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Statistics 13th Global Edition James T. McClave And Terry T Sincich - Solutions

how researchers used descriptive statistics to talk about the changing prison population
how researchers used descriptive statistics to study the geography of the U.S. Senate
how to talk about variation, among groups and individuals
measures of variation for various types of variables
ways to find the center for various types of variables
Web-based exercise. The Harris Poll no longer provides a margin of error for their polls. The Harris Poll Web site is www.harrisinteractive.com/harris poll/. Visit the site, read the Methodology section at the end of a recent poll, and write a brief report about why the Harris Poll no longer
Web-based exercise. The Web site for the Pew Research Center for the People and the Press is www.people-press.org. Go to the Web site and read the featured survey. Page 70 lists several “questions to ask”about an opinion poll. What answers does the Pew Research Center for the People and the
Partial-birth abortion? Here are three opinion poll questions on the same issue, with the poll results:As you may know, President Bush and the U.S. Congress recently approved a new law that prohibits a procedure commonly known as a “partial-birth abortion.” Do you favor or oppose this new law?
Mall interviews. Example 1 in Chapter 2 (page 22) describes mall interviewing.This is an example of a convenience sample. Why do mall interviews not produce probability samples?AppendixLO1
Sampling students. You want to investigate the attitudes of students at your school toward the school’s policy on extra fees for lab courses. You have a grant that will pay the costs of contacting about 500 students.(a) Specify the exact population for your study. For example, will you include
Planning a survey of students. The student government plans to ask a random sample of students their opinions about on-campus parking. The university provides a list of the 20,000 enrolled students to serve as a sampling frame.(a) How would you choose an SRS of 200 students?(b) How would you choose
Systematic isn’t simple. Exercise 4.27 describes a systematic random sample. Like an SRS, a systematic sample gives all individuals the same chance to be chosen. Explain why this is true, then explain carefully why a systematic sample is nonetheless not an SRS.AppendixLO1
Systematic random samples. The last stage of the Current Population Survey (Example 7, page 66) uses a systematic random sample. An example will illustrate the idea of a systematic sample. Suppose that we must choose 4 rooms out of the 100 rooms in a dormitory. Because 100/4 = 25, we can think of
Birth control in schools? What do adults believe about the role of high schools in providing birth control? Are opinions different in urban, suburban, and rural areas? To find out, researchers wanted to ask adults this question:Which would you prefer for the public schools in your community?
Multistage sampling. An article in the journal Science looks at differences in attitudes toward genetically modified foods between Europe and the United States. This calls for sample surveys. The European survey chose a sample of 1000 adults in each of 17 European countries.Here’s part of the
Appraising a poll. Exercise 4.14 gives part of the description of a sample survey from the Wall Street Journal. It appears that the sample was taken in several stages. Why can we say this? The first stage no doubt used a stratified sample, though the Journal does not say this.Explain why it would
A sampling paradox? Example 8 compares two SRSs, of a university’s undergraduate and graduate students. The sample of undergraduates contains a smaller fraction of the population, 1 out of 90, versus 1 out of 15 for graduate students. Yet sampling 1 out of 90 undergraduates gives a smaller margin
Sampling by accountants. Accountants use stratified samples during audits to verify a company’s records of such things as accounts receivable. The stratification is based on the dollar amount of the item and often includes 100%sampling of the largest items. One company reports 5000 accounts
A stratified sample. A university has 1000 male and 500 female faculty members. The equal opportunity employment officer wants to poll the opinions of a random sample of faculty members. In order to give adequate attention to female faculty opinion, he decides to choose a stratified random sample
A stratified sample. A club has 20 student members and 10 faculty members. The students are Barrett Frazier Hickey Lucas Roy Blake Gibellato Kohlschmidt Modur Schuetter Chen Gulati Kumar Nicolet Sroka Dallas Han Lam Ogren Witmer The faculty members are Berliner Dean Goel Miller Stasny Craigmile
A party poll. At a party there are 20 students over age 21 and 40 students under age 21. You choose at random 2 of those over 21 and separately choose at random 4 of those under 21 to interview about attitudes toward alcohol. You have given every student at the party the same chance to be
Did you vote? When the Current Population Survey asked the adults in its sample of 50,000 households if they voted in the 2000 presidential election, 55% said they had. The margin of error was less than 1%. In fact, only 51% of the adult population voted in that election. Why do you think the CPS
Telling the truth? Many subjects don’t give honest answers to questions about activities that are illegal or sensitive in some other way. One study divided a large group of white adults into thirds at random. All were asked if they had ever used cocaine. The first group was interviewed by
Closed versus open questions. Two basic types of questions are closed questions and open questions. A closed question asks the subject for one or more of a fixed set of responses. An open question allows the subject to answer in his or her own words; the interviewer writes down the responses and
Appraising a poll. A New York Times article on attitudes toward the political parties discussed the results of a sample survey that found, for example, that 44% of adults think the Democrats “have better ideas for leading the country into the 21st century.” Another 37% chose the Republicans;the
Appraising a poll. In December 2006 the Wall Street Journal published an article on President Bush’s approval rating. It found, for example, that just 19% of Americans described themselves as more confident that the war in Iraq will end successfully. News articles tend to be brief in describing
Bad survey questions. Write your own examples of bad sample survey questions.(a) Write a biased question designed to get one answer rather than another.(b) Write a question that is confusing, so that it is hard to answer.AppendixLO1
Wording survey questions. Comment on each of the following as a potential sample survey question. Is the question clear? Is it slanted toward a desired response?(a) Which of the following best represents your opinion on gun control?1. The government should take away our guns.2. We have the right to
Paying taxes. In April 2007, a CBS News Poll and a Gallup Poll each asked a question about the amount one pays in federal income taxes. Here are the two questions:Do you feel you pay more than your fair share in federal income taxes, less than your fair share, or is the amount you pay about
Amending the Constitution. You are writing an opinion poll question about a proposed amendment to the Constitution. You can ask if people are in favor of “changing the Constitution” or “adding to the Constitution” by approving the amendment. One of these choices of wording will produce a
Stem cell research. Here are two opinion poll questions asked in 2007 about stem cell research.Do you support or oppose embryonic stem cell research?All in all, which is more important: conducting stem cell research that might result in new medical cures, or not destroying the potential life of
Ring-no-answer. A common form of nonresponse in telephone surveys is “ring-no-answer.” That is, a call is made to an active number but no one answers. The Italian National Statistical Institute looked at nonresponse to a government survey of households in Italy during the periods January 1 to
Polling customers. An online store chooses an SRS of 100 customers from its list of all people who have bought something from them in the last year. It asks those selected how satisfied they are with the store’s Web site. If it selected two SRSs of 100 customers at the same time, the two samples
Internet users. A survey of users of the Internet in 1995, when Internet use was much less common than now, found that males outnumbered females by nearly 2 to 1. This was a surprise, because earlier surveys had put the ratio of men to women closer to 9 to 1. Later in the article we find this
What kind of error? Each of the following is a source of error in a sample survey. Label each as sampling error or nonsampling error, and explain your answers.(a) The telephone directory is used as a sampling frame.(b) The subject cannot be contacted in five calls.(c) Interviewers choose people on
What kind of error? Which of the following are sources of sampling error and which are sources of nonsampling error? Explain your answers.(a) The subject lies about past drug use.(b) A typing error is made in recording the data.(c) Data are gathered by asking people to go to aWeb site and answer
Not in the margin of error. According to a March 2007 USA Today/Gallup Poll, 43% of Americans identify themselves as baseball fans. That is low by recent standards, as an average of 49% of Americans have said they were fans of the sport since Gallup started tracking this measure in 1993. The high
A stratified sample The statistics department at Stochastic University has 5 faculty and 10 undergraduate majors. Use Table A, starting at line 111, to choose a stratified sample of 1 faculty member and 1 student to attend a reception being held by the university president.AppendixLO1
Should we recycle? Is the following question slanted toward a desired response?In view of escalating environmental degradation and incipient resource depletion, would you favor economic incentives for recycling of resourceintensive consumer goods?AppendixLO1
A “rigged” election? Chance (Spring 2004) presented data from a recent election held to determine the board of directors of a local community. There were 27 candidates for the board, and each of 5,553 voters was allowed to choose 6 candidates. The claim was that “a fixed vote with fixed
Testing normality. Suppose a random variable is hypothesized to be normally distributed with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. A random sample of 200 observations of the variable yields frequencies in the intervals listed in the table shown at the bottom of the page. Do the data provide
Goodness-of-fit test. A statistical analysis is to be done on a set of data consisting of 1,000 monthly salaries. The analysis requires the assumption that the sample was drawn from a normal distribution. A preliminary test, called the x2 goodness-of-fit test, can be used to help determine whether
Guilt in decision making. The effect of guilt emotion on how a decision maker focuses on the problem was investigated in the Jan. 2007 issue of the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. A total of 171 volunteer students participated in the experiment, where each was randomly assigned to one of
Susceptibility to hypnosis. A standardized procedure for determining a person’s susceptibility to hypnosis is the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C(SHSS:C). Recently, a new method called the Computer-Assisted Hypnosis Scale (CAHS), which uses a computer as a facilitator of hypnosis,
Coupon usage study. A hot topic in marketing research is the exploration of a technology-based self-service (TBSS)encounter, in which various technologies (e.g., ATMs, online banking, self-scanning at retail stores) allow the customer to perform all or part of the service. Marketing professor Dan
Orientation clue experiment. Human Factors (Dec. 1988)published a study of color brightness as a body orientation clue. Ninety college students reclining on their backs in the dark were disoriented when positioned on a rotating platform under a slowly rotating disk that blocked their field of
IQ and mental deficiency. A person is diagnosed with a mental deficiency if, before the age of 18, his/her score on a standard IQ test is no higher than 70 (two standard deviations below the mean of 100). Researchers at Cornell and West Virginia Universities examined the impact of rising IQ scores
Gangs and homemade weapons. The National Gang Crime Research Center (NGCRC) has developed a six-level gang classification system for both adults and juveniles. The six categories are shown in the accompanying table. The classification system was developed as a potential predictor of a gang
Defensible landscapes in archaeology. The defensibility of a given landscape in the Northwest United States was studied in the Journal of Anthropological Archaeology (May 2014).Archaeologists typically define “defensive” locations as those that are hidden with high elevation and escape routes.
Flight response of geese to helicopter traffic. Offshore oil drilling near an Alaskan estuary has led to increased air traffic—mostly large helicopters—in the area. The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service commissioned a study to investigate the impact these helicopters have on the flocks of Pacific
Multiple sclerosis drug. Interferons are proteins produced naturally by the human body that help fight infections and regulate the immune system. A drug developed from interferons, called Avonex, is now available for treating patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In a clinical study, 85 MS
Masculinity and crime. Refer to the Journal of Sociology(July 2003) study on the link between the level of masculinity and criminal behavior in men, presented in Exercise 9.27 (p. 480). The researcher identified events that a sample of newly incarcerated men were involved in and classified each
Sociology fieldwork methods. Refer to the Teaching Sociology (July 2006) study of the fieldwork methods used by qualitative sociologists, presented in Exercise 2.195(p. 136). Recall that fieldwork methods can be categorized as follows: Interview, Observation plus Participation, Observation Only,
Politics and religion. University of Maryland professor Ted R. Gurr examined the political strategies used by ethnic groups worldwide in their fight for minority rights (Political Science & Politics, June 2000). Each in a sample of 275 ethnic groups was classified according to world region and
Late-emerging reading disabilities. Studies of children with reading disabilities typically focus on “early-emerging” difficulties identified prior to the fourth grade. Psychologists at Haskins Laboratories recently studied children with“late-emerging” reading difficulties (i.e., children
Risk factor for lumbar disease. One of the most common musculoskeletal disorders is lumbar disk disease (LDD).Medical researchers reported finding a common genetic risk factor for LDD (Journal of the American Medical Association, Apr. 11, 2001). The study included 171 Finnish patients diagnosed
Safety of hybrid cars. According to the Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI), “hybrid [automobiles] have a safety edge over their conventional twins when it comes to shielding their occupants from injuries in crashes” (HLDI Bulletin, Sept. 2011). Consider data collected by the HLDI on Honda
A random sample of 200 observations was classified into the categories shown in the following table:Category 1 2 3 4 5 ni 38 36 48 37 41a. Do the data provide sufficient evidence that the categories are not equally likely? Use a = .10.b. Form a 90% confidence interval for p2, the probability that
A random sample of 250 observations was classified according to the row and column categories shown in the following table:Column 1 2 3 1 30 30 10 Row 2 10 20 60 3 20 60 10a. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the rows and columns are dependent? Test, using a = .05.b. Would
True or False. Rejecting the null hypothesis in a chi-square test for independence implies that a causal relationship exists between the two categorical variables.
Examining the “Monty Hall Dilemma.” In Exercise 3.195(p. 209) you solved the game show problem of whether to switch your choice of three doors, one of which hides a prize, after the host reveals what is behind a door that is not chosen.(Despite the natural inclination of many to keep one’s
Interactions in a children’s museum. Refer to the Early Childhood Education Journal (Mar. 2014) study of interactions in a children’s museum, Exercise 13.19 (p. 809).Summary information for the 170 meaningful interactions sampled is reproduced in the following table. Do the proportions
Versatility with resistor-capacitor circuits. Research published in the International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education (Oct. 2012) investigated the versatility of engineering students’ knowledge of circuits with one resistor and one capacitor connected in series. Students were shown
Reading comprehension of Texas students. An analysis of reading test scores of students at a rural Texas school district was carried out in Current Issues in Education(Jan. 2014). Students were classified as attending elementary, middle, or high school and whether they passed a reading
Classifying air threats with heuristics. The Journal of Behavioral Decision Making (Jan. 2007) published a study on the use of heuristics to classify the threat level of approaching aircraft. Of special interest was the use of a fast and frugal heuristic—a computationally simple procedure for
Mobile device typing strategies. Refer to the Applied Ergonomics (Mar. 2012) study of mobile device typing strategies, Exercise 13.14 (p. 808). Recall that typing style of mobile device users was categorized as (1) device held with both hands/both thumbs typing, (2) device held with right
Detecting Alzheimer’s disease at an early age. Refer to the Neuropsychology (Jan. 2007) study of whether the cognitive effects of Alzheimer’s disease can be detected at an early age, Exercise 13.17 (p. 808). Recall that a particular strand of DNA was classified into one of three genotypes:E4
Job satisfaction of women in construction. The hiring of women in construction and construction-related jobs has steadily increased over the years. A study was conducted to provide employers with information designed to reduce the potential for turnover of female employees (Journal of Professional
Influencing performance in a serial addition task.Refer to the Advances in Cognitive Psychology (Jan.2013) study of performance in a classic psychological test involving adding a set of numbers, Exercise 9.66(p. 499). Recall that 300 undergraduate students were given a serial addition task, with
“Cry wolf” effect in air traffic controlling. Researchers at Alion Science Corporation and New Mexico State University collaborated on a study of how air traffic controllers respond to false alarms (Human Factors, Aug. 2009). The researchers theorize that the high rate of false alarms regarding
Package design influences taste. Can the package design of a food product influence how the consumer will rate the taste of the product? A team of experimental psychologists reported on a study that examined how rounded or angular package shapes and high- or low-pitched sounds can convey
Eyewitnesses and mug shots. Refer to the Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice (Apr. 2010) study of mug shot choices by eyewitnesses to a crime, Exercise 10.107(p. 598). Recall that a sample of 96 college students was shown a video of a simulated theft, then asked to select the mug shot that most
Refer to Exercise 13.29. Convert the responses to percentages by calculating the percentage of each B class total falling into each A classification. Also, calculate the percentage of the total number of responses that constitute each of the A classification totals.a. Create a bar graph with row A1
Test the null hypothesis of independence of the two classifications A and B of the 3 * 3 contingency table shown here. Use a = .05.B B1 B2 B3 A1 40 72 42 A A2 63 53 70 A3 31 38 30
Refer to Exercise 13.27.a. Convert the frequency responses to percentages by calculating the percentage of each column total falling in each row. Also, convert the row totals to percentages of the total number of responses. Display the percentages in a table.b. Create a bar graph with row 1
Consider the following 2 * 3 (i.e., r = 2 and c = 3) contingency table.Column 1 2 3 Row 1 9 34 53 2 16 30 25a. Specify the null and alternative hypotheses that should be used in testing the independence of the row and column classifications.b. Specify the test statistic and the rejection region
Find the rejection region for a test of independence of two classifications where the contingency table contains r rows and c columns.a. r = 5, c = 6, a = .05b. r = 5, c = 3, a = .10c. r = 2, c = 5, a = .01
What conditions are required for a valid chi-square test of data from a contingency table?
True or False. One goal of a contingency table analysis is to determine whether the two classifications are independent or dependent.
What is a contingency table with fixed marginals?
What is a two-way (contingency) table?
A social scientist wants to determine whether the marital status (divorced or not divorced) of U.S. men is independent of their religious affiliation (or lack thereof). A sample of 500 U.S. men is surveyed, and the results are tabulated as shown in Table 13.7.Table 13.7 Survey Results (observed
Analysis of a Scrabble game. In the board game Scrabble™, a player initially draws a “hand” of seven tiles at random from 100 tiles. Each tile has a letter of the alphabet, and the player attempts to form a word from the letters in his or her hand. A few years ago, a handheld electronic
Interactions in a children’s museum. Refer to the Early Childhood Education Journal (Mar. 2014) study of interactions in a children’s museum, Exercise 2.19 (p. 69). Recall that interactions by visitors to the museum were classified as (1) show-and-tell, (2) learning/teaching, (3) refocusing,(4)
Traffic sign maintenance. Refer to the Journal of Transportation Engineering (June 2013) study of traffic sign maintenance, Exercise 9.71 (p. 500). Recall that civil engineers estimated the proportion of traffic signs maintained by the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT)that fail
Detecting Alzheimer’s disease at an early age. Geneticists at Australian National University are studying whether the cognitive effects of Alzheimer’s disease can be detected at an early age (Neuropsychology, Jan. 2007). One portion of the study focused on a particular strand of DNA extracted
Curbing street gang gun violence. Refer to the Journal of Quantitative Criminology (Mar. 2014) study of street gun violence in Boston, Exercise 2.18 (p. 69). Recall that over a 5-year period (2006–2010), 80 shootings involving a Boston street gang were sampled and analyzed. Of these, 37 occurred
Mobile device typing strategies. Researchers estimate that in a typical month about 75 billion text messages are sent in the United States. Text messaging on mobile devices(e.g., cell phones, smartphones) often requires typing in awkward positions that may lead to health issues. A group of Temple
Gender in two-child families. Refer to the Human Biology(Feb. 2009) study on the gender of children in two-child families, Exercise 4.29 (p. 222). The article reported on the results of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) of 42,888 two-child families. The table below gives the number of
Do social robots walk or roll? Refer to the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010) study of how engineers design social robots, Exercise 2.7 (p. 66).Recall that a social (or service) robot is designed to entertain, educate, and care for human users. In a random sample of 106
Beetles and slime molds. Myxomycetes are mushroomlike slime molds that are a food source for insects. The Journal of Natural History (May 2010) published the results of a study that investigated which of six species of slime molds are most attractive to beetles inhabiting an Atlantic rain forest. A
Jaw dysfunction study. A report on dental patients with temporomandibular (jaw) joint dysfunction (TMD) was published in General Dentistry (Jan/Feb. 2004). A random sample of 60 patients was selected for an experimental treatment of TMD. Prior to treatment, the patients filled out a survey on two
A multinomial experiment with k = 4 cells and n = 400 produced the data shown in the accompanying table. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to contradict the null hypothesis that p1 = .2, p2 = .4, p3 = .1, and p4 = .3?Test, using a = .05.Cell 1 2 3 4 ni 64 156 41 139
A multinomial experiment with k = 4 cells and n = 191 produced the data shown in the following table.Cell 1 2 3 4 ni 51 47 56 37a. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the multinomial probabilities differ? Test, using a = .05.b. What are the Type I and Type II errors
A multinomial experiment with k = 3 cells and n = 400 produced the data shown in the accompanying table. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to contradict the null hypothesis that p1 = .50, p2 = .25, and p3 = .25?Test, using a = .05.Cell 1 2 3 ni 228 80 92
Find the rejection region for a one-dimensional x2@test of a null hypothesis concerning p1, p2,c, pk ifa. k = 11; a = .01b. k = 9; a = .01c. k = 6; a = .05
Use Table IV of Appendix B to find the following probabilities:a. P1x2 … 20.59922 for df = 30b. P1x2 7 36.78072 for df = 22c. P1x2 Ú 53.54002 for df = 80d. P1x2 6 14.68372 for df = 9
Use Table IV of Appendix B, to find each of the following x2 values:a. x2 .995 for df = 28b. x2 .950 for df = 2c. x2 .050 for df = 23d. x2 .025 for df = 13
What conditions must n satisfy to make the x2 test for a one-way table valid?
Suppose an educational television station in a state that has not legalized marijuana has broadcast a series of programs on the physiological and psychological effects of smoking marijuana. Now that the series is finished, the station wants to see whether the citizens within the viewing area have

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