Statistics Concepts And Controversies 7th Edition David S Moore, William I Notz - Solutions

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Consider the problem of determining the highest level of education attained by each of a sample of n = 40 National Hockey League (NHL) players. Suppose we categorize level of education into one of five categories—some high school, high school diploma, some college, college undergraduate degree,
Caution about the misuse of chi-square tests (13.4)
Present a chi-square hypothesis test for relating two qualitative variables—called a two-way analysis (13.3)
Present a chi-square hypothesis test for comparing the category proportions associated with a single qualitative variable—called a one-way analysis (13.2)
Discuss qualitative (i.e., categorical) data with more than two outcomes (13.1)
Using the WVS dataset, I created a dichotomous variable where one category contains the countries that have lower percentages of people with higher education degrees, and the other category contains the countries that have higher percentages of people with higher education degrees. I called this
Using the WVS dataset, I created two dichotomous variables, using two of the variables related to what is important for children: self-expression and obeying. I classified each country in terms of whether it felt these two issues were less important or more important. The two variables are called
Using the WVS dataset, I created a dichotomy of the ETHDIVORCE variable called ETHDIVORCE2CAT, where one category contained countries with lower acceptability of divorce, and the other category contained countries with higher acceptability of divorce. Use this variable as your dependent variable
Using the PewSocialMedia dataset, create a crosstab and chi-square test to address this hypothesis: do whites and nonwhites (as measured by the recoded variable XYracewnw) differ with regard to how often they felt they could not cope with all the things they had to do (as measured by the variable
Using the PewSocialMedia dataset, create a crosstab and chi-square test to address this hypothesis: if someone is against the government’s surveillance program (as measured by the variable survatt), they will also be likely to be bothered by others posting pictures of their children without
Using the PewSocialMedia dataset, create a crosstab with a chi-square test that compares men and women with regard to how often they change or update their status on Facebook. By making reference to the percentages in the cells of the crosstab, explain why the chi-square test turned out the way it
Use the PewWorkPlay dataset, using the same three variables in the above exercise, but to address a different question: do those who have used a dating website differ from those who have not used a dating website with regard to whether or not they feel that online dating is more dangerous than
Use the PewWorkPlay dataset to build a crosstab with a chi-square test to address this question: do the population of men and the population of women differ in whether or not they feel that online dating is more dangerous than other ways of meeting people? Then, elaborate your original crosstab by
Men are notorious for not asking for directions. Use the PewWorkPlay dataset to build a crosstab with a chi-square test to address this question: do the population of men and the population of women differ in whether or not they have used their cellphone to get directions? Explain your results.
Interested in his own campus classmates’ experiences with cyberbullying, a student distributes a short survey to his statistics class. He finds, through a cross-tab and chi-square test, that there is a statistically significant difference between men and women: men are more likely to have been
If one has been bullied online, does this affect one’s willingness to stop cyber-bullying of others? Use the PewKids bullied online variable as your independent variable. Use the four “what do you do when you see cyberbullying?” variables as your dependent variables. Explain your results.
Using the PewKids data, run two crosstabs (with chi-square tests) that investigate the association between parents’ worry and parents’ action. First, see if the parents’ concern over inappropriate content on the Internet affects their likelihood of checking where their child has been on the
Use the PewKids dataset to address the following question: is there a significant difference between mothers’ and fathers’ likelihood of friending their child on a social network?
Does where you live affect your risk of heart disease, and is this relationship the same for men and for women? Investigate this using the PewHealth dataset by using the recoded community variable and the heart disease variable, and elaborate with the sex variable.
We often hear in the news that men do not take care of their health as much as women do. Is this supported by the PewHealth dataset? Use both healthtracking variables in your analysis and explain your results.
Use the PewHealth dataset to address this question: are Hispanics born in the United States significantly more likely to have health insurance than Hispanics who were not born in the United States? Use the dichotomously recoded insurance variable and the dichotomously recoded Hispanic born variable
Among the ANES respondents who are aged 17 to 34 and who say that the Bible is the word of God, we find that there might be a relationship between knowing someone gay and support for gay marriage:Among the 132 people who know someone gay, 53 favor legal marriage, 33 favor civil unions, and 46 say
Among the ANES respondents who are 65 years old or older, we find that 51 of the 115 men have dogs, and 50 of the 182 women have dogs. From this information, create a crosstab and run a chi-square test to see if this difference is statistically significant.
You’ve likely heard of the phenomenon of the bridezilla: women who make their wedding day the most important and stressful day of their lives. This got me to wondering: do women invest more of their life satisfaction in getting married than men do? First, using ANES data, run a crosstab and
Test this hypothesis using ANES data:Those Americans who are for increased defense spending are against gun control (use the recoded gun control variable).
Test this hypothesis using ANES data:Those Americans who don’t have passports are more resistant to outsourcing than are those who do have passports.
Using ANES data, run a crosstab and chi-square test to see if gays and lesbians are more likely to have a dog than heterosexuals are (do not use the sexual orientation variable that includes bisexuals). After you run this crosstab and chi-square test, engage in elaboration by running this crosstab
Although gay men and lesbians have made great strides in recent years, there are still concerns about health issues. For example, are gays and lesbians more likely to smoke? Use ANES data to create a crosstab that uses the recoded sexual orientation variable (using just gays and lesbians, not
how researchers used chi-square to study the gender gap in political ambition
how researchers used chi-square to study how people think about their bodies
how the chi-square test is based on a chi-square probability distribution
the importance of sample size in a chi-square test
the very important concept of statistical significance
how to calculate a chi-square value, and what to do with it once you have it
what expected frequencies are, and how to calculate them
why sampling and inference are important to social researchers
Web-based exercise. The chapter-opening Case Study gave information on faculty by gender and rank at Purdue University for the 2005–2006 academic year. Similar data can be found for other universities.Search the Web to find the number of faculty by rank and gender at another university. Do you
Standards for child care. Do unregulated providers of child care in their homes follow different health and safety practices in different cities? A study looked at people who regularly provided care for someone else’s children in poor areas of three cities. The numbers who required medical
Stress and heart attacks. You read a newspaper article that describes a study of whether stress management can help reduce heart attacks. The 107 subjects all had reduced blood flow to the heart and so were at risk of a heart attack. They were assigned at random to three groups.The article goes on
Python eggs, again. Exercise 24.7 presents data on the hatching of python eggs at three different temperatures. Does temperature have a significant effect on hatching? Write a clear summary of your work and your conclusion.
Smoking by students and their families. In Exercise 24.5, you saw that there is an association between smoking by close family members and smoking by high school students. The students are more likely to smoke if a close family member smokes. We want to know whether this association is
Extracurricular activities and grades. In Exercise 24.4, you described the relationship between extracurricular activities and success in a required course. Is the observed association between these variables statistically significant? To find out, proceed as follows.(a) Add the row and column
Majors for men and women in business, again. Exercise 24.10 gives the responses to questionnaires sent to all 722 members of a business school graduating class.(a) Two of the observed cell counts are small. Do these data satisfy our guidelines for safe use of the chi-square test?(b) Is there a
Race and the death penalty. Whether a convicted murderer gets the death penalty seems to be influenced by the race of the victim. Here are data on 326 cases in which the defendant was convicted of murder:White Defendant White Black victim victim Death 19 0 Not 132 9 Black Defendant White Black
Airline flight delays. Here are the numbers of flights on time and delayed for two airlines at five airports in one month. Overall on-time percentages for each airline are often reported in the news. The airport that flights serve is a lurking variable that can make such reports misleading.Alaska
Totals aren’t enough. Here are the row and column totals for a twoway table with two rows and two columns:a b 40 c d 60 60 40 100 Find two different sets of countsa, b,c, and d for the body of the table that give these same totals. This shows that the relationship between two variables cannot be
Majors for men and women in business. A study of the career plans of young women and men sent questionnaires to all 722 members of the senior class in the College of Business Administration at the University of Illinois.One question asked which major within the business program the student had
Who earns academic degrees? How do women and men compare in the pursuit of academic degrees? The table below presents counts (in thousands)from the Statistical Abstract on degrees earned in 2005 categorized by the level of the degree and the gender of the recipient.Bachelor’s Master’s
Firearm deaths. Here are counts from a study of all firearm-related deaths in Wisconsin between 2000 and 2002 for children and youth under the age of 25 where the type of firearm used was known. We want to compare the types of firearms used in homicides and in suicides. We suspect that long guns
Python eggs. How is the hatching of water python eggs influenced by the temperature of the snake’s nest? Researchers assigned newly laid eggs to one of three temperatures: hot, neutral, or cold. Hot duplicates the extra warmth 538 CHAPTER 24 Two-Way Tables and the Chi-Square Test provided by the
Smoking by parents of preschoolers. How are the smoking habits of parents of preschoolers related to the education of the father? Here is a two-way table from a survey of the parents of preschoolers in Greece:Both parents One parent Neither parent smoke smokes smokes University education 42 68 90
Smoking by students and their families. How are the smoking habits of students related to the smoking habits of their close family members? Here is a two-way table from a survey of male students in six secondary schools in Malaysia:Student Student smokes does not smoke At least one close family
Extracurricular activities and grades. North Carolina State University studied student performance in a course required by its chemical Chapter 24 Exercises 537 engineering major. One question of interest was the relationship between time spent in extracurricular activities and whether a student
Smoking and survival, again. An observational study was conducted to examine the relationship between smoking and survival. Based on a survey conducted in Newcastle, United Kingdom, from 1972 to 1974, 1314 women were classified as either smokers or nonsmokers.In 1996, the researchers determined
Smoking and survival. An observational study was conducted to examine the relationship between smoking and survival. Based on a survey conducted in Newcastle, United Kingdom, from 1972 to 1974, 1314 women were classified as either smokers or nonsmokers.In 1996, the researchers determined which of
When shall we call you? In Exercise IV.11, we learned of a study that dialed telephone numbers at random during two periods of the day. Of 2304 numbers called on weekday mornings, 1313 answered. Of 2454 calls on weekday evenings, 1840 were answered.(a) Make a two-way table of time of day versus
Treating ulcers. Gastric freezing was once a recommended treatment for stomach ulcers. Use of gastric freezing stopped after experiments showed it had no effect. One randomized comparative experiment found that 28 of the 82 gastric-freezing patients improved, while 30 of the 78 patients in the
Unhappy HMO patients. A study of complaints by HMO members compared those who filed complaints about medical treatment and those who filed nonmedical complaints with an SRS of members who did not complain 554 Part IV Review that year. Here are the data on the number who stayed and the number who
Simpson’s paradox. If we compare average 2003 National Assessment of Educational Progress mathematics scores, we find that eighth-grade students in Nebraska do better than eighth-grade students in New Jersey. But if we look only at white students, New Jersey does better. If we look only at
Sharks. Return to the data in Exercise IV.25. Is there good evidence that the mean length of sharks in the population that these sharks represent is greater than 15 feet? (Hint: See pages 491–495.)
Pleasant smells. Return to the data in Exercise IV.24. Give a 95%confidence interval for the mean improvement in time to solve a maze when wearing a mask with a floral scent. Are you confident that the scent does improve mean working time?
Sharks. Great white sharks are big and hungry. Here are the lengths in feet of 44 great whites:18.7 12.3 18.6 16.4 15.7 18.3 14.6 15.8 14.9 17.6 12.1 16.4 16.7 17.8 16.2 12.6 17.8 13.8 12.2 15.2 14.7 12.4 13.2 15.8 14.3 16.6 9.4 18.2 13.2 13.6 15.3 16.1 13.5 19.1 16.2 22.8 16.8 13.6 13.2 15.7 19.7
Pleasant smells. Do pleasant odors help work go faster? Twenty-one subjects worked a paper-and-pencil maze wearing a mask that was either unscented or carried the smell of flowers. Each subject worked the maze three times with each mask, in random order. (This is a matched pairs design.) Here are
Water quality. An environmentalist group collects a liter of water from each of 45 random locations along a stream and measures the amount of dissolved oxygen in each specimen. The mean is 4.62 milligrams (mg) and the standard deviation is 0.92 mg. Is this strong evidence that the stream has a mean
CEO pay. A study of 104 corporations found that the pay of their chief executive officers had increased an average of x = 6.9% per year in real terms.The standard deviation of the percentage increases was s = 17.4%.(a) The 104 individual percentage increases have a right-skewed distribution.Explain
When shall we call you? Carry out the significance test called for in Exercise IV.13 in all detail. Show the five steps of the test (hypotheses, sampling distribution, data, P-value, conclusion) clearly. (Hint: See pages 489–490.)The following exercises are based on the optional material in
Smoking in the United States. Carry out the significance test called for in Exercise IV.12 in all detail. Show the five steps of the test (hypotheses, sampling distribution, data, P-value, conclusion) clearly.
A poll of voters. You are the polling consultant to a member of Congress.An SRS of 500 registered voters finds that 32% name “environmental problems”552 Part IV Review as the most important issue facing the nation. Give a 90% confidence interval for the proportion of all voters who hold this
Honesty in the media. A Gallup Poll conducted from November 30 to December 2, 2007, asked a random sample of 1006 adults to rate the honesty and ethical standards of people in a variety of professions. Among the respondents, 231 rated the honesty and ethical standards of TV reporters as very high
Lowering the drinking age. A July 2007 Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 464 adults whether they would favor or oppose a federal law that would lower the drinking age in all states to 18. Among the respondents, 357 said they would oppose such a law. We can act as if the sample were an SRS.Is
Safe cities. An October 2006 Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 1001 adults to rate each of 16 large cities as safe to live in or visit, or not.Among the respondents, 800 rated Seattle as safe. We can act as if the sample were an SRS. Give 90% and 99% confidence intervals for the proportion of
Going to church. Opinion polls show that about 40% of Americans say they attended religious services in the last week. This result has stayed stable for decades. Studies of what people actually do, as opposed to what they say Part IV Review Exercises 551 they do, suggest that actual church
Not significant. The study cited in Exercise IV.9 looked at the factors that may affect whether doctors bend medical plan rules. Perhaps doctors who fear being prosecuted will bend the rules less often. The study report said, “Notably, greater worry about prosecution for fraud did not affect
When shall we call you? Suppose we knew that 57% of all calls made by sample surveys on weekday mornings are answered. We make 2454 calls to randomly chosen numbers during weekday evenings. Of these, 1840 are answered.Is this good evidence that the proportion of answered calls is higher in the
Smoking in the United States. Does the survey of Exercise IV.10 provide good evidence that fewer than 1/4 of all American adults smoked in the week prior to the survey?(a) State the hypotheses to be tested.(b) If your null hypothesis is true, what is the sampling distribution of the sample
When shall we call you? As you might guess, telephone sample surveys get better response rates during the evening than during the weekday daytime. One study called 2304 randomly chosen telephone numbers on weekday mornings. Of these, 1313 calls were answered and only 207 resulted in interviews. Of
Smoking in the United States. An August 2007 nationwide random survey of 1012 adults asked whether they had smoked cigarettes in the last week. Among the respondents, 243 said they had. We can act as if the sample were an SRS.(a) Give a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all American
Beating the system. Some doctors think that health plan rules restrict their ability to treat their patients effectively, so they bend the rules to help patients get reimbursed by their health plans. Here’s a sentence from a study on this topic: “Physicians who agree with the statement ‘Today
Helping welfare mothers. A study compares two groups of mothers with young children who were on welfare two years ago. One group attended a voluntary training program that was offered free of charge at a local vocational school and was advertised in the local news media. The other group did not
Why not? Table 11.1 (page 218) records the percentage of residents aged 65 or older in each of the 50 states. You can check that this percentage is 14% or higher in 8 of the states. So the sample proportion of states with at least 14% of elderly residents is ^p = 8/50 = 0.16. Explain why it does
Roulette. A roulette wheel has 18 red slots among its 38 slots. You observe many spins and record the number of times that red occurs. Now you want to use these data to test whether the probability p of a red has the value that is correct for a fair roulette wheel. State the hypotheses H0 and Ha
Honesty in the media. A Gallup Poll conducted from November 30 to December 2, 2007, asked a random sample of 1006 adults to rate the honesty and ethical standards of people in a variety of professions. Among the respondents, 231 rated the honesty and ethical standards of TV reporters as Part IV
Lowering the drinking age. Exercise IV.2 concerns a random sample of 464 adults. Suppose that, in the population of all adults, exactly 75% would say that they would oppose a federal law that would lower the drinking age in all states to 18. Imagine that we take a very large number of SRSs of size
Safe cities. Exercise IV.1 concerns a random sample of 1001 adults.Suppose that (unknown to the pollsters) exactly 85% of all adults would rate Seattle as safe to live in or visit. Imagine that we take very many SRSs of size 1001 from this population and record the percentage in each sample who
Lowering the drinking age. A July 2007 Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 464 adults whether they would favor or oppose a federal law that would lower the drinking age in all states to 18. Among the respondents, 357 said they would oppose such a law. We can act as if the sample were an SRS.Give a
Safe cities. An October 2006 Gallup Poll asked a random sample of 1001 adults to rate each of 16 large cities as safe to live in or visit, or not. Among the respondents, 800 rated Seattle as safe. We can act as if the sample were an SRS. Give a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all
Web-based exercise. The report of the American Psychological Association’s Task Force on Statistical Inference is an excellent brief introduction to wise use of inference. The report appeared in the journal American Psychologist in 1999. You can find a copy of the initial report on the Web in the
Web-based exercise. Find an example of a study in which a statistically significant result may not be practically important. Summarize the study and its conclusions in your own words. The CHANCE Web site at www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/chance news/news.html is a good place to look for examples.
We like confidence intervals. The previous exercise compared significance tests about the proportion p of all students who would pass a competency Notes and Data Sources 519 test, based on data showing that either 906 or 907 of an SRS of 1000 students passed. Give the 95% confidence interval for p
Is it significant? Over several years and many thousands of students, 89% of the high school students in a large city have passed the competency test that is one of the requirements for a diploma. Now reformers claim that a new mathematics curriculum will increase the percentage who pass. A random
Using the Internet. Return to the study in Exercise 22.16 (page 499), which found that 130 of 200 entering students at a state university said that they used the Internet frequently for research or homework. This differed significantly(P = 0.0012) from the 75.9% of all first-year students in the
Do our athletes graduate? Return to the study in Exercise 22.15(page 498), which found that 73 of 117 athletes admitted to a large university graduated within six years. The proportion of athletes who graduated was significantly lower (P = 0.027) than the 71% graduation rate for all students.It may
Is this convincing? You are planning to test a vaccine for a virus that now has no vaccine. Since the disease is usually not serious, you will expose 100 volunteers to the virus. After some time, you will record whether or not each volunteer has been infected.(a) Explain how you would use these 100
Why are larger samples better? Statisticians prefer large samples.Describe briefly the effect of increasing the size of a sample (or the number of subjects in an experiment) on each of the following.(a) The margin of error of a 95% confidence interval.(b) The P-value of a test, when H0 is false and
What distinguishes schizophrenics? Psychologists once measured 77 variables on a sample of schizophrenic people and a sample of people who were not schizophrenic. They compared the two samples using 77 separate significance tests. Two of these tests were significant at the 5% level. Suppose that
What is significance good for? Which of the following questions does a test of significance answer?(a) Is the sample or experiment properly designed?(b) Is the observed effect due to chance?(c) Is the observed effect important?
Why we seek significance. Asked why statistical significance appears so often in research reports, a student says, “Because saying that results are significant tells us that they cannot easily be explained by chance variation alone.” Do you think that this statement is essentially correct?
Blood types in Southeast Asia. One way to assess whether two human groups should be considered separate populations is to compare their distributions of blood types. An anthropologist finds significantly different (P =0.01) proportions of the main human blood types (A, B, AB, O) in different tribes
Color blindness in Africa. An anthropologist suspects that color blindness is less common in societies that live by hunting and gathering than in Chapter 23 Exercises 517 settled agricultural societies. He tests a number of adults in two populations in Africa, one of each type. The proportion of
Comparing package designs. A company compares two package designs for a laundry detergent by placing bottles with both designs on the shelves of several markets in a large city. Checkout scanner data on more than 10,000 bottles bought show that more shoppers bought Design A than Design B. The

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Statistics Concepts And Controversies 7th Edition David S Moore, William I Notz - Solutions

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