Production And Operations Management 3rd Edition Raymond R Mayer - Solutions

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B-15 What approach should be employed in the determination of the most efficient data processing system?
B-14 What forms can the output of a computer assume?
B-13 What is (a) coding, (b) a machine language, (c) a problem-oriented language, id) a compiler, (d) on-line processing, and if) sequential or batch processing?
B-12 What is a program flow chart or block diagram?
B-ll What is the purpose of a computer program?
B-10 What does the control section of the central processing unip do?
B-9 What functions are performed by the arithmetic portion of the arithmeticlogical section of the central processing unit? By the logical portion?
B-8 Describe the various types of available storage devices which represent the computer's memory unit.
B-7 By means of what media can data be recorded for input purposes in electronic data processing?
B-6 State the purpose of each of the following functional units in a computer installation: (a) input device, (b) memory unit, (c) central processing unit, and (d) output device.
B-5 What functions are performed by the following equipment which is often a part of a punched card system: (a) key punch, (b) interpreter (c) verifier,{d) reproducer, (e) sorter, if) collator, {g) calculator, and (h) tabulator or accounting machine?
B-4 Describe the following phases of any data processing system: (a) input, (b)processing, and (c) output.
B-3 Under what conditions do manual methods of data processing usually prove to be adequate? Automatic methods?
B-2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of punched card equipment as compared with computers?
B-l What are the advantages and disadvantages of manual as compared with automatic data processing methods?
A-6 Describe and prepare a sketch of a finished part whose production will involve shearing and pressing.
A-5 Describe and prepare a sketch of a finished part whose production will involve planing.
A-4 Describe and prepare a sketch of a finished part whose production will involve forging and grinding.
A-3 Describe and prepare a sketch of a finished part whose production will involve turning and shaping.
A-2 Describe and prepare a sketch of a finished part whose production will involve milling, drilling, and tapping.
A-l Describe and prepare a sketch of a finished part whose production will involve drilling and boring.
A-2 What is numerical control?
A-l Describe the following manufacturing processes:a Drilling g Planing b Boring h Shaping c Reaming i Grinding d Tapping j Shearing e Turning k Pressing i Milling 1 Forging
22-16 It will have been found in the preceding problem that, when efficiency increased from 80 to 100 percent, output increased from 200,000 to 250,000 units per year. Let us now suppose that the firm has no need for any of this additional output. Consequently, over a period of time, it reduces its
22-15 A company is currently producing an item in one of its plants at a rate of 200,000 units per year. The average efficiency of the direct labor force involved is 80 percent. Any increase in this efficiency is accompanied by a proportional increase in output.A number of different costs are
22-14 In the preceding problem, suppose that the firm adheres to a 70-30 plan beginning at 90 percent efficiency. Furthermore, incentive earnings are guaranteed. However, for the employee under consideration, total earnings for the week will be computed in the following manner: For the 35 hours
22-13 Incentive coverage in a company is quite high, but employees are occasionally assigned to daywork, that is, to jobs not covered by time standards. For example, during a 40-hour week, one employee spent 35 hours on incentive work and the balance on other jobs. The time standard for the
22-12 An operator has worked 40 hours per week for four weeks at a guaranteed base rate of $5.28 per hour. During each of these weeks, he spent some time on tasks covered by a full participation plan beginning at 100 percent efficiency.The hours he worked and produced on these jobs are as
22-11 An employee has spent the entire 4Q-hour week on tasks covered by time standards and an incentive plan. His performance on each of these days is summarized in the following table:Hours Day worked Efficiency, %1 8 126.2 2 8 75.0 3 8 137.5 4 8 100.0 5 8 84.3 If his guaranteed base rate is $7.03
22-10 With reference to the computations carried out in the table on page 592, it was stated that the earnings would be affected if it were incorrectly reported that only 1.5 hours were spent on job 1 and that 2.5 hours were spent on, say, job 2. What would be the earnings if this occurred?
22-9 During a given month, four employees have worked on a job covered by a time standard. The hours they worked on the job and their efficiencies while doing so are as follows:Hours Operator worked Efficiency, %1 84 123 2 120 95 3 170 137 4 60 89 The guaranteed base rate is $6.16 per hour; the
22-8 During a one-week period, three employees have been assigned to an activity covered by a time standard. The hours they worked and produced while performing the operation are as follows:Hours Hours Operator worked produced X 40 28.4 Y 40 56.2 Z 40 42.8 If the operators' guaranteed base rate is
22-7 A firm adheres to a step plan which can be described in terms of the following pay formulas:Up to 100 percent efficiency: Ra — Rb From 100 to 130 percent efficiency: Ra = l.lOERh From 130 percent efficiency on: Ra = l.20E-Rb The time standard for a job is 8.250 hours per 100 units, and the
22-6 A firm adheres to a 70-30 incentive plan beginning at 66% percent efficiency.The time standard for a given job is 1.050 hours per unit, and the guaranteed base rate is $5.20 per hour. Compute the employee's earnings per hour and the labor cost per unit at efficiencies of 76 and 104
22-5 A firm adheres to a 1-for-l plan beginning at 75 percent efficiency. The time standard for a given task is such that, at 100 percent efficiency, an operator would be expected to produce 600 units in a 40-hour workweek.In a specific week, one employee produces 675 units, and another 420
22-4 A firm adheres to a 60-40 incentive plan beginning at 100 percent efficiency.The time standard for a certain operation is 0.265 hour per unit, and the guaranteed base rate is $5.70 per hour. Calculate the employee's earnings per hour and the labor cost per unit at efficiencies of 100, 130, and
22-3 A firm adheres to a full participation incentive plan beginning at 100 percent efficiency. The time standard for a given activity is 4.000 hours per 100 units of output, and the guaranteed base rate is $4.80 per hour. Compute the operator's earnings for an eight-hour day and the unit labor
22-2 A firm adheres to a differential time plan which provides for an increase of 10 percent in the base rate when the employee's efficiency reaches 100 percent and an increase of 15 percent when the efficiency reaches 120 percent.Three employees have been assigned to a job for which the time
22-1 A firm adheres to a day rate plan. The time standard for a given task is 1.200 hours per unit, and the base rate is $4.40 per hour. Compute the operator's earnings per hour and the labor cost per unit at efficiencies of 70, 100, and 140 percent. (Ans. $4.40 and $3.77 at 140 percent)
22-13 How can data processing equipment be employed in the implementation of a wage incentive plan?
22-12 Can wage incentives be applied to nonmanufacturing activities? Explain.
22-11 With regard to the design, introduction, and maintenance of a wage incen- tive plan, why is it recommended that: a Work standards be correct? b The plan be simple? c The base rate be guaranteed? d Production standards be enforced? e Individual rather than group plans be adopted? f Provision
22-10 What provisions can the firm make for the maintenance of quality in the presence of a wage incentive plan?
22-9 Under what conditions does it become necessary to adhere to a group rather than to an individual incentive plan?
22-8 What are the disadvantages of an incentive plan from the standpoint of the employee? From the standpoint of the firm?
22-7 What benefits can employees derive from methods of wage payment based on incentive plans?
22-6 What benefits can a firm realize from the installation of a wage incentive plan?
22-5 Define each of the following: a Guaranteed base rate b Individual incentive plan c Group incentive plan d Incentive period e Incentive coverage f Guaranteed incentive earnings
22-4 What are the limitations of a less than full participation plan beginning at 100 percent efficiency?
22-3 Answer question 22-1 with reference to the following wage incentive plans in which the base rate is guaranteed: a Full participation beginning at 100 percent efficiency. b Less than full participation beginning at 100 percent efficiency. c Full participation beginning at less than 100 percent
22-2 Why do some firms adhere to a differential time plan?
22-1 Answer the following with reference to the day rate method of wage pay- ment: a What happens to earnings per hour as efficiency increases? b What happens to unit labor costs as efficiency increases? c Under what conditions is a firm likely to adopt this wage payment plan?
21-12 Suppose that a typical one-hour period in a stockroom can be described as follows: A man arrives at the beginning of the hour and requests service.He is followed by a second man 10 minutes after the hour begins, by a third man 20 minutes after the hour begins, and finally, by a fourth man 30
21-11 Trucks arrive at a dock where they are unloaded by a method such that only a single man can be assigned to unloading a given truck. By means of Monte Carlo simulation, the firm involved finds that, for a typical eighthour day, the schedule of arrival and service times is as follows:Truck
21-10 In the example of a waiting-line analysis presented on pp. 565-566, the average daily cost with one attendant was found to be $29.22. What would have been the cost with two attendants?
21-9 A mail-order house has established time standards for some of its operations.For each of the following cases selected from the firm's records, calculate the actual time per unit of output:a The time standard is 0.980 hour per unit, and the efficiency was 142 percent.(Ans. 0.690)b The time
21-8 Time standards have been established for various operations in a meat processing firm. Calculate the operator's efficiency in each of the following cases:a The time standard is 0.125 hour per unit. A total of 76 units is produced in 10 hours. (Ans. 95%)b The time standard is 0.240 hour per
21-7 The MTM system is to be used to establish a time standard for a task which requires that an operator simply move a large quantity of objects from one location to another. Specifically, the job can be described in terms of the following activities:a Reach 18 inches with the right hand for a
21-6 With the use of the data developed in the preceding problem, determine the total normal time for filling a container whose dimensions are 1.5 by 2.25 by 2 feet and which necessitates the operator's walking 25 feet in the course of obtaining and positioning it. If the company uses an allowance
21-5 Containers of various sizes are filled with a powdery material of a certain kind. The task requires that the operator obtain and position the empty container on a roller conveyor, open a spout, wait while the container is being filled, close the spout, and push the container aside. For
21-4 A metalworking firm makes use of formulas in the determination of normal times for various machining elements. These formulas were not developed on the basis of time studies but derived by taking into consideration such things as the distance the cutting tool must travel and the speeds and
21-3 Suppose that, in the preceding problem, an allowance factor of 120 percent was used to obtain the standard times on the basis of which the standard data for the element were developed. A need has now arisen for calculating the standard time for drying windows whose areas are 18 square feet
21-2 It is decided to develop standard data for the job of washing windows in a condominium apartment building. These data will be expressed in terms of standard times, because the allowance factor will be constant for all such jobs.In any case, four stopwatch time studies are made of an individual
21-1 The results of time studies taken to develop standard data were summarized in the table on page 551. Elements 1,2, and 5 were found to be variable elements, and the standard data for these elements were expressed in the form of graphs. For each of these elements, do the following:a With the
21-16 How can data processing equipment be used in the area of work measure- ment? In a waiting-line analysis?
21-15 What are some examples of activities, other than manufacturing, for which time standards can be established? Which lend themselves to waiting-line analyses?
21-14 Under what conditions can Monte Carlo simulation be employed in the analysis of waiting-line, or queuing, problems? Describe this approach in general terms.
21-13 In general terms, describe the method for determining the most economical service capacity when arrival and service times are known.
21-11 In waiting-line, or queuing, problems, what do service times and arrival times represent? 21-12 What is the nature of the relationship between the service capacity and the length of the resultant waiting line? Between service capacity and service cost? Between service capacity and waiting
21-10 What is the relationship among the operator's efficiency, the units he pro-duces per time period, the length of the time period, and the standard time per unit of output?
21-9 Describe the methods-time measurement (MTM) system for establishing time standards.
21-8 Evaluate the standard data method for determining time standards.
21-7 Under what condition would the firm be inclined to maintain standard data in the form of elemental standard times? How are these data used to develop a time standard?
21-6 If standard data consist of elemental normal times, what is the procedure for developing a time standard with their use?
21-5 How are standard data for variable elements determined and expressed?
21-4 How are standard data for constant elements determined?
21-3 What is the difference between a constant and a variable element?
21-2 On what basis are operations to be time-studied selected from a given class of work?
21-1 For purposes of developing standard data by means of stopwatch time studies, what jobs would be considered to be representative of a single class of work?
20-18 The chairman of a department in a university wants to know what proportion of the time he spends in his office is devoted to activities related to administration, what proportion to activities related to teaching, and what proportion to activities related to research. He asks a graduate
20-17 Suppose that the study in the preceding problem is continued and that 300 more observations are made. The cumulative total of 1,500 observations is now found to be distributed as follows:Normal activities 1,062 Unavoidable delays 316 Avoidable delays 122 What sample size requirement is
20-16 A ratio-delay study of a machining operation is being conducted. The 1,200 observations made thus far are distributed among the various activities in the following manner:Normal activities 852 Unavoidable delays 228 Avoidable delays 120 The accuracy requirement established for the
20-15 An analyst wants to determine by statistical means the number of observations to be made in a work sampling study. For each of the following requirements, derive the formula for the necessary sample size:a Chances are to be 99.7 out of 100 that the sample proportion will be within 5 percent
20-18 The chairman of a department in a university wants to know what proportion of the time he spends in his office is devoted to activities related to administration, what proportion to activities related to teaching, and what proportion to activities related to research. He asks a graduate
20-17 Suppose that the study in the preceding problem is continued and that 300 more observations are made. The cumulative total of 1,500 observations is now found to be distributed as follows:Normal activities 1,062 Unavoidable delays 316 Avoidable delays 122 What sample size requirement is
20-16 A ratio-delay study of a machining operation is being conducted. The 1,200 observations made thus far are distributed among the various activities in the following manner:Normal activities 852 Unavoidable delays 228 Avoidable delays 120 The accuracy requirement established for the
20-15 An analyst wants to determine by statistical means the number of observations to be made in a work sampling study. For each of the following requirements, derive the formula for the necessary sample size:a Chances are to be 99.7 out of 100 that the sample proportion will be within 5 percent
20-14 After the five time studies referred to in the preceding problem have been completed, a ratio-delay study is made of the assembly activity. A summary of the results is as follows:Frequency of Activity occurrence Normal activities 1,512 Unavoidable delays 227 Avoidable delays 261 a Calculate
20-13 Five time studies are made of an assembly activity. The elemental normal times are found to be as follows:On the basis of these data, determine the total normal time for the job in terms of minutes per piece. Normal time, min/pe Element Study 1 Study 2 Study 3 Study 4 Study 5 821 0.126 0.130
20-12 An eight-hour continuous production study is made of the job considered in the preceding problem. A summary of the results is as follows:Activity Observed hours Normal activities 5.50 Unavoidable delays 1.65 Avoidable delays 0.85 a Calculate the percentage of total time attributable to each
20-11 A printer packs books prior to shipment. For purposes of establishing a time standard, two packers were timed by two different analysts on the same job. The first analyst used the continuous method of timing and obtained the following results:The second analyst used the snapback method when
20-10 An investment advisory service occasionally mails out large amounts of promotional materials. Among other things, this activity calls for folding descriptive brochures and inserting them in a supply of preaddressed envelopes.A time study is made of one of the employees engaged in this
20-9 A stockroom attendant completes an element of work in an average of 0.51 minute. His performance is rated by means of the objective rating system.The analyst rates the attendant's pace as 80 percent. Job difficulty is described in terms of the following reference letters: D, F, H, K, and P.The
20-8 A handyman completes a routine maintenance job in 0.475 hour. His performance is rated by means of the Westinghouse system, and it is concluded that his skill is fair (El), effort is good (C2), consistency is excellent, and that conditions are average. What will be the calculated normal time
20-7 A market research firm has received a large number of completed questionnaires which it had sent out at an earlier date. Four elements of work are performed in the course of extracting the relevant data from each questionnaire.A time study of the activity has yielded the following average
20-6 Suppose that the analyst in the preceding problem goes on to time the typist for five more cycles. For the element under consideration, the elapsed time is 0.08 minute in three of these cycles and 0.07 in the remaining two. Does the analyst now have a sufficient sample size?
20-5 A typist is being timed while addressing envelopes. After six cycles, the elapsed times, in minutes, for one of the elements of the task are found to be as follows:0.07 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.07 The analyst wants chances to be 95 out of 100 that the average time he ob tains for this element
20-4 A time study is being made of a task being performed in a laundry. For one of the job elements under observation, the following elapsed times, in minutes, are obtained:0.20 0.21 0.20 0.22 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.23 If the probability is to be 0.997 that the sample average will be within 10 percent of
20-3 An analyst wants to determine by statistical means the number of observations he should make of an element which appears in a repetitive office operation he is timing. For each of the following requirements, derive the formula for the necessary sample size:a The probability is to be 0.98 that
20-2 A necessary work element is involved in each of the cases that follow. For the element under consideration in a given case, determine:a The normal time when the elapsed time is 0.120 hour and the efficiency is 110 percent.b The standard time when the normal time is 3.56 minutes and the

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