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probability statistics

Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 4th Edition Gregory J Privitera - Solutions

Following APA guidelines, the confidence interval is often reported with the results for the two-independent-sample t test.a. Trueb. False
Following APA guidelines, which of the following is reported with a t test?a. p valueb. critical valuesc. raw scores
Which row in the SPSS output table should be read to interpret the results of the twoindependent-sample t test?a. The top row because the p value in that row is smaller.b. The top row because we met the assumption for equal variances, p = .560.c. The bottom row because the p value in that row is
What is the decision for this test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
Which of the following correctly states the p value for the two-independent-sample t test?a. p = .120b. p = .560c. p = .613
To compute a two-independent-sample t test in SPSS, it is necessary to code the grouping variable.a. Trueb. False
Using SPSS, which options in the menu bar do you select to compute the twoindependent-sample t test?a. Analyze, then Compare Means and Meansb. Analyze, then Compare Means and One-Sample T Testc. Analyze, then Compare Means and Independent-Samples T Test
A researcher notes that the null hypothesis of a mean difference = 0 points is contained within the 95% confidence interval: 95% CI −6.34, +2.02. Based on this result, which of the following is true?a. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis: We estimate that points shifted between 2.02
If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ______ the confidence interval, then the decision would likely be to fail to reject the null hypothesis. [Fill in the blank]a. insideb. outside
In a sample of 30 participants, a researcher computes the 95% CI for the mean difference between two groups. The mean difference is M1 – M2 = 0.7, and an estimated standard error for the difference (SM1 – M2) is 0.2. What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?a. 95% CI 0.4,
A researcher reports the following confidence interval for the mean difference between two groups: 95% CI 2.50, 7.50. What is the point estimate for this confidence interval?a. 2.50b. 5.00c. 7.50
What is the name of the statistical procedure in which we set limits within which a population parameter is likely to be contained?a. approximationb. limitationc. estimation
The value of the test statistic for a two-independent-sample t test is 2.400. Using etasquared, what is the proportion of variance when the degrees of freedom are 30?a. η2= .14b. η 2= .16c. η 2=.18
If the mean difference between two groups is 3.0, then what will the estimated Cohen’s d value be with a pooled sample standard deviation of 9.0?a. 0.33b. 1.00
An estimated Cohen’s d substitutes which value in the formula to estimate the population standard deviation for a two-independent-sample t test?a. sample mean for each groupb. sample variance for each groupc. pooled sample standard deviation
A researcher records the crying time (in minutes) of infants given oral administration of sucrose (n = 12) or tap water (n = 16) prior to a heel prick. The mean crying time in the sucrose group was 3.3 ± 2.4 (M ± SD) min; in the tap water group, it was 7.3 ± 1.6 (M ± SD)min. If the null
In the same academic performance study with 30 participants (15 students at each type of school), the researcher reports that the mean difference in academic performance(private – public) was 50 points, with an estimated standard error for the difference of 20. If the null hypothesis states that
A researcher compares differences in academic performance on a standardized assessment among 15 students at a private school and 15 students at a public school.What is the critical value for a two-tailed test with α = .05?a. ±1.701b. ±2.048c. ±2.467
Which of the following is an assumption of the two-independent-sample t test?a. normalityb. equal variancesc. random sampling and independenced. All of these are assumptions.
A researcher studies differences in social development between boys and girls at a local elementary charter school. Which way to select two independent samples did the researchers choose in this example?a. They selected a sample from two populations: from a population of boys, and a population of
Which way of selecting independent samples is commonly used in experiments?a. Selecting a sample from two populations.b. Selecting one sample from the same population and randomly assigning participants in the sample to groups.
Which of the following gives an appropriate example for a between-subjects design?a. Social support among high-risk teens is recorded at a pre-teen age and again in adolescence.b. Literacy scores among children is recorded prior to and following a literacy education program.c. Alertness of
The ______ is a research design in which different participants are observed one time in a given group or at a given level of a factor. [Fill in the blank]a. between-subjects designb. one-sample designc. differential design
Which of the following summarizes a t test that was signifi cant and associated with a large eff ect size using APA format?a. t(60) = 1.76, p > .05, d = 0.45b. t(30) = 1.53, p > .05, d = 0.20c. t(22) = 3.02, p < .05, d = 0.82d. t(25) = 2.95, p < .05, d = 0.56
A researcher reports the following result for a one-sample t test in APA format: t(22) =2.074, p = .05 (d = 0.18). Was this a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test?a. One-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05.b. Two-tailed test because the p value is equal to .05.c. It could be a
Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for this study?a. Mood scores signifi cantly improved following the exercise.b. Mood score signifi cantly worsened following the exercise.c. Mood scores did not signifi cantly change following the exercise.
Using the values given in the table, identify the p value for this one-sample t test.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Based on the confi dence intervals, we can state at a 95% level of confi dence that the mean in the general population:a. is a score between 3.60 and 24.40.b. is a score between 203.60 and 224.40.c. encompasses the value of the mean stated in the null hypothesis.
Using the values given in the table, what is the value of Cohen’s d?Answer: ____ [enter number to the hundredths place: .00]
Using the values given in the table, identify the value of the denominator in the formula for the one-sample t test.Answer: ____ [enter number exactly as shown in the table]
Using the values given in the table, identify the value of the null hypothesis for this test.Answer: ____ [enter whole number]
Below is the test of normality for a one-sample t test computed in SPSS. What is the decision for the Shapiro-Wilk test?a. We fail to reject the null hypothesis that the assumption of normality was violated.b. We reject the null hypothesis that the assumption of normality was violated.c. We fail to
For these data, which of the following statements is true regarding your evaluation of the assumptions?a. The skewness coefficient falls within ±1.0 and the kurtosis coefficient falls within±2.0; the assumption of normality is met.b. The skewness coefficient falls within ±2.0 and the kurtosis
The larger the level of confidence, the ______ precise the interval estimate. [Fill in the blank]a. lessb. more
Which of the following is a characteristic of confidence intervals?a. The less precise an estimate, the less certain the estimate.b. The more certain an estimate, the more precise the estimate.c. The more certain an estimate, the less precise the estimate.
A researcher tests the null hypothesis that = 4 and reports the following 95% confidence interval: 95% CI 0.50, 3.50. Based on the information provided by the confidence interval, what would the decision have been for a two-tailed test using hypothesis testing at a .05 level of significance?a. Fail
A researcher tests the null hypothesis that = 0 and reports the following 95% confidence interval: 95% CI −0.75, 1.25. Based on the information provided by the confidence interval, what would the decision have been for a two-tailed test using hypothesis testing at a .05 level of significance?a.
Which of the following lists the 95% confidence interval for these data?a. 95% CI 34.878, 52.045b. 95% CI 32.966, 53.957c. 95% CI 28.747, 58.176d. 95% CI 5.619, 81.304
Which of the following lists the 99% confidence interval for these data?a. 99% CI −9.594, 96.517b. 99% CI 28.954, 57.969c. 99% CI 30.548, 56.375d. 99% CI 28.747, 58.176
Which of the following lists the 99% confidence interval for these data?a. 99% CI 2.700, 4.367b. 99% CI 2.513, 4.553c. 99% CI 2.376, 4.691d. 99% CI −0.949, 8.015
Which of the following lists the 95% confidence interval for these data?a. 95% CI 2.700, 4.367b. 95% CI 2.705, 4.362c. 95% CI 2.849, 4.218d. 95% CI 0.304, 6.763
Which of the following is characteristic of an interval estimate?a. It is stated as a range of values.b. It is stated at a level of confidence.c. It is less precise than a point estimate.d. All of these are correct.
Using estimation with a one-sample t test, which value is used to identify the point estimate?a. t statisticb. standard errorc. sample mean
A researcher reports a significant effect. If they compute both an η2 and an ω2 effect size estimate on this same data, then which estimate will be the largest?a. eta-squaredb. omega-squaredc. Neither; both estimates of effect size will be equal.
Which of the following statement regarding effect size is true?a. Omega-squared is a more conservative estimate of effect size than eta-squared.b. Different measures of effect size do not always make the same estimates.c. Estimated Cohen’s d is the most popular effect size estimate used with the
A researcher compares the Body Mass Index (BMI) score of participants in a study against the average score in the U.S. of 28.6 and concludes that participants had a BMI significantly lower than the national average, t(40) = 2.340, p < .05. Identify the effect size in this study using eta-squared.
A professor compares the number of words that their students can type per minute to the mean in the population of 40 words per minute ( = 40 words) and concludes that their students perform at this level, t(20) = 1.350, p > .05. Identify the effect size in this study using eta-squared.
A researcher comparing whether night-shift workers sleep the recommended 8 hours per day showed that workers slept 7.0 ± 1.5 (M ± SD) hours per day. Identify the effect size in this study using estimated Cohen’s d.
A researcher compares the calories consumed in a sample of patients recovering from illness to the average daily recommended calories of 2,000 calories. Patients consumed 1,800 ± 200 (M ± SD) calories per day. Identify the effect size in this study using estimated Cohen’s d.
Two researchers (A and B) compute a one-sample t test. For both tests, the standard error is the same, but the mean difference between the sample mean and value stated in the null hypothesis is larger for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null
Two researchers (A and B) compute a one-sample t test. For both tests, the mean difference between the sample mean and value stated in the null hypothesis is 5, but the standard error is larger for Researcher A. Which test is more likely to result in a decision to reject the null hypothesis?a.
Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for this test?a. The new social media platform significantly increased time spent on social media, t(12) = 1.650, p < .05.b. The new social media platform significantly increased time spent on social media, t(11) = 1.650, p < .05.c. The new social
Which of the following is the value of the numerator for the test statistic?a. 10b. 140c. 150
What is the estimated Cohen’s d for this result?a. Small effect size, d < 0.20b. Medium effect size, 0.20 < d < 0.80c. Large effect size, d > 0.80
Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion for this test?a. Rat subjects showed a preference for the reinforced side of the chamber, t(12) = 2.674, p < .05.b. Rat subjects showed a preference for the reinforced side of the chamber, t(11) = 2.674, p < .05.c. Rat subjects failed to show a
Which of the following is the value of the numerator for the test statistic?a. 50b. 300c. 350
Which of the following is a statistical assumption for the one-sample t test?a. normalityb. independencec. random samplingd. All of these are statistical assumptions.
To compute a t test, the scale of measurement of the data recorded must bea. interval or ratio scale.b. qualitative or quantitative.c. any scale of measurement, except nominal.
The t test is computed when the population variance is ____. [Fill in the blank]a. knownb. unknown
A study conducted with 40 degrees of freedom at a .05 level of significance for a two-tailed test.
A study conducted at a .05 level of significance in a sample of 25 participants for a onetailed test.
A study conducted in a sample of 30 students at a .05 level of significance for a two-tailed test.
The degrees of freedom for a study in which the critical value = 1.671 for a one-tailed test at α = .05.
The degrees of freedom for a study in which the critical value = 2.000 for a two-tailed test at a .05 level of significance.
Because the estimate of standard error is computed using the sample variance, the degrees of freedom for the t distribution for a one-sample t test area. equal to the degrees of freedom for sample variance.b. equal to n – 1.c. Both a and b are correct
As the n increases, the degrees of freedom for the t distributiona. decreases.b. increases.c. does not change.
The t distribution for a one-sample t test is associated with the same degrees of freedom as thea. sample variance.b. population variance.c. standard normal distribution.
To avoid “giving away” trade secrets, William Sealy Gossett published his work under a what pseudonym, for which the distribution he introduced is also named?a. Guinnessb. Studentc. Statistic
William Sealy Gossett suggested substituting the ____ for the _____, which led to a new sampling distribution known as the t distribution. [Fill in the blanks]a. population mean; sample meanb. sample mean; population meanc. population variance; sample varianced. sample variance; population variance
Cohen’s d is most often reported as an effect size estimate with the t test.a. Trueb. False
When reporting the results of a one-sample t test using APA format, the degrees of freedom are:a. not reportedb. not informativec. stated in parentheses
What is the level of confidence for the confidence interval?a. 95%b. .048c. .01 to 2.12
What is the decision for this test?a. Fail to reject the null hypothesis.b. Reject the null hypothesis.
What was the null hypothesis for this test?a. H0: µ = 0b. H0: µ = 5c. H0: µ = 1.067
The null hypothesis value is called the test value in SPSS for a one-sample t test.a. Trueb. False
Using SPSS, which options in the menu bar do you select to compute the one-sample t test?a. Analyze, then Descriptive Statistics and Descriptives.b. Analyze, then Compare Means and Means.c. Analyze, then Compare Means and One-Sample T Test.
A researcher notes that the null hypothesis of µ = 6.0 points is not contained within the 95%confidence interval: 95% CI 2.0, 5.0. Based on this result, which of the following is true?a. The decision is to reject the null hypothesis: we estimate that points shifted between 1.0 to 4.0 points below
If the value stated by a null hypothesis is ______ the confidence interval, then the decision would likely be to reject the null hypothesis. [Fill in the blank]a. insideb. outside
In a sample of 28 participants, a researcher estimates the 95% CI for a sample with a mean of M = 1.5 and an estimated standard error (SM) of 0.3. What is the confidence interval at this level of confidence?a. 95% CI 1.0, 2.0b. 95% CI 1.2, 1.8c. 95% CI 0.9, 2.1
Why is a point estimate typically reported with an interval estimate?a. Using only a point estimate is associated with low certainty.b. The interval estimate gives researchers a higher level of confidence.c. The interval estimate adds certainty to the estimate of the population mean.d. All of these
______ is a statistical procedure in which a sample statistic is used to estimate the value of an unknown population parameter. [Fill in the blank]a. Estimationb. Approximationc. Translation
What measure gives a more conservative (or smaller) estimate of proportion of variance?a. eta-squaredb. omega-squared
A researcher reports that a sample of workers with high-stress careers slept significantly less than workers in the general population, t(48) = 2.36, p < .05. What is the value of eta-squared for this one-sample t test?a. η2= .09b. η2= .10c. η2= .12
The value of estimated Cohen’s d is 0.25. Which of the following is true about this effect size estimate?a. The effect shifted 0.25 standard deviations above the mean in the population.b. The effect reported is a medium effect size.c. Both a and b are correct.
What is the denominator for estimated Cohen’s d for a one-sample t test?a. sample standard deviationb. estimated standard errorc. population standard deviation
An estimated Cohen’s d substitutes which value in the formula to estimate the population standard deviation for a one-sample t test?a. sample meanb. sample standard deviationc. population meand. population standard deviation
The mean crying time of infants during naptime at a local preschool is 12 min (µ = 12).The school implements a new naptime routine in a sample of 25 infants and records an average crying time of 8 ±4.6 (M ± SD) min. What is the decision for this study at a .05 level of significance?a. Reject the
In a behavioral task study with 15 participants, the researcher reports that the number of errors in the task were 3 ±4 (M ±SD). If the null hypothesis was that participants would make no errors, then what is the value of the test statistic for these data?a. 0.750b. 2.905c. 2.806
A researcher records the number of errors on a behavioral task among 15 participants.What is the critical value for a two-tailed test with α = .01?a. ±1.761b. ±2.145c. ±2.977
Which of the following is an assumption of the one-sample t test?a. normalityb. random samplingc. independenced. All of these are assumptions.
With an alpha level at .05, a t distribution with ∞ degrees of freedom isa. any normal distributionb. a z distributionc. an infinite number of distributions.
Assuming α = .05, Which of the following scenarios is associated with a critical value of±2.228?a. A study with df = 10, two-tailed testb. A study with df = 30, one-tailed test (lower-tail critical)c. A study with df = ∞, two-tailed testd. A study with df = 15, one-tailed test (upper-tail
A researcher selects a sample of 20 participants for a study. What are the degrees of freedom for this sample?a. 19.b. 20.c. 21.
The t distribution is associated witha. N – 1 degrees of freedom.b. n – 1 degrees of freedom.
Which of the following correctly explains why a t distribution is associated with n − 1 degrees of freedom?a. Because the estimate of standard error for the t distribution is computed using the population variance, the degrees of freedom for the t distribution are also n – 1 for a one-sample t
Which of the following is characteristic of a t distribution?a. As sample size increases, there is less variability in the tails of a t distribution.b. As sample size increases, there is more variability in the tails of a t distribution.c. The t distribution is not changed as sample size increases.
For parametric tests, the sample variance is used to estimate the population variance in the formula of the test statistic.a. True.b. False.
Why did Gosset use the pseudonym Student when published his work?a. To protect “trade secrets” for his employer, Guinness.b. He was a student at the time he published his work.c. He had an identity crisis.
Substituting the ______ for the population variance leads to a new sampling distribution known as the ______. [Fill in the blanks]a. population mean; t distribution.b. sample variance; t distribution.c. population mean; z distribution.d. sample variance; z distribution.
An alternative to the z statistic was proposed bya. Karl Pearsonb. Ronald Fisherc. William Sealy Gosset

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