
ANCOVA assumes that:(a) The covariate must be linearly related to the dependent variable(b) The regression lines must not be parallel(c) The covariate need not be reliable
1. ANCOVA shows us how likely it is that differences between conditions are due to sampling error, once means have been adjusted for the relationship between:(a) The dependent variable and the covariate(b) The independent variable and the covariate(c) The dependent variable and the independent
2. ANCOVA adjusts the means on the covariate, so that the mean covariate score is:(a) The same for all groups(b) Different for all groups(c) The same for all participants(d) It depends
3. The use of ANCOVA is sometimes controversial when:(a) Randomly allocating participants to conditions(b) Assumptions have not been met(c) Using intact groups(d) (b) and (c)
4. The dependent variable is:(a) Beginning Salary(b) PREVEXP(c) JOBCAT(d) None of the above
5. The covariate is:(a) Beginning Salary(b) PREVEXP(c) JOBCAT(d) None of the above
6. The difference between the groups is:(a) Unlikely to have occurred by sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true (F (2,470) =387.806; p 60.001)(b) Unlikely to have occurred by sampling error, assuming the null hypothesis to be true (F (2,470) =14.565; p 60.001)(c) Likely to have
7. Four groups have the following means on the covariate: 35, 42, 28, 65. What is the grand mean?(a) 43.5(b) 42.5(c) 56.7(d) None of the above
8. You can perform ANCOVA on:(a) Two groups(b) Three groups(c) Four groups(d) All of the above
9. When carrying out a pretest–posttest study, researchers often wish to:(a) Partial out the effect of the dependent variable(b) Partial out the effect of the pretest(c) Reduce the correlation between the pretest and posttest scores(d) None of the above
10. Which is the covariate?(a) Scores on the memory test(b) The amounts of alcohol(c) IQ(d) None of the above
11. His analysis would show:(a) Differences between groups on the memory test, partialling out the effects of IQ(b) Differences on IQ, partialling out the effects of IQ(c) Differences on IQ, partialling out the effects of alcohol(d) Differences between groups on the memory test, partialling out the
12. The independent variable is:(a) Reaction time(b) Group(c) Age(d) None of the above
13. The covariate is:(a) Reaction time(b) Group(c) Age(d) None of the above
14. The dependent variable is:(a) Reaction time(b) Group(c) Age(d) None of the above
15. Using difference scores in a pretest–posttest design does not partial out the effect of the pretest for the following reason:(a) The pretest scores are not normally correlated with the posttest scores(b) The pretest scores are normally correlated with the difference scores(c) The posttest
16. The highest level of verbal ability is shown by:(a) Group 1(b) Group 2(c) Group 3(d) They are all identical
17. Which is the most appropriate statement? The differences between the groups are:(a) Likely to have arisen by sampling error alone F (1,65) = 150.46, p 60.001(b) Likely to have arisen by sampling error alone F (1,65) = 1.22, p 60.273(c) Unlikely to have arisen by sampling error alone F (2,65) =
18. The effect size for the differences between the groups is approximately:(a) 2%(b) 12%(c) 21%(d) 70%
19. The strongest difference between the groups is between:(a) 1 + 2 versus 3(b) 2 + 3 versus 1(c) 1 + 3 versus 2(d) They are all identical
20. The group with the widest confidence interval around the mean level of verbal ability is:(a) Group 1(b) Group 2(c) Group 3(d) They are all identical
Consider two populations for which m1 30, s1 5 2, m2 5 25, and s2 5 3. Suppose that two independent random samples of sizes n1 5 40 and n2 5 50 are selected. Describe the approximate sampling distribution of x1 2 x2 (center, spread, and shape).
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is known to be a predictor of mortality after a heart attack. One measure of HRV is the average of normal-to-normal beat interval (in milliseconds) for a 24-hour time period.Twenty-two heart attack patients who were dog owners and 80 heart attack patients who
In the paper “Happiness for Sale: Do Experiential Purchases Make Consumers Happier than Material Purchases?” (Journal of Consumer Research [2009]:188–197), the authors distinguish between spending money on experiences (such as travel) and spending money on material possessions (such as a
The article “Plugged In, but Tuned Out” (USA Today, January 20, 2010) summarizes data from two surveys of kids age 8 to 18. One survey was conducted in 1999 and the other was conducted in 2009. Data on number of hours per day spent using electronic media that are consistent with summary
Can moving their hands help children learn math?This question was investigated in the paper “Gesturing Gives Children New Ideas about Math” (Psychological Science [2009]: 267–272). Eighty-five children in the third and fourth grades who did not answer any questions correctly on a test with
The accompanying data on food intake (in Kcal)for 15 men on the day following two nights of only 4 hours of sleep each night and for 15 men on the day following two nights of 8 hours of sleep each night is consistent with summary quantities in the paper “ShortTerm Sleep Loss Decreases Physical
The paper “If It’s Hard to Read, It’s Hard to Do”(Psychological Science [2008]: 986–988) described an interesting study of how people perceive the effort required to do certain tasks. Each of 20 students was randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group was given instructions for an
Is injecting medical cement effective in reducing pain for people who have suffered fractured vertebrae?The paper “A Randomized Trial of Vertebroplasty for Osteoporotic Spinal Fractures” (New England Journal of Medicine [2009]: 569–578) describes an experiment to compare patients who
Each person in a random sample of 228 male teenagers and a random sample of 306 female teenagers was asked how many hours he or she spent online in a typical week (Ipsos, January 25, 2006). The sample mean and standard deviation were 15.1 hours and 11.4 hours for males and 14.1 and 11.8 for
Each person in random samples of 247 male and 253 female working adults living in Calgary, Canada, was asked how long, in minutes, his or her typical daily commute was (“Calgary Herald Traffic Study,” Ipsos, September 17, 2005). Use the accompanying summary statistics and an appropriate
In a study of the effect of college student employment on academic performance, the following summary statistics for GPA were reported for a sample of students who worked and for a sample of students who did not work (University of Central Florida Undergraduate Research Journal, Spring 2005):Sample

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