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Statistics The Exploration And Analysis Of Data 007th Edition Roxy Peck, Ay L Devore - Solutions
The Los Angeles Times (June 14, 1995) reported that the U.S. Postal Service is getting speedier, with higher overnight on-time delivery rates than in the past.Postal Service standards call for overnight delivery within a zone of about 60 miles for any first-class letter deposited by the last
Five hundred first-year students at a state university were classified according to both high school grade point average (GPA) and whether they were on academic probation at the end of their first semester. The data are summarized in the accompanying table.High School GPA Probation 3.5 and Above
and above who are on academic probation at the end of the first semester.
Three friends (A, B, and C) will participate in a round-robin tournament in which each one plays both of the others. Suppose that P(A beats B) 5 .7, P(A beats C) 5 .8, and P(B beats C) 5 .6 and that the outcomes of the three matches are independent of one another.a. What is the probability that A
For your sequence of 250 tosses, calculate the proportion of heads observed.
The paper “Predictors of Complementary Therapy Use among Asthma Patients: Results of a Primary Care Survey” (Health and Social Care in the Community [2008]: 155–164) included the accompanying table.The table summarizes the responses given by 1077 asthma patients to two questions:Question 1:
The report “TV Drama/Comedy Viewers and Health Information” (www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing)describes the results of a large survey involving approximately 3500 people that was conducted for the Centers for Disease Control. The sample was selected in a way that the Centers for Disease Control
Many fire stations handle emergency calls for medical assistance as well as calls requesting firefighting equipment. A particular station says that the probability that an incoming call is for medical assistance is .85. This can be expressed as P(call is for medical assistance) .85.a. Give a
A Gallup survey of 2002 adults found that 46% of women and 37% of men experience pain daily (San Luis Obispo Tribune, April 6, 2000). Suppose that this information is representative of U.S. adults. If a U.S. adult is selected at random, are the outcomes selected adult is male and selected adult
The Associated Press (San Luis Obispo TelegramTribune, August 23, 1995) reported on the results of mass screening of schoolchildren for tuberculosis (TB).It was reported that for Santa Clara County, California, the proportion of all tested kindergartners who were found to have TB was .0006. The
Combine your longest streak value with those from the rest of the class, and construct a histogram or dotplot of these longest streak values.
Based on the graph from Step 3, does it appear likely that a player of this skill level would have a streak of 5 or more successes sometime during a sequence of 50 free throw attempts? Justify your answer based on the graph from Step 3.
Use the combined class data to estimate the probability that a player of this skill level has a streak of at least 5 somewhere in a sequence of 50 free throw attempts.
Using basic probability rules, we can calculate that the probability that a player of this skill level is successful on the next 5 free throw attempts is P1SSSSS2 5 a 12 b a1 2b a1 2b a1 2b a1 2b 5 a 12 b5 5 .031 which is relatively small. At first, this value might seem inconsistent with your
Do you think that the assumption that the outcomes of successive free throws are independent is reasonable? Explain. (This is a hotly debated topic among both sports fans and statisticians!)
The article “Baseball: Pitching No-Hitters”(Chance [Summer 1994]: 24– 30) gives information on the number of hits per team per game for all nine-inning major league games played between 1989 and 1993.Each game resulted in two observations, one for each team. No distinction was made between
Suppose that the following information on births in the United States over a given period of time is available to you:Type of Birth Number of Births Single birth 41,500,000 Twins 500,000 Triplets 5,000 Quadruplets 100 Use this information to approximate the probability that a randomly selected
For your sequence of 50 tosses, identify the longest streak by looking for the longest string of heads in your sequence. Determine the length of this longest streak.
Begin by simulating a sequence of 50 free throws for this player. Because this player has a probability of success 5 .5 for each attempt and the attempts are independent, we can model a free throw by tossing a coin. Using heads to represent a successful free throw and tails to represent a missed
A medical research team wishes to evaluate two different treatments for a disease. Subjects are selected two at a time, and then one of the pair is assigned to each of the two treatments. The treatments are applied, and each is either a success (S) or a failure (F). The researchers keep track of
Continue to select pairs, keeping track of the cumulative number of successes for each treatment.Stop the trial as soon as the number of successes for one treatment exceeds that for the other by 2.This would complete one trial. Now repeat this whole process until you have results for at least 20
Four students must work together on a group project. They decide that each will take responsibility for a particular part of the project, as follows:Person Maria Alex Juan Jacob Task Survey design Data collection Analysis Report writing Because of the way the tasks have been divided, one student
In Exercise 6.25, the probability that Maria completes her part on time was .8. Suppose that this probability is really only .6. Use simulation (with at least 20 trials) to estimate the probability that the project is completed on time.
For this first step, you can either (a) flip a U.S.penny 250 times, keeping a tally of the number of heads and tails observed (this won’t take as long as you think) or (b) simulate 250 coins tosses by using your calculator or a statistics software package to generate random numbers (if you choose
Form a data set that consists of the values for proportion of heads observed in 250 tosses of a fair coin for the entire class. Summarize this data set by constructing a graphical display.
Working with a partner, write a paragraph explaining why European sports fans should or should not be worried by the results of the Polish experiment.Your explanation should be based on the observed proportion of heads from the Polish experiment and the graphical display constructed in Step 3.
A single-elimination tournament with four players is to be held. A total of three games will be played. In Game 1, the players seeded (rated) first and fourth play.In Game 2, the players seeded second and third play. In Game 3, the winners of Games 1 and 2 play, with the winner of Game 3 declared
It may seem odd, but one of the ways biologists can tell how old a lobster is involves measuring the concentration of a pigment called neurolipofuscin in the eyestalk of a lobster. (We are not making this up!) The authors of the paper “Neurolipofuscin is a Measure of Age in Panulirus argus, the
An auction house released a list of 25 recently sold paintings. Eight artists were represented in these sales.The sale price of each painting also appears on the list.Would the correlation coef fi cient be an appropriate way to summarize the relationship between artist (x) and sale price (y)? Why
The article “Air Pollution and Medical Care Use by Older Americans” (Health Affairs [2002]:207–214) gave data on a measure of pollution (in micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air) and the cost of medical care per person over age 65 for six geographical regions of the United
The authors of the paper “Evaluating Existing Movement Hypotheses in Linear Systems Using Larval Stream Salamanders” (Canadian Journal of Zoology[2009]: 292–298) investigated whether water temperature was related to how far a salamander would swim and whether it would swim upstream or
The article “California State Parks Closure List Due Soon” (The Sacramento Bee, August 30, 2009)gave the following data on x 5 number of visitors in fiscal year 2007–2008 and y 5 percentage of operating costs covered by park revenues for the 20 state park districts in California:Number of
The accompanying data on x 5 head circumference z score (a comparison score with peers of the same age—a positive score suggests a larger size than for peers) at age 6 to 14 months and y 5 volume of cerebral grey matter (in ml) at age 2 to 5 years were read from a graph in the article described
Studies have shown that people who suffer sudden cardiac arrest have a better chance of survival if a defibrillator shock is administered very soon after cardiac arrest. How is survival rate related to the time between when cardiac arrest occurs and when the defibrillator shock is delivered? This
The accompanying data were read from graphs that appeared in the article “Bush Timber Proposal Runs Coun ter to the Record” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, Sep tem ber 22, 2002). The variables shown are the number of acres burned in forest fires in the western United States and timber sales.Year
Data from the U.S. Federal Reserve Board(Household Debt Service Burden, 2002) on the percentage of disposable personal income required to meet consumer loan payments and mortgage payments for selected years are shown in the following table:Consumer Debt Household Debt Consumer Debt Household Debt
The Los Angeles Times (July 17, 1995) reported that in a sample of 364 lawsuits in which punitive damages were awarded, the sample median damage award was $50,000, and the sample mean was $775,000. What does this suggest about the distribution of values in the sample?
Age at diagnosis for each of 20 patients under treatment for meningitis was given in the paper “Penicillin in the Treatment of Meningitis” (Journal of the American Medical Association [1984]: 1870– 1874). The ages (in years) were as follows:18 18 25 19 23 20 69 18 21 18 20 18 18 20 18 19 28
For each of the following pairs of variables, indicate whether you would expect a positive correlation, a negative correlation, or a correlation close to 0. Explain your choice.a. Maximum daily temperature and cooling costsb. Interest rate and number of loan applicationsc. Incomes of husbands and
Is the following statement correct? Explain why or why not.A correlation coef fi cient of 0 implies that no relationship exists between the two variables under study.
Draw two scatterplots, one for which r 5 1 and a second for which r 5 21.
The accompanying data are x 5 cost (cents per serving) and y 5 fiber content (grams per serving) for 18 high-fiber cereals rated by Consumer Reports (www.consumerreports.org/health).Cost per serving Fiber per serving 33 7 46 10 49 10 62 7 41 8 19 7 77 12 71 12 30 8 53 13 53 10 67 8 43 12 48 7 28 14
77.3
The authors of the paper “Flat-footedness is Not a Disadvantage for Athletic Performance in Children Aged 11 to 15 Years” (Pediatrics [2009]: e386–e392) studied the relationship between y 5 arch height and scores on a number of different motor ability tests for 218 children.They reported the
The following time-series plot is based on data from the article “Bubble Talk Expands: Corporate Debt Is Latest Concern Turning Heads” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, Sep tem ber 13, 2002) and shows how household debt and corporate debt have changed over the time period from 1991 (year 1 in the
The accompanying data on milk volume (in grams per day) were taken from the paper “Smoking During Pregnancy and Lactation and Its Effects on Breast Milk Volume” (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [1991]: 1011– 1016):Smoking 621 793 593 545 753 655 mothers 895 767 714 598 693 Nonsmoking
The following data on sale price, size, and land-to-building ratio for 10 large industrial properties appeared in the paper “Using Multiple Regression Analysis in Real Estate Appraisal” (Appraisal Journal[2002]: 424–430):Property Sale Price(millions of dollars)Size(thousands of sq.
The paper “Accelerated Telomere Shortening in Response to Life Stress” (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [2004]: 17312–17315) described a study that examined whether stress accelerates aging at a cellular level. The accompanying data on a measure of perceived stress (x) and
The article “California State Parks Closure List Due Soon” (The Sacramento Bee, August 30, 2009)gave the following data on y 5 number of employees in fiscal year 2007–2008 and x 5 total size of parks (in acres)for the 20 state park districts in California:Number of Employees, y Total Park
The article referenced in the previous exercise also gave data on the percentage of operating costs covered by park revenues for the 2007–2008 fiscal year.Number of Employees, x Percent of Operating Cost Covered by Park Revenues, y 95 37 95 19 102 32 69 80 67 17 77 34 81 36 116 32 51 38 36 40
With a bit of algebra, we can show that SSResid 5 11 2 r 2 2 g 1y 2 y2 2 from which it follows that se 5 Ån 2 1 n 2 2"1 2 r 2 sy Unless n is quite small, (n 1)/(n 2) 1, so se < "1 2 r 2 sya. For what value of r is se as large as sy? What is the least-squares line in this case? r 5 0, y^ 5 yb. For
inches.What would se be for the least-squares line used to predict 18-year-old height from 6-year-old height?d. Referring to Part (c), suppose that you wanted to predict the past value of 6-year-old height from knowledge of 18-year-old height. Find the equation for the appropriate least-squares
0.000 Days After Injection 0.041250 0.003000 13.75 0.000 S 0.0777817 R-Sq 96.9% R-Sq(adj) 96.4%c. Use the Minitab output to predict average tumor size 30 days after injection of cancer cells for a mouse that received water supplemented with 0.2% PFE.d. Residual plots of the residuals from the
Example 5.15 described a study that involved substituting sunflower meal for a portion of the usual diet of farm-raised sea breams (Aquaculture [2007]:528–534). This paper also gave data on y 5 feed intake(in grams per 100 grams of fish per day) and x 5 percentage sunflower meal in the diet (read
The paper “Commercially Available Plant Growth Regulators and Promoters Modify Bulk Tissue Abscisic Acid Concentrations in Spring Barley, but not Root Growth and Yield Response to Drought” (Ap plied Biology [2006]: 291–304) describes a study of the drought response of barley. The accompanying
Cost-to-charge ratio (the percentage of the amount billed that represents the actual cost) for inpatient and outpatient services at 11 Oregon hospitals is shown in the following table (Oregon Department of Health Services, 2002). A scatterplot of the data is also shown.Cost-to-Charge Ratio Hospital
Representative data read from a plot that appeared in the paper “Effect of Cattle Treading on Erosion from Hill Pasture: Modeling Concepts and Analysis of Rainfall Simulator Data” (Australian Journal of Soil Research [2002]: 963–977) on runoff sediment concentration for plots with varying
The accompanying data resulted from an experiment in which weld diameter x and shear strength y (in pounds) were determined for five different spot welds on steel. A scatterplot shows a strong linear pattern. With g 1x 2 x2 2 5 1000 and g 1x 2 x2 1y 2 y2 5 8577, the least-squares line is y^ 5
The data in the accompanying table is from the paper “Six-Minute Walk Test in Children and Adolescents” (The Journal of Pediatrics [2007]: 395–399).Two hundred and eighty boys completed a test that measures the distance that the subject can walk on a flat, hard surface in 6 minutes. For each
The paper referenced in the previous exercise also gave the 6-minute walk distances for 248 girls age 3 to 18 years. The median 6-minute walk times for girls for the five age groups were 492.4 578.3 655.8 657.6 660.9a. With x 5 representative age and y 5 median distance walked in 6 minutes,
Data on pollution and cost of medical care for elderly people were given in Exercise 5.14 and are also shown here. The accompanying data are a measure of pollution (micrograms of particulate matter per cubic meter of air) and the cost of medical care per person over age 65 for six geographic
Northern flying squirrels eat lichen and fungi, which makes for a relatively low quality diet. The authors of the paper “Nutritional Value and Diet Preference of Arboreal Lichens and Hypogeous Fungi for Small Mammals in the Rocky Mountain” (Canadian Journal of Zoology [2008]: 851–862)
The relationship between x 5 total number of salmon in a creek and y 5 percentage of salmon killed by bears that were transported away from the stream prior to the bear eating the salmon was examined in the paper “Transportation of Pacific Salmon Carcasses from Streams to Riparian Forests by
The paper “Effects of Age and Gender on Physical Performance” (Age [2007]: 77–85) describes a study of the relationship between age and 1-hour swimming performance. Data on age and swim distance for over 10,000 men participating in a national long-distance 1-hour swimming competition are
Is electromagnetic radiation from phone antennae associated with declining bird populations? This is one of the questions addressed by the authors of the paper“The Urban Decline of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus): A Possible Link with Electromagnetic Radiation” (Electromagnetic Biology
The article “Comparing the Costs of Major Hotel Franchises” (Real Estate Review [1992]: 46– 51)gave the following data on franchise cost as a percentage of total room revenue for chains of three different types:Budg 2.7 2.8 Construct a boxplot for each type of hotel, and comment on
The article “Caffeinated Energy Drinks—A Growing Problem” (Drug and Alcohol Dependence[2009]: 1–10) gave the following data on caffeine concentration (mg/ounce) for eight top-selling energy drinks:Energy Drink Caffeine Concentration(mg/oz)Red Bull 9.6 Monster 10.0 Rockstar 10.0 Full
Cost per serving (in cents) for six high-fiber cereals rated very good and for nine high-fiber cereals rated good by Consumer Reports are shown below.Write a few sentences describing how these two data sets differ with respect to center and variability. Use summary statistics to support your
Combining the cost-per-serving data for highfiber cereals rated very good and those rated good from the previous exercise gives the following data set:46 49 62 41 19 77 71 30 53 53 67 43 48 28 54a. Compute the quartiles and the interquartile range for this combined data set.b. Compute the
The paper “Caffeinated Energy Drinks—A Growing Problem” (Drug and Alcohol Dependence[2009]: 1–10) gave the accompanying data on caffeine per ounce for eight top-selling energy drinks and for 11 high-caffeine energy drinks:Top-Selling Energy Drinks 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.0 10.9 8.9 9.5 9.1
The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety(www.iihs.org, June 11, 2009) published data on repair costs for cars involved in different types of accidents. In one study, seven different 2009 models of mini- and micro-cars were driven at 6 mph straight into a fixed barrier. The following table gives
Consumer Reports Health (www.consumer reports.org/health) reported the accompanying caffeine concentration (mg/cup) for 12 brands of coffee:Coffee Brand Caffeine concentration(mg/cup)Eight O’Clock 140 Caribou 195 Kickapoo 155 Starbucks 115 Bucks Country Coffee Co. 195 Archer Farms 180 Gloria
The accompanying data on number of minutes used for cell phone calls in 1 month was generated to be consistent with summary statistics published in a report of a marketing study of San Diego residents (TeleTruth, March 2009):189 0 189 177 106 201 0 212 0 306 0 0 59 224 0 189 142 83 71 165 236 0 142
Going back to school can be an expensive time for parents—second only to the Christmas holiday season in terms of spending (San Luis Obispo Tribune, Au gust 18, 2005). Parents spend an average of $444 on their children at the beginning of the school year stocking up on clothes, notebooks, and
The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in Ontario, Canada, publishes information on the time that patients must wait for various medical procedures on its web site (www.health.gov.on.ca). For two cardiac procedures completed in fall of 2005, the following information was provided:Procedure
The accompanying table shows the low price, the high price, and the average price of homes sold in 15 communities in San Luis Obispo County between January 1, 2004, and Au gust 1, 2004 (San Luis Obispo Tribune, Sep tem ber 5, 2004):Community Average Price Number Sold Low High Cayucos $937,366 31
In 1997, a woman sued a computer keyboard manufacturer, charging that her repetitive stress injuries were caused by the keyboard (Genessey v. Digital Equipment Corporation). The jury awarded about $3.5 million for pain and suffering, but the court then set aside that award as being unreasonable
The following data are cost (in cents) per ounce for nine different brands of sliced Swiss cheese (www.consumerreports.org):29 62 37 41 70 82 47 52 49a. Compute the variance and standard deviation for this data set. s 2 5 279.111; s 5 16.707b. If a very expensive cheese with a cost per slice of 150
An experiment to study the lifetime (in hours) for a certain brand of light bulb involved putting 10 light bulbs into operation and observing them for 1000 hours.Eight of the light bulbs failed during that period, and those lifetimes were recorded. The lifetimes of the two light bulbs still
Consumer Reports Health (www.consumer reports.org/health) reported the accompanying caffeine concentration (mg/cup) for 12 brands of coffee:Coffee Brand Caffeine Concentration(mg/cup)Eight O’Clock 140 Caribou 195 Kickapoo 155 Starbucks 115 Bucks Country Coffee Co. 195 Archer Farms 180 Gloria
Consumer Reports Health (www.consumer reports.org/health) reported the sodium content (mg)per 2 tablespoon serving for each of 11 different peanut butters:120 50 140 120 150 150 150 65 170 250 110a. Display these data using a dotplot. Comment on any unusual features of the plot.b. Compute the mean
In August 2009, Harris Interactive released the results of the “Great Schools” survey. In this survey, 1086 parents of children attending a public or private school were asked approximately how much time they spent volunteering at school per month over the last school year. For this sample, the
The accompanying data on number of minutes used for cell phone calls in one month was generated to be consistent with summary statistics published in a report of a marketing study of San Diego residents (TeleTruth, March 2009):189 0 189 177 106 201 0 212 0 306 0 0 59 224 0 189 142 83 71 165 236 0
USA Today (May 9, 2006) published the accompanying average weekday circulation for the 6-month period ending March 31, 2006, for the top 20 newspapers in the country:2,272,815 2,049,786 1,142,464 851,832 724,242 708,477 673,379 579,079 513,387 438,722 427,771 398,329 398,246 397,288 365,011 362,964
The chapter introduction gave the accompanying data on the percentage of those eligible for a lowincome subsidy who had signed up for a Medicare drug plan in each of 49 states (information was not available for Vermont) and the District of Columbia (USA Today, May 9, 2006).24 27 12 38 21 26 23 33
The U.S. Department of Transportation reported the number of speeding-related crash fatalities for the 20 days of the year that had the highest number of these fatalities between 1994 and 2003 (Traffic Safety Facts, July 2005).Date Speeding-Related Fatalities Date Speeding-Related Fatalities Jan 1
The ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in Ontario, Canada, publishes information on its web site(www.health.gov.on.ca) on the time that patients must wait for various medical procedures. For two cardiac procedures completed in fall of 2005, the following information was provided:Number of
A sample consisting of four pieces of luggage was selected from among those checked at an airline counter, yielding the following data on x 5 weight (in pounds):x1 33.5, x2 27.3, x3 36.7, x4 30.5 Suppose that one more piece is selected and denote its weight by x5. Find a value of x5 such that x
Based on a large national sample of working adults, the U.S. Census Bureau reports the following information on travel time to work for those who do not work at home:lower quartile 7 minutes median 18 minutes upper quartile 31 minutes Also given was the mean travel time, which was reported as
The accompanying table gives the mean and standard deviation of reaction times (in seconds) for each of two different stimuli:Stimulus 1Stimulus 2Mean 6.0 3.6 Standard deviation 1.2 0.8 If your reaction time is 4.2 seconds for the first stimulus and 1.8 seconds for the second stimulus, to which
The paper “Portable Social Groups: Willingness to Communicate, Interpersonal Communication Gratifications, and Cell Phone Use among Young Adults” (International Journal of Mobile Communications [2007]:139–156) describes a study of young adult cell phone use patterns.a. Comment on the
Research by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) shows that acrylamide (a possible cancer-causing substance) forms in high-carbohydrate foods cooked at high temperatures and that acrylamide levels can vary widely even within the same brand of food (Associated Press, December 6, 2002). FDA
The technical report “Ozone Season Emissions by State” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002) gave the following nitrous oxide emissions (in thousands of tons) for the 48 states in the continental U.S. states:76 22 40 7 30 5 6 136 72 33 0 89 136 39 92 40 13 27 1 63 33 60 27 16 63 32 20 2
A sample of 26 offshore oil workers took part in a simulated escape exercise, resulting in the accompanying data on time (in seconds) to complete the escape(“Oxygen Consumption and Ventilation During Escape from an Offshore Platform,” Ergonomics [1997]:281– 292):389 356 359 363 375 424 325
Although bats are not known for their eyesight, they are able to locate prey (mainly insects) by emitting high-pitched sounds and listening for echoes. A paper appearing in Animal Behaviour (“The Echolocation of Flying Insects by Bats” [1960]: 141– 154) gave the following distances (in
The percentage of juice lost after thawing for 19 different strawberry varieties appeared in the article“Evaluation of Strawberry Cultivars with Different Degrees of Resistance to Red Scale” (Fruit Varieties Journal [1991]: 12– 17):46 51 44 50 33 46 60 41 55 46 53 53 42 44 50 54 46 41 48a.
The paper “The Pedaling Technique of Elite Endurance Cyclists” (International Journal of Sport Bio mechanics [1991]: 29– 53) reported the following data on single-leg power at a high workload:244 191 160 187 180 176 174 205 211 183 211 180 194 200a. Calculate and interpret the sample mean and
The amount of aluminum contamination (in parts per million) in plastic was determined for a sample of 26 plastic specimens, resulting in the following data(“The Log Normal Distribution for Modeling Quality Data When the Mean Is Near Zero,” Journal of Quality Technology [1990]: 105– 110):30 30
The following data values are 2009 per capita expenditures on public libraries for each of the 50 U.S.states (from www.statemaster.com): 16.84 16.17 0.01a. Summarize this data set with a frequency distribution. Construct the corresponding histogram.b. Use the histogram in Part (a) to find
Suppose that your statistics professor returned your first midterm exam with only a z score written on it. She also told you that a histogram of the scores was approximately normal. How would you interpret each of the following z scores?a. 2.2d. 1.0b. 0.4e. 0c. 1.8
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