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Statistics Without Maths For Psychology 7th Edition Chistine Dancey, John Reidy - Solutions

In anthropological studies, an important characteristic of fossils is cranial capacity. Frequently skulls are at least partially decomposed, so it is necessary to use other characteristics to obtain information about capacity. One such measure that has been used is the length of the
Exercise 13.21 gave data on x 5 nerve firing frequency and y 5 pleasantness rating when nerves were stimulated by a light brushing stoke on the forearm. The x values and the corresponding residuals from a simple linear regression are as follows:Firing Frequency, x Standardized Residual 23 21.83 24
Sea bream are one type of fish that are often raised in large fish farming enterprises. These fish are usually fed a diet consisting primarily of fish meal. The authors of the paper “Growth and Economic Profit of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata, L.) Fed Sunflower Meal”(Aquaculture [2007]:
The article “Vital Dimensions in Volume Perception: Can the Eye Fool the Stomach?” (Journal of Marketing Research [1999]: 313– 326) gave the accompanying data on the dimensions of 27 representative food products (Gerber baby food, Cheez Whiz, Skippy Peanut Butter, and Ahmed’s tandoori
The authors of the article “Age, Spacing and Growth Rate of Tamarix as an Indication of Lake Boundary Fluctuations at Sebkhet Kelbia, Tunisia”(Journal of Arid Environments [1982]: 43– 51) used a simple linear regression model to describe the relationship between y 5 vigor (average width in
Carbon aerosols have been identified as a contributing factor in a number of air quality problems.In a chemical analysis of diesel engine exhaust, x 5 mass(mg/cm2) and y 5 elemental carbon (mg/cm2) were recorded (“Comparison of Solvent Extraction and Thermal Optical Carbon Analysis Methods:
An investigation of the relationship between x 5 traffic flow (thousands of cars per 24 hours) and y 5 lead content of bark on trees near the highway (mg/g dry weight) yielded the accompanying data. A simple linear regression model was fit, and the resulting estimated regression line was y^ 5 28.7
In Exercise 13.17, we considered a regression of y 5 oxygen consumption on x 5 time spent exercising.Summary quantities given there yield n 5 20 x 5 2.50 Sxx 5 25 b 5 97.26 a 5 592.10 se 5 16.486a. Calculate sa1b12.02, the estimated standard deviation of the statistic a 1 b(2.0).b. Without any
The data of Exercise 13.25, in which x 5 milk temperature and y 5 milk pH, yield n 5 16 x 5 42.375 Sxx 5 7325.75 b 5 2.00730608 a 5 6.843345 se 5 .0356a. Obtain a 95% confidence interval for a 1 b(40), the mean milk pH when the milk temperature is 408C.b. Calculate a 99% confidence interval for the
A subset of data read from a graph that appeared in the paper “Decreased Brain Volume in Adults with Childhood Lead Exposure” (Public Library of Science Medicine [May 27, 2008]: e112) was used to produce the following Minitab output, where x 5 mean childhood blood lead level (mg/dL) and y 5
An experiment was carried out by geologists to see how the time necessary to drill a distance of 5 feet in rock (y, in minutes) depended on the depth at which the drilling began (x, in feet, between 0 and 400). We show part of the Minitab output obtained from fitting the simple linear regression
According to “Reproductive Biology of the Aquatic Salamander Amphiuma tridactylum in Louisiana” (Journal of Herpetology [1999]: 100– 105), the size of a female salamander’s snout is correlated with the number of eggs in her clutch. The following data are consistent with summary quantities
The shelf life of packaged food depends on many factors. Dry cereal is considered to be a moisturesensitive product (no one likes soggy cereal!) with the shelf life determined primarily by moisture content. In a study of the shelf life of one particular brand of cereal, x 5 time on shelf (days
A regression of x 5 tannin concentration(mg/L) and y 5 perceived astringency score was considered in Examples 5.2 and 5.6. The perceived astringency was computed from expert tasters rating a wine on a scale from 0 to 10 and then standardizing the rating by computing a z-score. Data for 32 red wines
The article “Performance Test Conducted for a Gas Air-Conditioning System” (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineering [1969]: 54) reported the following data on maximum outdoor temperature (x) and hours of chiller operation per day (y) for a 3-ton residential
Explain the difference between r and r.
If the sample correlation coefficient is equal to 1, is it necessarily true that r 5 1? If r 5 1, is it necessarily true that r 5 1?
The accompanying summary quantities for x 5 particulate pollution (mg/m3) and y 5 luminance (.01 cd/m2) were calculated from a representative sample of data that appeared in the article “Luminance and Polarization of the Sky Light at Seville (Spain) Measured in White Light” (Atmospheric
In a study of bacterial concentration in surface and subsurface water (“Pb and Bacteria in a Surface Microlayer” Journal of Marine Research [1982]: 1200–1206), the accompanying data were obtained.Concentration (3 106 /mL)Surface 48.6 24.3 15.9 8.29 5.75 Subsurface 5.46 6.89 3.38 3.72 3.12
Example 13.4 gave data on x 5 treadmill run time to exhaustion and y 5 20-km ski time for a sample of 11 biathletes. Use the accompanying Minitab output to answer the following questions.The regression equation is ski = 88.8– 2.33tread Predictor Coef Stdev t-ratio p Constant 88.796 5.750 15.44
The article “Photocharge Effects in Dye Sensitized Ag[Br,I] Emulsions at Millisecond Range Exposures” (Photographic Science and Engineering [1981]:138– 144) gave the accompanying data on x 5 % light absorption and y 5 peak photovoltage.x 4.0 8.7 29.8 30.5 y 0.12 0.28 0.55 0.68 0.85 1.02 1.15
Reduced visual performance with increasing age has been a much-studied phenomenon in recent years. This decline is due partly to changes in optical properties of the eye itself and partly to neural degeneration throughout the visual system. As one aspect of this problem, the article “Morphometry
Occasionally an investigator may wish to compute a confidence interval fora, the y intercept of the true regression line, or test hypotheses abouta. The estimated y intercept is simply the height of the estimated line when x 5 0, since a 1 b(0) 5a. This implies that sa the estimated standard
In some studies, an investigator has n (x, y)pairs sampled from one population and m (x, y) pairs from a second population. Let b and br denote the slopes of the first and second population lines, respectively, and let b and b denote the estimated slopes calculated from the first and second
Consider the following four (x, y) data sets: the first three have the same x values, so these values are listed only once (from “Graphs in Statistical Analysis,”American Statistician [1973]: 17– 21).Data Set 1– 31 2 3 4 4 Variable xyyyxy 10.0 8.04 9.14 7.46 8.0 6.58 8.0 6.95 8.14 6.77 8.0
The accompanying scatterplot, based on 34 sediment samples with x 5 sediment depth (cm) and y 5 oil and grease content (mg/kg), appeared in the article“Mined Land Reclamation Using Polluted Urban Navigable Waterway Sediments” (Journal of Environmental Quality [1984]: 415–422). Discuss the
The article “Improving Fermentation Productivity with Reverse Osmosis” (Food Technology [1984]:92– 96) gave the following data (read from a scatterplot)on y 5 glucose concentration (g/L) and x 5 fermentation time (days) for a blend of malt liquor.x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 y 74 54 52 51 52 53 58 71a.
The figure at the top of the page is based on data from the article “Root and Shoot Competition Intensity Along a Soil Depth Gradient” (Ecology [1995]:673– 682). It shows the relationship between aboveground biomass and soil depth within the experimental plots. The relationship is described
Give a brief answer, comment, or explanation for each of the following.a. What is the difference between e1, e2, . . . , en and the n residuals?b. The simple linear regression model states that y 5 a 1bx.c. Does it make sense to test hypotheses about b?d. SSResid is always positive.e. A student
The article “Fines Show Airline Problems”(USA Today, February 2, 2010) gave the accompanying data on the number of fines for violating FAA maintenance regulations assessed against each of the 25 U.S.airlines from 2004 to 2009.1 12 3 7 23 36 6 14 1 3 4 10 6 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 22100a. Construct a
The accompanying graphical display appeared in USA Today (February 19, 2010). It is meant to be a pie chart, but an oval rather than a circle is used to represent the whole pie. Do you think this graph does a good job of conveying the proportion falling into each of the three response categories?
The following quote describing 18- to 29-yearolds is from the article “Study: Millennial Generation More Educated, Less Employed” (USA Today, February 23, 2010): “38% have a tattoo (and half of those with tattoos have two to five; 18% have six or more).” These percentages were based on a
To raise revenues, many airlines now charge fees to check luggage. Suppose that the number of checked bags was recorded for each person in a random sample of 100 airline passengers selected before fees were imposed and also for each person in a random sample of 100 airline passengers selected after
Consider the following data on y 5 number of songs stored on an MP3 player and x 5 number of months the user has owned the MP3 player for a sample of 15 owners of MP3 players.x y 23 486 35 747 2 81 28 581 5 117 32 728 23 445 10 128 4 61 26 476 1 35 8 121 13 266 9 126 5 141a. Construct a scatterplot
Many people take ginkgo supplements advertised to improve memory. Are these over-the-counter supplements effective? In a study reported in the paper“Ginkgo for Memory Enhancement” (Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]: 835– 840), elderly adults were assigned at random to either
The Harvard University Institute of Politics surveys undergraduates across the United States annually. Responses to the question “When it comes to voting, do you consider yourself to be affiliated with the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, or are you Independent or unaffiliated with a major
The survey described in the previous exercise also asked the following question: “Please tell me whether you trust the President to do the right thing all of the time, most of the time, some of the time, or never. Use the data in the given table and an appropriate hypothesis test to determine if
The report “Undergraduate Students and Credit Cards in 2004” (Nellie Mae, May 2005) included information collected from individuals in a random sample of undergraduate students in the United States. Students were classified according to region of residence and whether or not they have one or
The report described in the previous exercise also classified students according to region of residence and whether or not they had a credit card with a balance of more than $7000. Do these data support the conclusion that there is an association between region of residence and whether or not the
The discharge of industrial wastewater into rivers affects water quality. To assess the effect of a particular power plant on water quality, 24 water specimens were taken 16 km upstream and 4 km downstream of the plant. Alkalinity (mg/L) was determined for each specimen, resulting in the summary
The report of a European commission on radiation protection titled “Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew” (2004) measured the exposure to radiation on eight international flights from Madrid using several different methods for measuring radiation. Data for two of the methods are given in
It is hypothesized that when homing pigeons are disoriented in a certain manner, they will exhibit no preference for any direction of flight after takeoff. To test this, 120 pigeons are disoriented and released, and the direction of flight of each is recorded. The resulting data are given in the
A number of investigations have focused on the problem of assessing loads that can be manually handled in a safe manner. The article “Anthropometric, Muscle Strength, and Spinal Mobility Characteristics as Predictors in the Rating of Acceptable Loads in Parcel Sorting” (Ergonomics [1992]:
According to “Assessing the Validity of the Post-Materialism Index” (American Political Science Review [1999]: 649–664), one may be able to predict an individual’s level of support for ecology based on demographic and ideological characteristics. The multiple regression model proposed by
The article “The Influence of Temperature and Sunshine on the Alpha-Acid Contents of Hops” (Agricultural Meteorology [1974]: 375–382) used a multiple regression model to relate y yield of hops to x1 average temperature (C) between date of coming into hop and date of picking and x2 average
and 43, respectively?c. Interpret the values of the population regression coefficients.
The article “Readability of Liquid Crystal Displays: A Response Surface” (Human Factors [1983]:185–190) used a multiple regression model with four independent variables, where y error percentage for subjects reading a fourdigit liquid crystal display x1 level of backlight (from 0 to 122
The article “The Value and the Limitations of High-Speed Turbo-Exhausters for the Removal of Tar-Fog from Carburetted Water-Gas” (Society of Chemical Industry Journal [1946]: 166–168) presented data on y tar content (grains/100 ft 3) of a gas stream as a function of x1 rotor speed
.123x1 5.09x2 .0709x3.001x4a. According to this model, what is the mean y value if x1 3200 and x2 57?b. For this particular model, does it make sense to interpret the value of a b2 as the average change in tar content associated with a 1-degree increase in gas inlet temperature when rotor speed
When coastal power stations take in large quantities of cooling water, it is inevitable that a number of fish are drawn in with the water. Various methods have been designed to screen out the fish. The article“Multiple Regression Analysis for Forecasting Critical Fish Influxes at Power Station
Data from a sample of n 150 quail eggs were used to fit a multiple regression model relating y 5 eggshell surface area (mm2)x1 5 egg weight (g)x2 5 egg width (mm)x3 5 egg length (mm)(“Predicting Yolk Height, Yolk Width, Albumen Length, Eggshell Weight, Egg Shape Index, Eggshell Thickness, Egg
This exercise requires the use of a computer package. The paper “Habitat Selection by Black Bears in an Intensively Logged Boreal Forrest” (Canadian Journal of Zoology [2008]: 1307–1316) gave the accompanying data on n 5 11 female black bears.Age(years)Weight(kg)Home-Range Size (km2) 10.5 54
The ability of ecologists to identify regions of greatest species richness could have an impact on the preservation of genetic diversity, a major objective of the World Conservation Strategy. The article “Prediction of Rarities from Habitat Variables: Coastal Plain Plants on Nova Scotian
The accompanying Minitab output results from fitting the model described in Exercise 14.14 to data.Predictor Coef Stdev t-ratio Constant 86.85 85.39 1.02 X1 -0.12297 0.03276 -3.75 X2 5.090 1.969 2.58 X3 -0.07092 0.01799 -3.94 X4 0.0015380 0.0005560 2.77 S = 4.784 R-sq = 90.8% R-sq(adj) =
This exercise requires the use of a computer package. The article “Movement and Habitat Use by Lake Whitefish During Spawning in a Boreal Lake: Integrating Acoustic Telemetry and Geographic Information Systems” (Transactions of the American Fisheries Society [1999]: 939–952) included the
This exercise requires the use of a computer package. The authors of the article “Absolute Versus per Unit Body Length Speed of Prey as an Estimator of Vulnerability to Predation” (Animal Behaviour [1999]: 347–352) found that the speed of a prey (twips/s) and the length of a prey (twips 100)
The article “The Undrained Strength of Some Thawed Permafrost Soils” (Canadian Geotechnical Journal [1979]: 420–427) contained the accompanying data (see page 830) on y shear strength of sandy soil (kPa), x1 depth (m), and x2 water content (%).The predicted values and residuals were computed
This exercise requires the use of a computer package. Use the data given in Exercise 14.29 to verify that the true regression function mean y value a b1x1 b2x2 b3x3 b4x4 b5x5 is estimated by y^ 5 2151.36 2 16.22x1 1 13.48x2 1 .094x3 2 .253x4 1 .492x5
This exercise requires the use of a computer package. The accompanying data resulted from a study of the relationship between y brightness of finished paper and the independent variables x1 hydrogen peroxide (%by weight), x2 sodium hydroxide (% by weight), x3 silicate (% by weight), and x4 process
This exercise requires the use of a computer package. The cotton aphid poses a threat to cotton crops in Iraq. The accompanying data on y infestation rate (aphids/100 leaves)x1 mean temperature (C)x2 mean relative humidity appeared in the article “Estimation of the Economic Threshold of
Employees of a certain state university system can choose from among four different health plans. Each plan differs somewhat from the others in terms of hospitalization coverage. Four samples of recently hospitalized individuals were selected, each sample consisting of people covered by a different
The accompanying summary statistics for a measure of social marginality for samples of youths, young adults, adults, and seniors appeared in the paper “Perceived Causes of Loneliness in Adulthood” (Journal of Social Behavior and Personality [2000]: 67–84). The social marginality score
The authors of the paper “Age and Violent Content Labels Make Video Games Forbidden Fruits for Youth” (Pediatrics [2009]: 870–876) carried out an experiment to determine if restrictive labels on video games actually increased the attractiveness of the game for young game players. Participants
The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave data for 12- to 13-year-old girls. Data consistent with summary values in the paper are shown below.Do the data provide convincing evidence that the mean rating associated with the game description for 12- to 13-year-old girls is not the same
The paper “Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text” (Communication Research [2006]: 507–529)describes an experiment in which 74 men were assigned at random to one of four treatments:1. Viewed slides of fit, muscular men 2. Viewed slides of fit,
Can use of an online plagiarism-detection system reduce plagiarism in student research papers? The paper“Plagiarism and Technology: A Tool for Coping with Plagiarism” (Journal of Education for Business [2005]:149–152) describes a study in which randomly selected research papers submitted by
The experiment described in Example 15.4 also gave data on change in body fat mass for men (“Growth Hormone and Sex Steroid Administration in Healthy Aged Women and Men,” Journal of the American Medical Association [2002]: 2282–2292). Each of 74 male subjects who were over age 65 was assigned
In the introduction to this chapter, we considered a study comparing three groups of college students(soccer athletes, nonsoccer athletes, and a control group consisting of students who did not participate in intercollegiate sports). The following information on scores from the Hopkins Verbal
The accompanying data on calcium content of wheat are consistent with summary quantities that appeared in the article “Mineral Contents of Cereal Grains as Affected by Storage and Insect Infestation”(Journal of Stored Products Research [1992]: 147–151).Four different storage times were
In an experiment to investigate the performance of four different brands of spark plugs intended for use on a 125-cc motorcycle, five plugs of each brand were tested, and the number of miles (at a constant speed)until failure was observed. A partially completed ANOVA table is given. Fill in the
Leaf surface area is an important variable in plant gas-exchange rates. Dry matter per unit surface area(mg/cm3) was measured for trees raised under three different growing conditions. Let m1, m2, and m3 represent the mean dry matter per unit surface area for the growing conditions 1, 2, and 3,
The paper “Trends in Blood Lead Levels and Blood Lead Testing among U.S. Children Aged 1 to 5 Years” (Pediatrics [2009]: e376–e385) gave data on blood lead levels (in mg/dL) for samples of children living in homes that had been classified either at low, medium, or high risk of lead exposure
The accompanying underscoring pattern appears in the article “Women’s and Men’s Eating Behavior Following Exposure to Ideal-Body Images and Text”(Communications Research [2006]: 507–529). Women either viewed slides depicting images of thin female models with no text (treatment 1); viewed
The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave the following underscoring pattern for men.Treatment: 2 1 3 4 Mean number of pretzels consumed:6.61 5.96 3.38 2.70a. Write a few sentences interpreting this underscoring pattern.b. Using your answers from Part (a) and from the previous
The paper referenced in Exercise 15.5 described an experiment to determine if restrictive age labeling on video games increased the attractiveness of the game for boys age 12 to 13. In that exercise, the null hypothesis of H0: m1 5 m2 5 m3 5 m4, where m1 is the population mean attractiveness rating
The authors of the paper “Beyond the Shooter Game: Examining Presence and Hostile Outcomes among Male Game Players” (Communication Research[2006]: 448–466) studied how video-game content might influence attitudes and behavior. Male students at a large Midwestern university were assigned at
The accompanying data resulted from a flammability study in which specimens of five different fabrics were tested to determine burn times.17.8 16.2 15.9 15.5 213.2 10.4 11.3 Fabric 311.8 11.0 9.2 10.0 416.5 15.3 14.1 15.0 13.9 5 13.9 10.8 12.8 11.7 MSTr 23.67 MSE 1.39 F 17.08 P-value .000 The
Do lizards play a role in spreading plant seeds?Some research carried out in South Africa would suggest so(“Dispersal of Namaqua Fig [Ficus cordata cordata]Seeds by the Augrabies Flat Lizard [Platysaurus broadleyi],” Journal of Herpetology [1999]: 328–330).The researchers collected 400 seeds
Samples of six different brands of diet or imitation margarine were analyzed to determine the level of physiologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids (PAPUFA, in percent), resulting in the data shown in the accompanying table. (The data are fictitious, but the sample means agree with data
Consider the following two binomial experi ments.a. In a binomial experiment consisting of six trials, how many outcomes have exactly one success, and what are these outcomes?b. In a binomial experiment consisting of 20 trials, how many outcomes have exactly 10 successes? exactly 15 successes?
Suppose that in a certain metropolitan area, 9 out of 10 households have cable television. Let x denote the number among four randomly selected households that have cable television, so x is a binomial random variable with n 4 and p .9.a. Calculate p(2) P(x 2), and interpret this probability.b.
The Los Angeles Times (December 13, 1992)reported that what airline passengers like to do most on long flights is rest or sleep; in a survey of 3697 passengers, almost 80% rested or slept. Suppose that for a particular route, the actual percentage is exactly 80%, and consider randomly selecting six
Refer to Exercise A.3, and suppose that 10 rather than 6 passengers are selected (n 10, p .8), so that Appendix Table 9 can be used.a. What is p(8)?b. Calculate P(x 7).c. Calculate the probability that more than half of the selected passengers rested or slept.
Twenty-five percent of the customers entering a grocery store between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. use an express checkout. Consider five randomly selected customers, and let x denote the number among the five who use the express checkout.a. What is p(2), that is, P(x 2)?b. What is P(x 1)?c. What is P(2
The article “FBI Says Fewer Than 25 Failed Polygraph Test” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, July 29, 2001)described the impact of a new program that requires top FBI officials to pass a polygraph test. The article states that false positives (tests in which an individual fails even though he or she is
Industrial quality control programs often include inspection of incoming materials from suppliers. If parts are purchased in large lots, a typical plan might be to select 20 parts at random from a lot and inspect them. A lot might be judged acceptable if one or fewer defective parts are found among
An experiment was conducted to investigate whether a graphologist (handwriting analyst) could distinguish a normal person’s handwriting from the handwriting of a psychotic. A well-known expert was given 10 files, each containing handwriting samples from a normal person and from a person diagnosed
If the temperature in Florida falls below 32°F during certain periods of the year, there is a chance that the citrus crop will be damaged. Suppose that the probability is .1 that any given tree will show measurable damage when the temperature falls to 30°F. If the temperature does drop to 30°F,
Thirty percent of all automobiles undergoing an emissions inspection at a certain inspection station fail the inspection.a. Among 15 randomly selected cars, what is the probability that at most 5 fail the inspection?b. Among 15 randomly selected cars, what is the probability that between 5 and 10
You are to take a multiple-choice exam consisting of 100 questions with 5 possible responses to each question. Suppose that you have not studied and so must guess (select 1 of the 5 answers in a completely random fashion) on each question. Let x represent the number of correct responses on the
Suppose that 20% of the 10,000 signatures on a certain recall petition are invalid. Would the number of invalid signatures in a sample of size 1000 of these signatures have (approximately) a binomial distribution?Explain.
A coin is to be spun 25 times. Let x the number of spins that result in heads (H). Consider the following rule for deciding whether or not the coin is fair:Judge the coin to be fair if 8 x 17 Judge the coin to be biased if either x 7 or x 18a. What is the probability of judging the coin to
A city ordinance requires that a smoke detector be installed in all residential housing. There is concern that too many residences are still without detectors, so a costly inspection program is being contemplated. Let p the proportion of all residences that have a detector.A random sample of 25
Exit polling has been a controversial practice in recent elections, because early release of the resulting information appears to affect whether or not those who have not yet voted will do so. Suppose that 90% of all registered California voters favor banning the release of information from exit
20. Generalising to the population, what sign would the expected t-value take?(a) Positive(b) Negative(c) It could be either positive or negative
19. Which row would the researcher use to interpret the independent t-test results?(a) The equal variances row(b) The unequal variances row
18. Why are ‘all of the p values’ reported as p 6 0.001, when the other named variables have been reported with the exact probability values?(a) The researchers could not work out the exact probability values(b) The significance level in their statistical program calculated p = 0.000(c) The
17. Levene’s test is:(a) A test of heterogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(b) A test of homogeneity that relies on the assumption of normality(c) A test of heterogeneity that does not rely on the assumption of normality(d) A test of homogeneity of variances that does not rely on
16. For a within-participants design using 20 people, the degrees of freedom are:(a) 20(b) 38(c) 19(d) 40
15. In an independent t-test, you would use the ‘equal variances not assumed’ part of the output when Levene’s test is:(a) Above a criterion significance level (e.g. p 7 0.05)(b) Below a criterion significance level (e.g. p 6 0.05)(c) When numbers of participants are unequal in the two

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