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Production And Operations Management 3rd Edition Raymond R Mayer - Solutions
16-2 In the preceding problem, how would the respective means and standard errors be affected if the sample size were doubled?
16-1 A university finds that 27 percent of the applications for admission it receives are defective in the sense that they have not been completed properly.Suppose that samples of 50 applications each are taken from the university's files. Sampling is with replacement. In the long run, what will
16-20 Does the use of any kind of control chart eliminate the need for 100 percent inspection? Explain.
16-19 What factors affect (a) the frequency of sampling and (b) the choice of operations to be controlled by control charts for defects?
16-18 What is meant by the classification of defects?
16-17 Is a point that falls below the lower control limit on a chart for defects of any significance? Explain.
16-16 How does the firm decide whether a process is in control at a satisfactory level when the control chart for defects is being applied?
16-15 When will the firm assume that a change has taken place in the average number of defects per sample?
16-14 Describe the procedure for estimating the value of the population mean for use in constructing a control chart for defects.
16-13 What do the central line and control limits represent on the control chart for defects?
16-12 What are the characteristics of the Poisson distribution?
16-11 Under what conditions is the control chart for defects employed?
16-10 What is the difference between a defect and a defective?
16-9 What factors does the firm take into consideration when determining (a)the sample size, (b) the manner in which items should be selected for inclusion in the sample, (c) the frequency of sampling, and (d) the operations to be controlled by control charts for defectives?
16-8 Is a point that falls below the lower control limit on a control chart for defectives of any significance? Explain.
16-7 How does the firm decide whether the process is in control at a satisfactory level when the control chart for defectives is being applied?
16-6 While applying control charts for defectives, when will the firm assume that a change has occurred in the population?
16-5 Describe the procedure for estimating the value of the population mean for use in constructing a control chart for fraction defective.
16-4 What do the central line and control limits represent on the control chart for fraction defective?
16-3 When can the normal distribution be used as a good approximation of the binomial distribution?
16-2 What are the characteristics of a binomial distribution? What are the replacement requirements when samples are being taken to generate this distribution?
16-1 Under what conditions are control charts for defectives employed? Why cannot control charts for variables be used in these cases?
15-14 The estimation procedure suggested in the preceding problem was followed in another case in which the variable involved was the breaking strength of an item. Twenty-five samples of size 5 were taken, and the average and range of the breaking strength of the units in each sample were
15-13 Control charts for X and R are to be established at a work station at which a hole of a certain diameter is being drilled in a part. The analyst begins by estimating the values of n and R. He does this by taking 20 samples of size 4, measuring the diameter of the holes contained in each
15-12 A company adheres to 2-sigma control limits on its control charts for variables.These charts are established and maintained for a part whose critical dimension is its thickness. The analyst begins by taking 30 samples of size 8 which he will use to estimate the population mean and standard
15-11 A delivery service operates within a single metropolitan area. The owner believes that the average time per delivery should be 0.75 hour, but he is willing to accept any time within 0.25 hour of this average as being satisfactory.To control the time taken by his employees to make deliveries,
15-10 The blueprint specifies that a dimension should be 4.640 ± 0.006 inches.The company would like to construct X and R charts for this variable on the basis of aimed-at values of ju and a'. What should these values be if the firm stipulates that good parts are to account for 95 percent of the
15-9 Parts of a certain length are being produced. The firm wants to control the length of these parts so that the distribution of lengths will have an average of 5.750 inches and a standard deviation of 0.003 inch. It will do this by setting up appropriate control charts and taking periodic
15-8 Suppose that, in the situation described in the preceding problem, an attempt will be made to maintain the standard deviation at 1.4 minutes with the use of an R chart. The sample size will be 10 pages, and 2.5-sigma control limits will be adopted. Compute the appropriate values for the
15-7 The nature of the material being checked by a proofreader is such that the required time for this activity varies from page to page. Specifically, the distribution of the required time per page has a standard deviation of 1.4 minutes. Assume that samples of 20 pages each are taken, the
15-6 A population of parts is being generated which has a mean of 0.750 inch and a standard deviation of 0.006 inch. The firm wants to maintain this average and will attempt to do so by taking samples of size 9, plotting the sample averages on an Xchart, and evaluating the results. All computations
15-5 The light fixtures in One of the offices in the building referred to in the preceding problem contain 49 bulbs. What is the probability that the average life of these 49 bulbs will be:a More than 1,385 hours? (Ans. 4.01%)b Less than 1,309 hours?c Between 1,309 and 1,385 hours?d Between 1,350
15-4 Large quantities of light bulbs are used in an office building for replacement purposes. These bulbs have an average life of 1,350 hours, with a standard deviation of 140 hours. If repeated samples of 25 bulbs are taken from such a population of bulbs and their average life ascertained, what
15-3 One of the characteristics of a population of parts has an average dimension of 2.653 inches, with a standard deviation of 0.012 inch. Given that the individual items are normally distributed, find the percentage of parts whose dimension is:a Greater than 2.671 inches.b Less than 2.623 inches.
15-2 A large department store has 142 salespeople. Steps have been taken to determine how many customers were served by each salesperson during a specific period. The results can be summarized as follows:Customers Number of served salespeople 8 15 9 22 10 50 11 34 12 21 Total 142 As an example,
15-1 Four parts of the following lengths, in inches, have been produced:6.612 5.907 5.901 6.136 What are the mean, range, and standard deviation of these lengths?
15-16 Evaluate control charts for variables.
15-15 What factors does the firm take into consideration when determining (a)the sample size, (b) the manner in which items should be selected for inclusion in the sample, (c) the frequency of sampling, and (d) the operations to be controlled by control charts for variables?
15-14 In quality control, what action follows a conclusion that an assignable cause of variation is present? A chance cause?
15-13 What approach can be employed to determine whether a process is in control at a satisfactory level?
15-12 While applying the control charts, when will the firm assume that a change has taken place in the population?
15-11 Describe the procedure for estimating the values of the population mean and standard deviation for use in constructing the control charts for variables.For selecting aimed-at values.
15-10 What do the central line and control limits represent in the control chart for averages? In the control chart for ranges?
15-9 Why do most firms adhere to 3-sigma limits in the quality control activity?
15-8 What two types of error are possible when judgment is passed on a population on the basis of a sample from that population? What are the consequences of each of these errors? How can their size be controlled?
15-7 What is the difference between a chance and an assignable cause of variation between a sample characteristic and a desired population characteristic?
15-6 What two alternatives does a firm theoretically have for determining whether a change has taken place in a population characteristic? Evaluate each of these methods.
15-5 What are the characteristics of a distribution of sample ranges? Why is it said that this distribution reflects the population standard deviation?
15-4 How can one obtain a normal distribution from a population which is not normally distributed? How does this distribution reflect the population mean?
15-3 What are the characteristics of a normal distribution?
15-2 Define the following with reference to the output at a given work station:(a) population, (b) distribution of a variable, (c) population mean, (d) population range, and (e) population standard deviation.
15-1 What is the difference between quality control and inspection?
14-4 Suppose that, in the preceding problem, the production control personnel had decided to make a PERT analysis. As a consequence, they described their responsibilities in the project under consideration in the following manner:Activity Description Times, days 10-20 Receive production
14-3 A firm is making an attempt to obtain an order for a complex assembly consisting of many component parts, each of which will require a large number of operations. Although the assembly is a nonstandard item, it has been produced in the past.In the course of its negotiations with the customer,
14-2 A construction firm has received a contract to build a shopping center. The project is to be planned and scheduled with the use of the Program Evalua tion and Review Technique. With this in mind, the firm has described the necessary activities in fairly broad terms and developed the following
14-1 A bank has decided to install automatic data processing equipment. The project will begin with the determination of the alternatives and end with the transfer of processing operations to the equipment that has been selected and installed. In any case, the bank's management wants to plan and
14-9 What benefits are to be associated with the use of critical path scheduling methods? What are the limitations of these methods?
14-8 What are some representative applications of critical path scheduling in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing areas?
14-7 How can computers be used in the application of critical path scheduling?
14-6 Describe the statistical concepts that underlie the PERT method.
14-5 In the Program Evaluation and Review Technique, how is each of the following defined: (a) activities, (b) events, (c) PERT network, (d) dummy activities, (e) optimistic, most likely, pessimistic, and average times, (/) early completion times, and (g) late completion times?
14-4 In the Critical Path Method, how is each of the following defined: (a) predecessor jobs, {b) successor jobs, (c) project graph, (d) early start times, (e) early finish times, (/) late start times, (g) late finish times, and (/?) slack time?
14-3 What is meant by the critical path?
14-2 What information does this scheduling approach yield?
14-1 Under what conditions is critical path scheduling usually employed?
13-8 A new animal food, which a company has just developed, consists of two elements. Each pound of element H costs $1 and contains 8 units of carbohydrates, 4 units of protein, and 2 units of fat. Each pound of element I costs$0.80 and contains 3 units of carbohydrates, 5 units of protein, and 6
13-7 A company manufactures one of its products in two different plants. The quantities produced per week at each location are as follows:Plant Output, units 1 800 2 500 From these two plants, the product is shipped to three different warehouses.Weekly requirements at these locations are as
13-6 A distributor of garden supplies produces a plant food by mixing two ingredients, A and B. The final product must weight exactly 10 pounds. Different amounts of A and B can be combined to accomplish this. However, established specifications are such that every unit of the item must contain a
13-5 Two of a firm's products are manufactured with the use of the same kind of manpower. The maximum number of man-hours of this type that will be available during the coming month is 16,000.The first product yields a profit of $6 per unit, and its processing requires 2.4 man-hours per unit. It is
13-4 In a machine-assignment problem, the constraints are found to be as follows:X >0 Y >0 2X + 8Y >80 5X + 2Y >50 3X + 3Y ^66 The objective function, which is to be minimized, is as follows:c=30x+ ior Find the required values of X and Y and the resultant value of C. (Ans. 2;20; 260)
13-3 A bakery, which has to decide what quantities of two different kinds of cookies are to be produced, determines the constraints to be as follows:0s^
13-2 A tobacconist sells four blends of pipe tobacco. Each of these blends contains three types of tobacco in the following proportions:Type of tobacco Blend K L M A 20% 50% 30%B 35 40 25 C 50 30 20 D 60 25 15 At the present time, the quantities of tobacco on hand are- 220 pounds of type K, 240
13-1 A company manufactures three products, each of which has the same selling price. Furthermore, each of the products is processed in the same two departments.The man-hours required per unit of output in each of these departments are as follows:Required man-hours per unit Product Dept. F Dept. G
13-6 What benefits and limitations are to be associated with the linear programming technique?PROBLEMS
13-5 When is a firm likely to make use of a computer in the solution of a linear programming problem?
13-4 Describe, in general terms, the graphical method for the solution of a linear programming problem. Under what conditions can this approach be employed?
13-3 Define the following: {a) constraint line, (b) objective function, and (c) solutions area.
13-2 Under what conditions can linear programming be utilized in the solution of allocation problems?
13-1 What is meant by an allocation problem? Give some examples of such problems, in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing areas.
12-2 Select an organization that engages in nonmanufacturing activities on a continuous basis. Then determine the system by means of which these operations are controlled. Describe this system in terms of the same elements considered in the description of production control in continuous
12-1 Select a firm which manufactures certain products continuously and is willing to discuss the production control system to which it adheres in the processing of these items. Describe this system in detail in the terms we have considered. Finally, compare the details of this system with those of
12-11 What will be the similarities and the differences between the system used to control production in a nonmanufacturing operation and the system used in a manufacturing operation? Why do the differences exist?
12-10 How can automatic data processing equipment be used to control production in intermittent and continuous manufacturing?
12-9 What action, if any, might be taken when actual output is found to be exceeding scheduled output? When actual output is significantly less than scheduled output?
12-8 How is production progress ascertained and evaluated in flow control?
12-7 After an operating schedule has been prepared, what kinds of instructions are sent to shop supervisors, dispatchers, and store personnel?
12-6 What is meant by the normal output capacity of a production line? How can this capacity be altered?
12-5 How is the operating schedule prepared?
12-4 How are the required factors of production determined and arrangements made to have them on hand when they will be needed?
12-3 What form do the processing instructions for an assembly assume?
12-2 Why is it said that a production line is equivalent to a single special-purpose machine and that certain processing instructions are built into the line?
12-1 What is the function of a production program release? Answer this and all subsequent questions in this section with reference to flow control, unless directed otherwise.
11-3 Select an organization that engages in nonmanufacturing activities on an intermittent basis. Then determine the system by means of which these operations are controlled. Describe this system in terms of the same elements considered in the description of production control in intermittent
11-2 Select a firm which manufactures certain products intermittently and is willing to discuss the production control system to which it adheres in the processing of these items. Describe this system in detail in the terms we have considered. Finally, compare the details of this system with those
11-1 A product consists of four different manufactured parts. Parts 1 and 2 each undergo six operations and an inspection and are then brought together to make up a subassembly. Parts 3 and 4 each undergo five operations and an inspection and are then brought together to make up another
11-15 If the shop is significantly behind schedule on an order, what steps might be taken to eliminate or improve the condition?
11-14 What can be done to prevent a behind-schedule condition from becoming any worse?
11-13 Why might the production control department be interested in learning of an ahead-of-schedule condition?
11-12 Describe a Gantt order control chart. A Gantt machine load chart. A Gantt man load chart.
11-11 How can the work that has been completed on an order be determined by the production control department?
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