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Management Accounting 3rd Edition Anthony A. Atkinson, Robert S. Kaplan, S. Mark Young, Rajiv D. Banker, Pajiv D. Banker - Solutions
Costs committed versus costs incurred Review Exhibit 9-2 showing the rela- LO 3 tionship between committed costs and incurred costs over the total life cycle of a product. Explain what the diagram means and what the implications are for managing costs.
Post-sale and disposal cycle When does the disposal phase of the post-sale and LO 3 disposal cycle of a product begin and end?
Target costing Explain how target costing differs from traditional cost-reduction LO 4 methods.
Target costing equation Express the target costing relationship in equation LO 4 form. How does this equation differ from the other two types of traditional equa¬ tions relating to cost reduction? Why is this significant?
Value engineering What is the relationship between value engineering and tar¬get costing?LO 3
Target costing profitability measure What is the most widely used profitability measure to develop the target profit margin under target costing?LO 3
Implementing target costing What are potential problems in implementing a target costing system from a behavioral point of view?LO 3
Kaizen versus standard costing What factors differentiate Kaizen costing from standard costing?LO 3
Target costing versus Kaizen costing What is the major difference between tar¬get costing and Kaizen costing?LO 3
Kaizen costing: knowledge According to the Kaizen costing approach, who has the best knowledge to reduce costs? Why is this so?LO 3
Kaizen meaning What do the terms "Kaizen" and "Kaizen costing" mean? In which stage of the total life cycle of a product is Kaizen costing most applicable? Why?LO 3
Kaizen costing Under what condition will the cost savings due to Kaizen cost¬ing not be applied to production?LO 3
Activity-based costing for environmental costs How can a firm use activity-based costing to help control and reduce environmental costs?LO 3
Benchmarking partners What are the key factors in identifying benchmarking partners? Explain why these factors are important.LO 3
Benchmarking a target costing system As a manager asked to benchmark an¬other organization's target costing system, on what factors would you gather in¬ formation? Why?LO 3
Total-life-cycle costing Consider the following situation: Your manager comes to you and says, "I don't understand why everyone is talking about the total-life¬ cycle costing approach to product costing. As far as I am concerned this new ap¬ proach is a waste of time and energy. I think we should
Total-life-cycle costing versus traditional methods Deron Grimes is a tradi¬tional manufacturing manager who is only concerned with managing costs over the manufacturing cycle of the product. Arguing that since traditional accounting methods are focused on this cycle, he should not bother with the
Target costing: unit cost Calcutron Company is contemplating introducing a new type of calculator to complement its existing line of scientific calculators. The target price of the calculator is $75, annual sales volume of the new calcula¬ tor is expected to be 500,000 units. Calcutron has a 15%
Target costing: return on sales Stacy Yoo, president of Caremore, lncv an appli¬ ance manufacturer in Seattle, Washington, has been trying to decide whether one of her product line managers, Bill Mann, has been achieving the company-wide re¬ turn-on-sales target of 45%. Stacy has just received
Target costing: implementation issues Pierre LeBlanc, manager of Centaur Cor¬ poration, is thinking about implementing a target costing system in his organiza¬ tion. Several managers have taken him aside and have expressed concerns about implementing target costing in their organization.REQUIRED
Kaizen costing: behavior issues Kaizen costing is a method that many Japanese companies have found effective in reducing costs.REQUIRED From a behavioral point of view, answer these questions:(a) What are the biggest problems in using Kaizen costing?(b) How can managers overcome these problems?LO 3
Benchmarking As a manager interested in learning more about target costing, you are contemplating three approaches to obtaining the best information possi¬ ble. The first is to bring in an outside consultant; the second is to develop your own system inside your organization with little to no
Target costing versus transitional cost-reduction methods According to the chapter, the target costing and traditional cost-reduction methods approach the relationships among cost, selling price, and profit margin quite differently.REQUIRED Write an essay that illustrates how the target costing and
Target costing and service organization Imagine that you are the manager of a large bank. Having heard about a management accounting method called target costing, you are wondering whether it can be applied to the banking industry. In particular, you are trying to determine how to benchmark other
Standard costing versus Kaizen costing Many companies are interested in adopting a Kaizen costing approach to reducing costs. However, they are not sure how their current standard costing system will fit with the Kaizen costing approach.REQUIRED How do the standard costing system and the Kaizen
Kaizen costing versus standard costing Your organization, located in Worthing¬ton, Ohio, is contemplating introducing Kaizen costing to help with cost reduc¬ tion. As someone who has an understanding of management accounting, you have been asked for your opinion. Specifically, some of your
Benchmarking: field exercise with other students Assume that you are an aver¬age student who has a desire to be one of the best students in class. Your profes- sor suggests that you benchmark the working habits of the best student in the class. You are somewhat skeptical but decide to take on the
Environmental costs, activity-based costing. Kaizen costing Evans Co. LO 5,6 makes two products, product X and product Y. Evans has produced product X for many years without generating any hazardous wastes. Recently, Evans de¬ veloped product Y, which is superior to product X in many respects.
Explicit and implicit environmental costs Refer to Case 6-59, which de- LO 6 scribes Kwik Clean's environmental costs.REQUIRED(a) Identify explicit and implicit environmental costs that Pat Polley has listed.(b) Are there other environmental costs that Polley should identify?(c) Prepare a memo to
discuss the four key behavioral considerations in MACS design LO1
explain the human resources model of management LO1
discuss task and results control systems LO1
apply the ethical control framework to decisions LO1
understand the balanced scorecard and its applications LO1
discuss the links between different incentive systems and performance LO1
What are the four major behavioral consid¬ erations in MACS design? (LO 1)
What is the scientific management view of motivation? (LO 2)
What is the human relations movement view of motivation? (LO 2)
What is the human resources model view of motivation? (LO 2)
What are the four requirements of ethical conduct by which certified management accountants (CMAs) have to abide?(LO 4)
What are some choices that individuals can make when ethical conflicts arise? (LO 4)
What is an ethical control system, and what are its key elements? (LO 4)
What are the three key dimensions of moti¬ vation? (LO 3)
What is goal congruence? (LO 3)
How does task control differ from results control? (LO 3)
List and explain the two categories in task control. (LO 3)
List three quantitative financial measures of performance in a manufacturing organiza¬ tion of your choice. (LO 3)
List three quantitative financial measures of performance in a service organization of your choice. (LO 3)
List three quantitative nonfinancial measures of performance in a manufacturing organiza¬ tion of your choice. (LO 3)
List three quantitative nonfinancial measures of performance in a service organization of your choice. (LO 3)
List three qualitative measures of perfor¬ mance. (LO 3)
What is gaming? (LO 3)
What is data falsification? (LO 3)
What is a balanced scorecard? (LO 5)
What are the four measurement perspectives in the balanced scorecard? (LO 5)
What are two essential elements in em¬ ployee empowerment? (LO 6)
What is an intrinsic reward? (LO 6)
What is an extrinsic reward? (LO 6)
What is incentive compensation? (LO 6)
What are the six attributes of effective per¬ formance measurement systems? (LO 6)
What type of organization is best suited to incentive compensation? Why? (LO 6)
What is a cash bonus? (LO 6)
What is profit sharing? (LO 6)
What is gainsharing? (LO 6)
What is a stock option plan? (LO 6)
Managerial approaches to motivation How do the scientific management, LO 2 human relations, and human resource schools differ in their views on human motivation?
Characteristics of a MACS: ethical issues List and describe the hierarchy of LO 4 ethical considerations.
Characteristics of a MACS: ethical issues What should a person do if faced LO 4 with a conflict between his or her values and those of the organization?
Characteristics of a MACS: ethical issues What should a person do if the or- LO 4 ganization's stated values conflict with practiced values? What are the individ¬ ual's choices? Why do you think such conflicts exist?
Choosing an approach to control Think of any setting in need of control. Ex- LO 3 plain why you think that task control or results control would be more appro¬ priate in the setting that you have chosen. Do not use an example from the text.
Characteristics of a MACS: multiple performance measures What is the ad- LO 3 vantage of having multiple measures of performance?
Understanding performance measurement Why is it important that people LO 3 understand what performance is measured, how performance is measured, and how employee rewards relate to measured performance?
Controllable performance Why should performance measurement systems LO 3 and rewards focus on performance that employees can control?Motivating Behavior in Management Accounting and Control Systems 425 LG 3
Tailoring performance measurement to the job In a company that takes telephone orders from customers for general merchandise, explain how you would evaluate the performance of the company president, a middle manager who designs the system to coordinate order taking and order shipping, and an
Characteristics ofa MACS: rewards Can goal congruence be increased if re¬ wards are tied to performance? Explain.LO1
Nongoal-congruent behavior What distinguishes data falsification and gam¬ ing activities?LO1
Nongoal-congruent behavior List some methods of gaming performance in¬ dicators.LO1
Nongoal-congruent behavior Can you think of instances when gaming be¬ havior is appropriate in an organization?LO1
Characteristics of a MACS: participation What are the advantages for the in¬ dividual in being able to participate in decision making in the organization, and what are the advantages for the organization in allowing the individual to participate in decision making?LO1
Choosing what to reward Explain when one would reward outcomes or out¬ puts, reward inputs, or use knowledge-based pay.LO1
Choosing the reward level You work for a consulting firm and have been given the assignment of deciding whether a particular company president is overpaid both in absolute terms and relative to presidents of comparable companies. How would you undertake this task?LO1
Using cash bonuses When should an organization use a cash bonus?LO1
Using profit sharing When should an organization use profit sharing?LO1
Using gainsharing When should an organization use gainsharing?LO1
Using stock options When should an organization use stock options?LO1
Rewarding group performance How would you reward a group of people that includes product designers, engineers, production personnel, purchasing agents, marketing staff, and accountants, whose job is to identify and develop a new car? How would you reward a person whose job is to discover a better
MACS design motivation Explain why an understanding of human motiva¬ tion is essential to MACS design.LO1
Behavioral considerations in MACS design List the four key behavioral con¬ siderations in MACS design, and explain the importance or benefits of each.LO1
Ethics quiz Refer to The Wall Street Journal Workplace-Ethics Quiz in the In- Practice box on page 401. Discuss reasons why individual respondents might feel justified answering as they did.LO1
Ethics Suppose you are the CEO of a manufacturing firm that is bidding on a government contract. In this situation, the firm with the lowest bid will win the contract. Your firm has completed developing its bid and is ready to sub¬ mit it to the government, when you receive an anonymously sent
Characteristics of MACS design: ethical issues During data collection for the transition from an old management accounting system to a new activity- based cost management system, you see a manager's reported time allot¬ ments. You know that the data supplied by the manager is completely false. You
Characteristics of MACS: types of information Under what circumstances should both quantitative and qualitative performance measures be used to evaluate employee, workgroup, and divisional performance? Provide exam¬ ples to support your answer.LO1
Designing a balanced scorecard Consider the manager of a store in a fast- food restaurant chain. Construct a balanced scorecard to evaluate that man¬ ager's performance.LO1
Evaluating system performance Suppose that you are the manager of a pro¬ duction facility in a business that makes plastic items that organizations use for advertising. The customer chooses the color and quantity of the item and specifies what is to be imprinted on the item. Your job is to ensure
Characteristics of MACS design: participation and education Explain how participation in decision making and education to understand information contribute toward employee empowerment in MACS design.LO1
Characteristics of MACS design: rewards What are some pros and cons of tying an individual's pay to performance?LO 4 Motivating Behavior in Management Accounting and Control Systems 427
Designing reward structures Answer these two questions about the organi¬zation units listed below:■ What behavior should be rewarded?■ What is an appropriate incentive system?(a) A symphony orchestra(b) A government welfare office(c) An airline complaint desk(d) A control room in a nuclear
Designing a compensation plan Suppose that you are the owner/manager of a house-cleaning business. You have 30 employees who work in teams of three. Teams are dispatched to the homes of customers where they are di¬ rected by the customer to undertake specific cleaning tasks that vary widely from
Motivating desired performance Darlington Engineering is a research and development company that designs equipment for nuclear generating stations. The company consists of an administrative unit, a research laboratory, and a facility used to develop prototypes of new designs. The major costs in
Profit-sharing plan at Hoechst Celanese Hoechst Celanese, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, has used a profit-sharing plan, the Hoechst Celanese Performance Sharing Plan, to motivate employees. To operationalize the plan, the Hoechst Celanese Executive Committee set a target earnings from operations
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