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Operations Management 14th Edition William J Stevenson - Solutions
List and briefly describe some of the main applications of learning curves. LO.1
Outline some of the cautions and criticisms of learning curves. LO.1
Estimate learning rates from data on job times. LO.1
If the learning phenomenon applies to all human activity, why isn’t the effect noticeable in mass production or high-volume assembly work? LO.1
Under what circumstances might a manager prefer a learning rate of approximately 100 percent(i.e., no “learning”)? LO.1
What would a learning percentage of 120 percent imply? LO.1
Explain how an increase in indirect labor cost can contribute to a decrease in direct labor cost per unit. LO.1
List the kinds of factors that create the learning effect. LO.1
Explain how changes in a process, once it is under way, can cause scallops in a learning curve. LO.1
Name some areas in which learning curves are useful. LO.1
What factors might cause a learning curve to tip up toward the end of a job? LO.1
“Users of learning curves sometimes fail to include carryover effects; previous experience with similar activities can reduce initial activity times, although it should be noted that the learning rate remains the same.” What is the implication of this statement from the list of cautions and
Identify an unethical action that involves the learning rate and the ethical principle it violates. LO.1
An aircraft company has an order to refurbish the interiors of 18 jet aircraft. The work has a learning curve percentage of 80. On the basis of experience with similar jobs, the industrial engineering department estimates that the first plane will require 300 hours to refurbish. Estimate the amount
Estimate the time it will take to complete the fourth unit of a 12-unit job involving a large assembly if the initial unit required approximately 80 hours for each of the following learning percentages.a. 72 percentb. 87 percentc. 95 percent LO.1
A manager wants to determine an appropriate learning percentage for processing insurance claims for storm damage. Toward that end, times have been recorded for completion of each of the first six repetitions.Repetition 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (minutes) 46 39 35 33 32 30a. Determine the approximate
The labor cost to produce a certain item is $8.50 per hour. Job setup costs $50 and material costs are $20 per unit. The item can be purchased for $88.50 per unit. The learning rate is 90 percent.Overhead is charged at a rate of 50 percent of labor, materials, and setup costs.a. Determine the unit
The first unit of a job took 40 hours to complete. The work has a learning percentage of 88. The manager wants time estimates for units 2, 3, 4, and 5. Develop those time estimates. LO.1
Estimate the number of repetitions each of the workers listed in the following table will require to reach a time of seven hours per unit. Time is in hours.Trainee T1 T2 Art 11 9.9 Sherry 10.5 8.4 Dave 12 10.2 LO.1
Estimate the number of repetitions each of the workers listed in the following table will require to achieve a standard time of 25 minutes per repetition. Time is in minutes.Trainee T1 T2 Beverly 36 31 Max 40 36 Antonio 37 30 LO.1
A research analyst performs database searches for a variety of clients. According to her log, a new search requires approximately 55 minutes. Repeated requests on the same or similar topic take less and less time, as her log shows.Request no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time (min.) 55.0 41.0 35.2 31.0 28.7
A job has an 85 percent learning curve. Estimate the time needed to complete the fifth unit of the job. The time for the first unit is unknown. However, units 2 through 4 took a total of 28.14 hours to complete. LO.1
Prepare a list of questions you will need answered in order to analyze this situation. LO.1
Prepare a list of observations regarding the information provided in the case. LO.1
What preliminary thoughts do you have on solutions or partial solutions to the points you have raised? LO.1
Explain the strategic importance of product and service design. LO.1
Describe what product and service design does. LO.1
Name the key questions of product and service design. LO.1
Identify some reasons for design or redesign. LO.1
List some of the main sources of design ideas. LO.1
Discuss the importance of legal, ethical, and sustainability considerations in product and service design. LO.1
Explain the purpose and goal of life-cycle assessment. LO.1
Explain the phrase “the 3 Rs.” LO.1
Briefly describe the phases in product design and development. LO.1
Discuss several key issues in product or service design. LO.1
Discuss the two key issues in service design. LO.1
List the characteristics of well-designed service systems. LO.1
List some guidelines for successful service design. LO.1
What are some reasons consumers would be interested in large pickle slices? Name two reasons. LO.1
What lesson about new product development does this AN NGUYEN/Shutterstock story tell? LO.1
What effects do cultural differences have on the design of fastfood offerings in this reading? LO.1
What functions in the organization are impacted by the differences in product offerings among different countries? LO.1
How have China’s own sustainability issues and policies affected sustainability concerns worldwide? LO.1
What changes are being seen in the supply chain for recyclers of waste products? LO.1
What types of package design changes might be envisioned in the future to help reduce the amount of waste that is created? LO.1
Can you think of other companies that have used new colors to extend or grow the market for their products? LO.1
What two major benefits do customers get from delayed differentiation? LO.1
Can you think of another food product that might lend itself to delayed differentiation, and therefore end up as a popular fastfood item? LO.1
What managerial challenges do services present that manufacturing does not? LO.1
Why does service management present more challenges than manufacturing? LO.1
Define the service package in detail. A service blueprint may be helpful for this. LO.1
Focus on the operation from the customer’s perspective. Consider how customer expectations and perceptions are managed during and after the service. LO.1
Consider the image that the service package will present both to customers and to prospective customers. LO.1
Recognize that designers’ familiarity with the system may give them quite a different perspective than that of the customer, and take steps to overcome this. LO.1
Make sure that managers are involved and will support the design once it is implemented. LO.1
Define quality for both tangibles and intangibles. Intangible standards are more difficult to define, but they must be addressed. LO.1
Make sure that recruitment, training, and reward policies are consistent with service expectations. LO.1
Establish procedures to handle both predictable and unpredictable events. LO.1
Establish systems to monitor, maintain, and improve service. LO.1
What are some of the factors that cause organizations to redesign their products or services? LO.1
Contrast applied research with basic research. LO.1
What is CAD? Describe some of the ways a product designer can use it. LO.1
Name some of the main advantages and disadvantages of standardization. LO.1
What is modular design? What are its main advantages and disadvantages? LO.1
Explain the term design for manufacturing and briefly explain why it is important. LO.1
What are some of the competitive advantages of concurrent engineering? LO.1
Explain the term remanufacturing. LO.1
Why is R&D a key factor in productivity improvement? Name some ways R&D contributes to productivity improvements. LO.1
What is mass customization? LO.1
Name two factors that could make service design much different from product design. LO.1
Explain the term robust design. LO.1
Explain what quality function deployment is and how it can be useful. LO.1
What is reverse engineering? Do you feel this is unethical? LO.1
What is the purpose of value analysis? LO.1
What is life cycle assessment, and what is its overall goal? LO.1
Explain the term “three Rs” and how the three Rs relate to sustainability. LO.1
a. Select an electronic device you are familiar with. What standard feature does it have that was once a “wow” feature? What “wow” feature does it have that you think will soon be a standard feature on new versions?b. Answer part a for a service you are familiar with.TAKING STOCK LO.1
Describe some of the trade-offs that are encountered in product and service design. LO.1
Who needs to be involved in the design of products and services? LO.1
How has technology had an impact on product and service design?CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES LO.1
How were food producers impacted by the U.S. government’s requirement to identify the trans fat content on product labels? LO.1
Give two examples of unethical conduct involving product or service design and the ethical principles(see Chapter 1) that are violated.PROBLEMS LO.1
Prepare a service blueprint for each of these banking transactions:a. Make a savings deposit using a tellerb. Apply for a home equity loan LO.1
Prepare a service blueprint for each of these post office transactions:a. Buy stamps from a machineb. Buy stamps from a postal clerk LO.1
a. Refer to Figure 4.4. What two technical requirements have the highest impact on the customer requirement that the paper not tear?b. The following table presents technical requirements and customer requirements for the output of a laser printer. First, decide if any of the technical requirements
Prepare a table similar to that shown in problem 7b for cookies sold in a bakery. List what you believe are the three most important customer requirements (not including cost) and the three most relevant technical requirements (not including sanitary conditions). Next, indicate using a checkmark
Define the term reliability. LO.1
Explain why a product or system might have an overall reliability that is low even though it is comprised of components that have fairly high reliabilities. LO.1
What is redundancy and how can it improve product design?DISCUSSION AND REVIEW QUESTIONS PROBLEMS LO.1
Consider the following system:.90 .90 Determine the probability that the system will operate under each of these conditions:a. The system as shown.b. Each system component has a backup with a probability of .90 and a switch that is 100 percent reliable.c. Backups with .90 probability and a switch
Repeat Problem 9 using the condition that one of the components will have a backup with a reliability equal to that of any one of the other components. LO.1
A major television manufacturer has determined that its 50-inch LED televisions have a mean service life that can be modeled by a normal distribution with a mean of six years and a standard deviation of one-half year.a. What probability can you assign to service lives of at least (1) five years?
A soon-to-be-introduced cell phone has an expected service life that can be modeled by a normal distribution with a mean of five years and a standard deviation of 0.6 year.a. If the company offers a warranty of four years, what percentage of cell phones can be expected to fail before that time?b.
Determine the availability for each of these cases:a. MTBF = 40 days, average repair time = 3 daysb. MTBF = 300 hours, average repair time = 6 hours LO.1
A machine can operate for an average of 10 weeks before it needs to be overhauled, a process which takes two days. The machine is operated five days a week. Compute the availability of this machine. (Hint: All times must be in the same units.) LO.1
One line of tires produced by a large company has a wear-out life that can be modeled using a normal distribution with a mean of 25,000 miles and a standard deviation of 2,000 miles. Determine each of the following:a. The percentage of tires that can be expected to wear out within ± 2,000 miles of
A product design engineer must decide if a redundant component is cost-justified in a certain system.The system in question has a critical component with a probability of .98 of operating. System failure would involve a cost of $20,000. For a cost of $100, a switch could be added that would
Due to the extreme cost of interrupting production, a firm has two standby machines available in case a particular machine breaks down. The machine in use has a reliability of .94, and the backups have reliabilities of .90 and .80. In the event of a failure, either backup can be pressed into
The mean life of a certain ball bearing can be modeled using a normal distribution with a mean of six years and a standard deviation of one year. Determine each of the following:a. The probability that a ball bearing will wear out before seven years of service.b. The probability that a ball bearing
By means of extensive testing, a manufacturer has determined that its Super Sucker Vacuum Cleaner models have an expected life that is exponential, with a mean of four years. Find the probability that one of these cleaners will have a life that endsa. after the initial four years of service.b.
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