Stats Modeling The World AP Edition Grades 9-12 3rd Edition David E. Bock, Paul F. Velleman, Richard D. De Veaux - Solutions

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Kentucky Derby 2020 on the computer Load the Kentucky Derby data into your preferred statistics package and answer the following questions;a) What was the name of the winning horse in 1880?b) When did the length of the race change?c) What was the winning time in 1974?d) Only one horse has run the
Indy 500 2020 The 2.5-mile Indianapolis Motor Speedway has been the home to a race on Memorial Day nearly every year since 1911. Even during the first race, there were controversies.Ralph Mulford was given the checkered flag first but took three extra laps just to make sure he’d completed 500
Kentucky Derby 2020 The Kentucky Derby is a horse race that has been run every year since 1875 at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. The race started as a 1.5-mile race, but in 1896, it was shortened to 1.25 miles because experts felt that 3-year-old horses shouldn’t run such a long race
Walking in circles People who get lost in the desert, mountains, or woods often seem to wander in circles rather than walk in straight lines. To see whether people naturally walk in circles in the absence of visual clues, researcher Andrea Axtell tested 32 people on a football field. One at a time,
Dogs detecting coronavirus. In 2020, researchers at the University of Helsinki studied whether dogs can be trained to identify coronavirus (COVID-19) by smell. Researchers exposed dogs who had previously learned to identify cancer by scent to urine samples from individuals who had either tested
Fuel economy The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)tracks fuel economy of automobiles based on information from the manufacturers (Ford, Toyota, etc.). Among the data the agency collects are the manufacturer, vehicle type (car, SUV, etc.), weight, horsepower, and gas mileage (mpg) for city and
Streams In performing research for an ecology class, students at a college in upstate New York collect data on streams each year. They record a number of biological, chemical, and physical variables, including the stream name, the substrate of the stream (limestone, shale, or mixed), the acidity of
Vineyards Business analysts hoping to provide information helpful to American grape growers compiled these data about vineyards: size (acres), number of years in existence, state, varieties of grapes grown, average case price, gross sales, and percent profit.
They found no evidence of benefits of the compound
Herbal medicine Scientists at a major pharmaceutical firm conducted an experiment to study the effectiveness of an herbal compound to treat the common cold. They exposed each patient to a cold virus, then gave them either the herbal compound or a sugar solution known to have no effect on colds.
Flowers In a study appearing in the journal Science, a research team reports that plants in southern England are flowering earlier in the spring. Records of the first flowering dates for 385 species over a period of 47 years show that flowering has advanced an average of 15 days per decade, an
E-bikes. In May of 2020 Bicycling magazine reviewed electric bicycles. For each bike reviewed, they reported the motor size (in watts), maximum speed (mph), wheel base (mm), brand name, and whether the battery can be removed for security. They also provided pictures of each bike.
Religious Landscape. The Pew Research Center 2014 Religious Landscape study surveyed a representative sample of U.S. Adults. Among the questions asked were the respondents’Age, Gender, Education, Marital Status, Belief in God (certain, fairly certain, not certain, don’t know, do not believe in
Arby’s menu A listing posted by the Arby’s restaurant chain gives, for each of the sandwiches it sells, the type of meat in the sandwich, the number of calories, and the serving size in ounces. The data might be used to assess the nutritional value of the different sandwiches.
Schools The State Education Department requires local school districts to keep these records on all students: age, race or ethnicity, days absent, current grade level, standardized test scores in reading and mathematics, and any disabilities or special educational needs.
Weighing bears Because of the difficulty of weighing a bear in the woods, researchers caught and measured 54 bears, recording their weight, neck size, length, and sex. They hoped to find a way to estimate weight from the other, more easily determined quantities.
Molten iron The Cleveland Casting Plant is a large, highly automated producer of gray and nodular iron automotive castings for Ford Motor Company. The company is interested in keeping the pouring temperature of the molten iron (in degrees Fahrenheit) close to the specified value of 2550
Not-so-diet soda A look at 474 participants in the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging found that participants who drank two or more diet sodas a day “experienced waist size increases six times greater than those of people who didn’t drink diet soda.” (J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015
Blindness A study begun in 2011 examines the use of stem cells in treating two forms of blindness, Stargardt’s disease and dry age-related macular degeneration. Each of the 24 patients entered one of two separate trials in which embryonic stem cells were to be used to treat the condition.
Honesty Coffee stations in offices often just ask users to leave money in a tray to pay for their coffee, but many people cheat. Researchers at Newcastle University alternately taped two posters over the coffee station. During one week, it was a picture of flowers; during the other, it was a pair
Investments Some companies offer 401(k) retirement plans to employees, permitting them to shift part of their before-tax salaries into investments such as mutual funds. Employers typically match 50% of the employees’ contribution up to about 6% of salary. One company, concerned with what it
Bicycle safety Ian Walker, a psychologist at the University of Bath, wondered whether drivers treat bicycle riders differently when they wear helmets. He rigged his bicycle with an ultrasonic sensor that could measure how close each car was that passed him. He then rode on alternating days with and
Hula-hoops The hula-hoop, a popular children’s toy in the 1950s, has gained popularity as an exercise in recent years.But does it work? To answer this question, the American Council on Exercise conducted a study to evaluate the cardio and calorie-burning benefits of “hooping.” Researchers
Gaydar A study conducted by a team of American and Canadian researchers found that during ovulation, a woman can tell whether a man is gay or straight by looking at his face. To explore the subject, researchers recruited 40 undergraduate women who were not using any contraceptive drugs. These
The Internet Find an Internet source that reports on a study and describes the data. Print out the description and identify as many of the W’s as you can.
The news Find a newspaper or magazine article in which some data are reported. For the data discussed in the article, identify as many of the W’s as you can. Include a copy of the article with your report.
Weather Meteorologists utilize sophisticated models to predict the weather up to ten days in advance. Give an example of how they might assess their models.
Voting and elections Pollsters are interested in predicting the outcome of elections. Give an example of how they might model whether someone is likely to vote.
Stress A medical researcher measures the increase in heart rate of patients who are taking a stress test. What kind of variable is the researcher studying?
Medicine A pharmaceutical company conducts an experiment in which a subject takes 100 mg of a substance orally. The researchers measure how many minutes it takes for half of the substance to exit the bloodstream. What kind of variable is the company studying?
Gay marriage by party The May 2020 Gallup poll cited in Exercise 11 also differentiated respondents according to the political party they identified with. Gallup reports that 83% of Democrats responded that gay marriage should be recognized, but only 49% of those self-identifying as Republican did
Gay marriage A May 2020 Gallup poll asked, “Do you think marriages between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid, with the same rights as traditional marriages? “Sixty-seven percent of respondents said they should be valid—a new high in approval. If the
ZIP codes The U.S. Postal Service uses five-digit ZIP codes to identify locations to assist in delivering mail.a) In what sense are ZIP codes categorical?b) Is there any ordinal sense to ZIP codes? In other words, does a higher ZIP code tell you anything about a location compared to a lower ZIP
Grade levels A person’s grade in school is generally identified by a number.a) Give an example of a Why in which grade level is treated as categorical.b) Give an example of a Why in which grade level is treated as quantitative.
Facebook. Facebook uploads more than 350 million photos every day onto its servers. For this collection, describe the Who and the What
Health records The National Center for Health Statistics(NCHS) conducts an extensive survey consisting of an interview and medical examination with a representative sample of about 5000 people a year. The interview includes demographic, socioeconomic, dietary, and other health-related questions.
Nobel laureates The website www.nobelprize.org allows you to look up all the Nobel prizes awarded in Any year. The data are not listed in a table. Rather you drag a slider to the year and see a list of the awardees for that year. Describe the Who in this scenario.
Super Bowl Sports announcers love to quote statistics. During the Super Bowl, they particularly love to announce when a record has been broken. They might have a list of all Super Bowl games, along with the scores of each team, total scores for the two teams, margin of victory, passing yards for
Satellites and global climate change Satellites send back nearly continuous data on the earth’s land masses, oceans, and atmosphere from space. How might researchers use this information in both the short and long term to help study changes in the earth’s climate?
Parking lots Sensors in parking lots are able to detect and communicate when spaces are filled in a large covered parking garage next to an urban shopping mall. How might the owners of the parking garage use this information both to attract customers and to help the store owners in the mall make
Online shopping Online retailers such as Amazon.com keep data on products that customers buy, and even products they look at. What does Amazon hope to gain from such information?
Grocery shopping Many grocery store chains offer customers a card they can scan when they check out, and offer discounts to people who do so. To get the card, customers must give information, including a mailing address and e-mail address. The actual purpose is not to reward loyal customers but to
Cramming. Students in two basic Spanish classes were required to learn 50 new vocabulary words. One group of 45 students received the list on Monday and studied the words all week. Statistics summarizing this group s scores on Friday s quiz are given. The other group of 25 students did not get the
Diet. Thirteen overweight women volunteered for a study to determine whether eating specially prepared crackers before a meal could help them lose weight. The subjects were randomly assigned to eat crackers with different types of fiber (bran fiber, gum fiber, both, and a control cracker).
Education vs. income. The information below examines the median income and education level (years in school) for several U.S. cities.
Weight loss. A weight loss clinic advertises that its program of diet and exercise will allow clients to lose 10 pounds in one month. A local reporter investigating weight reduction gets permission to interview a randomly selected sample of clients who report the given weight losses during their
Infliximab. In an article appearing in the journal The Lancet in 2002, medical researchers reported on the experimental use of the arthritis drug infliximab in treating Crohn s disease. In a trial, 573 patients were given initial 5-mg injections of the drug. Two weeks later, 335 had responded
Dairy sales. Peninsula Creameries sells both cottage cheese and ice cream. The CEO recently noticed that in months when the company sells more cottage cheese, it seems to sell more ice cream as well. Two of his aides were assigned to test whether this is true or not. The first aide s plot and
Pesticides. A study published in 2002 in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives examined the gender ratios of children born to workers exposed to dioxin in Russian pesticide factories. The data covered the years from 1961 to 1988 in the city of Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia. Of 227 children
Learning math. Developers of a new math curriculum called Accelerated Math compared performances of students taught by their system with control groups of students in the same schools who were taught using traditional instructional methods and materials. Statistics about pretest and posttest scores
Togetherness. Are good grades in high school associated with family togetherness? A simple random sample of 142 high-school students was asked how many meals per week their families ate together. Their responses produced a mean of 3.78 meals per week, with a standard deviation of 2.2. Researchers
Old Faithful. As you saw in an earlier chapter, Old Faithful isn t all that faithful. Eruptions do not occur at uniform intervals and may vary greatly. Can we improve our chances of predicting the time of the next eruption if we know how long the previous eruption lasted?a) Describe what you see in
Family planning. A 1954 study of 1438 pregnant women examined the association between the woman s education level and the occurrence of unplanned pregnancies, producing these data:Do these data provide evidence of an association between family planning and education level? (Fertility Planning and
Pregnancy. In 1998 a San Diego reproductive clinic reported 42 live births to 157 women under the age of 38, but only 7 successes for 89 clients aged 38 and older. Is this evidence of a difference in the effectiveness of the clinic s methods for older women?a) Test the appropriate hypotheses, using
Depression and the Internet. The September 1998 issue of the American Psychologist published an article reporting on an experiment examining the social and psychological impact of the Internet on 169 people in 73 households during their first 1 to 2 years online. In the experiment, a sample of
Eye and hair color. A survey of 1021 school-age children was conducted by randomly selecting children from several large urban elementary schools. Two of the questions concerned eye and hair color. In the survey, the following codes were used:
Age and party. The Gallup Poll conducted a representative telephone survey during the first quarter of 1999.Among the reported results was the following table concerning the preferred political party affiliation of respondents and their ages. Is there evidence of agebased differences in party
LA rainfall. The Los Angeles Almanac Web site reports recent annual rainfall (in inches), as shown in the table.a) Create a 90% confidence interval for the mean annual rainfall in LA.b) If you wanted to estimate the mean annual rainfall with a margin of error of only 2 inches, how many years data
Preemies. Do the effects of being born prematurely linger into adulthood? Researchers examined 242 Cleveland-area children born prematurely between 1977 and 1979, and compared them with 233 children of normal birth weight; 24 of the preemies and 12 of the other children were described as being of
Twins, again. After reading of the JAMA study in Exercise 12, a large city hospital examined their records of twin births for several years and found the data summarized in the table below. Is there evidence that the way the hospital deals with pregnancies involving twins may have changed?
Twins. In 2000 The Journal of the American Medical Association published a study that examined a sample of pregnancies that resulted in the birth of twins. Births were classified as preterm with intervention (induced labor or cesarean), preterm without such procedures, or term or postterm.
Polling. How accurate are pollsters in predicting the outcomes of congressional elections? The table shows the actual number of Democratic party seats in the House of Representatives and the number predicted by the Gallup organization for nonpresidential election years between World War II and
AP Statistics scores. In 2001, more than 41,000 Statistics students nationwide took the Advanced Placement Examination in Statistics. The national distribution of scores and the results at Ithaca High School are shown in the table.a) Is the distribution of scores at this high school significantly
Lefties and music. In an experiment to see if left- and right-handed people have different abilities in music, subjects heard a tone and were then asked to identify which of several other tones matched the first. Of 76 righthanded subjects, 38 were successful in completing this test, compared with
Wild horses. Large herds of wild horses can become a problem on some federal lands in the West. Researchers hoping to improve the management of these herds collected data to see if they could predict the number of foals that would be born based on the size of the current herd. Their attempt to
Back to Montana. The respondents to the Montana poll described in Exercise 29 in Chapter 26 were also classified by income level: low (under $20,000), middle($20,000 $35,000), or high (over $35,000). Is there any evidence that party enrollment there is associated with income? Test an appropriate
Paper airplanes. In preparation for a regional paper airplane competition, a student tried out her latest design. The distances her plane traveled (in feet) in 11 trial flights are given here. (The world record is an astounding 193.01 feet!) The data were 62, 52, 68, 23, 34, 45, 27, 42, 83, 56, and
Resume fraud. In 2002 the Veritas Software company found out that its chief financial officer did not actually have the MBA he had listed on his resume. They fired him, and the value of the company s stock dropped 19%.Kroll, Inc., a firm that specializes in investigating such matters, said that
Mutual funds. In March 2002, Consumer Reports listed the rate of return for several large-cap mutual funds over the previous 3-year and 5-year periods. ( Large cap refers to companies worth over $10 billion.)a) Create a 95% confidence interval for the difference in rate of return for the 3- and
Hard water. In an investigation of environmental causes of disease, data were collected on the annual mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) for males in 61 large towns in England and Wales. In addition, the water hardness was recorded as the calcium concentration (parts per million, or ppm) in the
Tableware. Nambe Mills manufactures plates, bowls, and other tableware made from an alloy of several metals. Each item must go through several steps, including polishing. To better understand the production process and its impact on pricing, the company checked the polishing time (in minutes) and
Genetics. Two human traits controlled by a single gene are the ability to roll one s tongue and whether one s ear lobes are free or attached to the neck. Genetic theory says that people will have neither, one, or both of these traits in the ratio 1:3:3:9 (1 attached, noncurling; 3 attached,
Seasonal spending revisited II. As we saw in Exercise 38 of Chapter 25, financial analysts know that January credit card charges will generally be much lower than those of the month before. What about the difference between January and the next month? Does the trend continue? The data set on the
Seasonal spending revisited. In Exercise 37 of Chapter 25 we saw that spending on credit cards decreased after the Christmas spending season (as measured by amount charged on a credit card in December). The data set on the DVD contains the monthly credit card charges of a random sample of 99
Property assessments. The software outputs below provide information about the Size (in square feet) of 18 homes in Ithaca, New York, and the city s assessed Value of those homes
Education and mortality. The software output below is based on the mortality rate (deaths per 100,000 people)and the education level (average number of years in school) for 58 U.S. cities.
All the efficiency money can buy. A sample of 84 model-2004 cars from an online information service was examined to see how fuel efficiency (as highway mpg) relates to the cost (Manufacturer s Suggested Retail Price in dollars) of cars. Here are displays and computer output:
Swimming Ontario. Between 1974 and 2003, swimmers have crossed Lake Ontario 37 times. Have swimmers been getting faster or slower, or has there been no change in swimming speed? A regression predicting time for the swim (in minutes) against year of the swim looks like this:
Grades? The professor teaching the Introductory Statistics class discussed in Exercise 39 wonders whether performance on homework can accurately predict midterm scores.a) To investigate it, she fits a regression of the sum of the two midterms scores on homework scores. Fit the regression model.b)
Grades. The data set below shows midterm scores from an Introductory Statistics course.a) Fit a model predicting the second midterm score from the first.b) Comment on the model you found, including a discussion of the assumptions and conditions for regression. Is the coefficient for the slope
Body fat, again. Use the data from Exercise 37 to examine the association between Weight and %Body Fat.a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line of %Body Fat on Weight.b) Interpret your interval in context.c) Give a 95% prediction interval for the %Body Fat of an
Body fat. Do the data shown in the table in the next column indicate an association between Waist size and%Body Fat?a) Test an appropriate hypothesis and state your conclusion.b) Give a 95% confidence interval for the mean %Body Fat found in people with 40-inch Waists.
Strike two. Remember the Little League instructional video discussed in Chapter 25? Ads claimed that the techniques would improve the performances of Little League pitchers. To test this claim, 20 Little Leaguers threw 50 pitches each, and we recorded the number of strikes. After the players
Printers. In March 2002, Consumer Reports reviewed several models of inkjet printers. Shown on the next page are the speed of the printer (in pages per minute) and the cost per page printed. Is there evidence of an association between Speed and Cost? Test an appropriate hypothesis and state your
Crawling. Researchers at the University of Denver Infant Study Center wondered whether temperature might influence the age at which babies learn to crawl. Perhaps the extra clothing that babies wear in cold weather would restrict movement and delay the age at which they started crawling. Data were
Start the car! In October 2002, Consumer Reports listed the price (in dollars) and power (in cold cranking amps)of auto batteries. We want to know if more expensive batteries are generally better in terms of starting power. Here are several software displays:Dependent variable is: Power
More sales and profits. Consider again the relationship between the sales and profits of Fortune 500 companies that you analyzed in Exercise 30.a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line. Interpret your interval in context.b) Last year the drug manufacturer Eli Lilly,
Ozone, again. Consider again the relationship between the population and ozone level of U.S. cities that you analyzed in Exercise 29.a) Give a 90% confidence interval for the approximate increase in ozone level associated with each additional million city inhabitants.b) For the cities studied, the
Sales and profits. A business analyst was interested in the relationship between a company s sales and its profits. She collected data (in millions of dollars) from a random sample of Fortune 500 companies and created the regression analysis and summary statistics shown.The assumptions for
Ozone. The Environmental Protection Agency is examining the relationship between the ozone level (in parts per million) and the population (in millions) of U.S. cities.Part of the regression analysis is shown.Dependent variable is: Ozone R-squared 5 84.4%s 5 5.454 with 16 2 2 5 14 df Variable
El Niño. Concern over the weather associated with El Niño has increased interest in the possibility that the climate on earth is getting warmer. The most common theory relates an increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas, to increases in temperature. Here is part of
Acid rain. Biologists studying the effects of acid rain on wildlife collected data from 163 streams in the Adirondack Mountains. They recorded the pH (acidity) of the water and the BCI, a measure of biological diversity. Following is a scatterplot of BCI against pH:
Winter. The output shows an attempt to model the association between average January Temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) and Latitude (in degrees north of the equator)for 59 U.S. cities. Which of the assumptions for inference do you think are violated? Explain.
Another bowl. Further analysis of the data for the breakfast cereals in Exercise 23 looked for an association between Fiber content and Calories by attempting to construct a linear model. Several graphs are shown. Which of the assumptions for inference are violated? Explain.
Brain size. Does your IQ depend on the size of your brain? A group of female college students took a test that measured their verbal IQs and also underwent an MRI scan to measure the size of their brains (in 1000s of pixels). The scatterplot and regression analysis are shown, and the assumptions
Cereal. A healthy cereal should be low in both calories and sodium. Data for 77 cereals were examined and judged acceptable for inference. The 77 cereals had between 50 and 160 calories per serving and between 0 and 320 mg of sodium per serving. The regression analysis is shown:Dependent variable
SATs again. Consider the high school SAT scores data from Exercise 18 once more.a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the mean SATMath score for all students with an SAT-Verbal score of 500.b) Find a 90% prediction interval for the Math score of the senior class president if you know she scored 710
Fuel economy, part III. Consider again the data in Exercise 17 about the gas mileage and weights of cars.a) Create a 95% confidence interval for the average fuel efficiency among cars weighing 2500 pounds, and explain what your interval means.b) Create a 95% prediction interval for the gas mileage
SATs, part II. Consider the high school SAT scores data from Exercise 18.a) Find a 90% confidence interval for the slope of the true line describing the association between Math and Verbal scores.b) Explain in this context what your confidence interval means.
Fuel economy, part II. Consider again the data in Exercise 17 about the gas mileage and weights of cars.a) Create a 95% confidence interval for the slope of the regression line.b) Explain in this context what your confidence interval means.

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Stats Modeling The World AP Edition Grades 9-12 3rd Edition David E. Bock, Paul F. Velleman, Richard D. De Veaux - Solutions

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