Principles Of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists 2nd International Edition William Navidi - Solutions

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Sample surveys belong to a larger class of studies called:a. Cohort studiesb. Observational studies Case-control studiesd. Quasi-experiments
Which of the following is most correct concerning what is included in the sample design?a. The sampling plan and statistical reportsb. The sampling plan and estimation proceduresc. The sampling plan and cost estimatesd. The estimation procedures and quality control measures
Sample surveys are least concerned witha. Production of summary statisticsb. Production of valid and reliable estimatesc. Describing characteristics of the populationd. Testing hypotheses
Means, proportions, and totals are examples of:a. Summary statisticsb. Sample persons Survey reportsd. Database elements
To set up a p chart to monitor a process that produces computer chips, samples of 300 chips are taken daily, and the number of defective chips in each sample is counted. The numbers of defective chips for each of the last 20 days are as follows:12 13 11 10 15 9 1 10 9 15 8 13 11 9 16 12 19 20 18
Refer to Exercise 3.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 3.)b. Use R to estimate ????X (????X is the difference between X and the 1???? control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a CUSUM chart, using X for the target
Refer to Exercise 1.a. To what value should the process mean be set to maximize the process capability?b. Is it possible to make the process capability acceptable simply by adjusting the process mean?Explain.c. When the process mean is adjusted to its optimum value, what value must be attained by
Refer to Exercise 2.a. To what value should the process mean be set to maximize the process capability?b. What will the process capability then be?
A quality-control apprentice is preparing a CUSUM chart. The values calculated for SL and SH are presented in the following table. Three of the values have been calculated incorrectly. Which are they?Previous results suggest that a value of ???? = 15 is reasonable for this process.a. Using the
Concrete blocks to be used in a certain application are supposed to have a mean compressive strength of 1500 MPa. Samples of size 1 are used for quality control. The compressive strengths of the last 40 samples are given in the following table.
Refer to Exercise 8 in Section 10.2.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 8 in Section 10.2.)b. Use R to estimate ????X (????X is the difference between X and the 1???? control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a
Refer to Exercise 3 in Section 10.2.a. Delete any samples necessary to bring the process variation under control. (You did this already if you did Exercise 3 in Section 10.2.)b. Use R to estimate ????X (????X is the difference between X and the 1???? control limit on an X chart).c. Construct a
Each hour, a 10 m2 section of fabric is inspected for flaws. The numbers of flaws observed for the last 20 hours are as follows:38 35 35 49 33 48 40 47 45 46 41 53 36 41 51 63 35 58 55 57a. Compute the upper and lower 3???? limits for a c chart.b. Is the process in control? If not, when is it first
Refer to Exercise 3. In the last 40 samples, there were a total of 748 defective items. The largest number of defectives in any sample was 33, while the smallest number was 14. Is this enough information to determine whether the process was out of control at any time during the last 40 samples? If
A process is monitored for defective items by periodically taking a sample of 200 items and counting the number that are defective. In the last 40 samples, there were a total of 748 defective items.Is this enough information to compute the 3???? control limits for a p chart? If so, compute the
The target fill weight for a box of cereal is 350 g. Each day a sample of 300 boxes is taken, and the number that are underweight is counted. The number of underweight boxes for each of the last 25 days is as follows:23 14 17 19 20 19 21 27 26 23 26 22 25 30 30 22 25 27 29 35 39 43 41 39 29a.
A process is monitored for defective items by taking a sample of 300 items each day and calculating the proportion that are defective. Let pi be the proportion of defective items in the ith sample. For the last 40 samples, the sum of the proportions is ∑40 i=1 pi = 1.42.Calculate the center line
Repeat Exercise 12, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
Copper wires are coated with a thin plastic coating. Samples of four wires are taken every hour, and the thickness of the coating (in mils) is measured.The data from the last 30 samples are presented in Table E12 on page 514. The means are X = 150.075, R = 6.97, and s = 3.082.a. Compute the 3????
Repeat Exercise 10, using the S chart in place of the R chart.
Repeat Exercise 8, using the S chart in place of the R chart. 10. A certain type of integrated circuit is connected to its frame by five wires. Thirty samples of five units each were taken, and the pull strength (in grams) of one wire on each unit was measured. The data are presented in Table E10
Samples of eight bolts are taken periodically, and their diameters (in mm) are measured. The following table presents the means, ranges, and standard deviations for 25 consecutive samples.Sample X Rs 1 9.99 0.28 0.09 2 10.02 0.43 0.13 3 10.10 0.16 0.05 4 9.90 0.26 0.09 5 9.92 0.22 0.07 6 10.05 0.40
A process is monitored by taking samples at regular intervals and is declared to be out of control if a point plots outside the 3???? control limits on an X chart.Assume the process is in control.a. What is the probability that a false alarm will occur within the next 50 samples?b. What is the
The process is monitored by taking samples of size 5 at regular intervals. The process is declared to be out of control if a point plots outside the 3???? control limits on an X chart.a. If the process mean shifts to 14, what is the average number of samples that will be drawn before the shift is
Repeat Exercise 3, using the S chart in place of the R chart. 5. A process has mean 12 and standard deviation
The thickness, in mm, of metal washers is measured on samples of size 5. The following table presents the means, ranges, and standard deviations for 20 consecutive samples.Sample XRs 1 2.49 0.12 0.07 2 2.45 0.17 0.06 3 2.51 0.13 0.06 4 2.53 0.25 0.09 5 2.49 0.11 0.06 6 2.44 0.11 0.06 7 2.44 0.12
The following X chart depicts the last 50 samples taken from the output of a process. Using the Western Electric rules, is the process detected to be out of control at any time? If so, specify at which sample the process is first detected to be out of control and which rule is
The Williamsburg Bridge is a suspension bridge that spans the East River, connecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York City. An assessment of the strengths of its cables is reported in the article “Estimating Strength of the Williamsburg Bridge Cables” (R. Perry, The American
The article “Factorial Experiments in the Optimization of Alkaline Wastewater Pretreatment” (M. Prisciandaro, A. Del Borghi, and F. Veglio, Industrial Engineering and Chemistry Research, 2002:5034–5041) presents the results of several experiments to investigate methods of treating alkaline
The article “Enthalpies and Entropies of Transfer of Electrolytes and Ions from Water to Mixed Aqueous Organic Solvents” (G. Hefter, Y. Marcus, and W. Waghorne, Chemical Reviews, 2002:2773–2836) presents measurements of entropy and enthalpy changes for many salts under a variety of
In the article “Occurrence and Distribution of Ammonium in Iowa Groundwater” (K. Schilling, Water Environment Research, 2002:177–186), ammonium concentrations (in mg/L) were measured at a large number of wells in the state of Iowa. These included five types of bedrock wells. The number of
A process that manufactures vinyl for automobile seat covers was studied. Three factors were varied: the proportion of a certain plasticizer (A), the rate of extrusion (B), and the temperature of drying (C). The outcome of interest was the thickness of the vinyl (in mils). A 23 factorial design
A civil engineer is interested in several designs for a drainage canal used to divert floodwaters from around a city. The drainage times of a reservoir attached to each of five different channel designs obtained from a series of experiments using similar initial flow conditions are given in the
Vermont maple sugar producers sponsored a testing program to determine the benefit of a potential new fertilizer regimen. A random sample of 27 maple trees in Vermont were chosen and treated with one of three levels of fertilizer suggested by the chemical producer. In this experimental setup, nine
The article “Combined Analysis of Real-Time Kinematic GPS Equipment and Its Users for Height Determination”(W. Featherstone and M. Stewart, Journal of Surveying Engineering, 2001:31–51) presents a study of the accuracy of global positioning system (GPS) equipment in measuring heights. Three
The article “Case Study Based Instruction of DOE and SPC” (J. Brady and T. Allen, The American Statistician, 2002:312–315) presents the result of a 24−1 factorial experiment to investigate the effects of four factors on the yield of a process that manufactures printed circuit boards. The
A component can be manufactured according to either of two designs and with either a more expensive or a less expensive material. Several components are manufactured with each combination of design and material, and the lifetimes of each are measured (in hours). A two-way analysis of variance was
The article “Stability of Silico-Ferrite of Calcium and Aluminum (SFCA) in Air-Solid Solution Limits Between 1240◦C and 1390◦C and Phase Relationships Within the Fe2O3-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 (FCAS) System” (T. Patrick and M. Pownceby, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2002:79–90)
An experiment was performed to determine whether different types of chocolate take different amounts of time to dissolve. Forty people were divided into five groups. Each group was assigned a certain type of chocolate. Each person dissolved one piece of chocolate, and the dissolve time (in seconds)
The following MINITAB output is for a two-way ANOVA. Something went wrong with the printer, and some of the numbers weren’t printed.Two-way Analysis of Variance Analysis of Variance Source DF SS MS F P Row 3 145.375 (d) (g) (j)Column 2 15.042 (e) (h) (k)Interaction 6 (b) 4.2000 (i) (l)Error (a)
Penicillin is produced by the Penicillium fungus, which is grown in a broth whose sugar content must be carefully controlled. Several samples of broth were taken on each of three successive days, and the amount of dissolved sugars(in mg/mL) was measured on each sample. The results were as
The article referred to in Exercise 1 also considered the effect of gypsum on the electric conductivity (in dS m−1)of soil. Two types of soil were each treated with three different amounts of gypsum, with two replicates for each soil–gypsum combination. The data are presented in the following
The article “Gypsum Effect on the Aggregate Size and Geometry of Three Sodic Soils Under Reclamation” (I. Lebron, D. Suarez, and T. Yoshida, Journal of the Soil Science Society of America, 2002:92–98) reports on an experiment in which gypsum was added in various amounts to soil samples before
In a 25−1 design (such as the one in Exercise 12), what does the estimate of the main effect of factor A actually represent?i. The main effect of A.ii. The sum of the main effect of A and the BCDE interaction.iii. The difference between the main effect of A and the BCDE interaction.iv. The
The article “An Application of Fractional Factorial Designs” (M. Kilgo, Quality Engineering, 1988:19–23) describes a 25−1 design (half-replicate of a 25 design) involving the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) at high pressure to extract oil from peanuts. The outcomes were the solubility of the
The article “Factorial Design for Column Flotation of Phosphate Wastes” (N. Abdel-Khalek, Particulate Science and Technology, 2000:57–70) describes a 23 factorial design to investigate the effect of superficial air velocity (A), frothier concentration (B), and superficial wash water velocity
In a small-disc test a small, disc-shaped portion of a component is loaded until failure. The article “Optimizing the Sensitivity of the Small-Disc Creep Test to Damage and Test Conditions” (M. Evans and D. Wang, J. Strain Analysis, 2007:389–413) presents the results of a factorial experiment
Safety considerations are important in the design of automobiles. The article “An Optimum Design Methodology Development Using a Statistical Technique for Vehicle Occupant Safety” (J. Hong, M. Mun, and S. Song, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:795–801) presents
In a 2p design with one replicate per treatment, it sometimes happens that the observation for one of the treatments is missing, due to experimental error or to some other cause. When this happens, one approach is to replace the missing value with the value that makes the highest-order interaction
The article “An Investigation into the Ball Burnishing of Aluminium Alloy 6061-T6” (M. El-Axir, Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2007:1733–1742) presents the results of a study that investigated the effects of three burnishing factors on the reduction in diameter of the workpiece (in
A metal casting process for the production of turbine blades was studied. Three factors were varied. They were A: the temperature of the metal, B: the temperature of the mold, and C: the pour speed. The outcome was the thickness of the blades, in mm. The results are presented in the following
The article cited in Exercise 4 also investigated the effects of the factors on glucose consumption (in g/L). A single measurement is provided for each combination of factors (in the article, there was some replication). The results are presented in the following table.ABC Glucose Consumption–1
The article “Efficient Pyruvate Production by a Multi-Vitamin Auxotroph of Torulopsis glabrata: Key Role and Optimization of Vitamin Levels” (Y. Li, J. Chen, et al., Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2001:680–685)investigates the effects of the levels of several vitamins in a cell
A chemical reaction was run using two levels each of temperature (A), reagent concentration (B), and pH (C). For each factor, the high level is denoted 1, and the low level is denoted −1. The reaction was run twice for each combination of levels, and the yield (in percent) was recorded. The
An engineering professor wants to determine which subject engineering students find most difficult among statistics, physics, and chemistry. She obtains the final exam grades for four students who took all three courses last semester and who were in the same sections of each class. The results are
You have been given the task of designing a study concerning the lifetimes of five different types of electric motor.The initial question to be addressed is whether there are differences in mean lifetime among the five types. There are 20 motors, four of each type, available for testing. A maximum
The article “Multi-objective Scheduling Problems: Determination of Pruned Pareto Sets” (H. Taboada and D. Coit, IIE Transactions, 2008:552–564) presents examples in a discussion of optimization methods for industrial scheduling and production planning. In one example, seven different jobs
Three different corrosion-resistant coatings are being considered for use on iron pipes. Ten pieces of pipe are marked off in six equal segments. For each pipe, two segments received coating A, two received coating B, and the remaining two received coating C. The pipes were placed in a corrosive
Four lighting methods were used in each of three rooms. For each method and each room, the illuminance (in lux)was measured in three separate occasions, resulting in three replications of the experiment. The only effect of interest is the lighting type; the room is a blocking factor. The following
A study was done to see which of four machines is fastest in performing a certain task. There are three operators; each performs the task twice on each machine. A randomized block design is employed. The MINITAB output follows.Source DF SS MS F P Machine (i) 257.678 (ii) (iii) 0.021 Block (iv)
Recycling newsprint is important in reducing waste. The article “The Influence of Newspaper Aging on Optical Properties of Its De-inked Pulp” (M. Rahmaninia, A. Latibari, et al., Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 2008:35–39) presents the results of an experiment to
The article “Cellulose Acetate Microspheres Prepared by O/W Emulsification and Solvent Evaporation Method” (K.Soppinmath, A. Kulkarni, et al., Journal of Microencapsulation, 2001:811–817) describes a study of the effects of the concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) and dichloromethane
Refer to Exercise 13. It turns out that the measurements of operator 2 were taken in the morning, shortly after the balance had been powered up. A new policy was instituted to leave the balance powered up continuously. The three operators then made two weighings of three different wafers. The
Each of three operators made two weighings of several silicon wafers. Results are presented in the following table for three of the wafers. All the wafers had weights very close to 54 g, so the weights are reported in units of ????g above 54 g. (Based on the article “Revelation of a Microbalance
The article “Use of Taguchi Methods and Multiple Regression Analysis for Optimal Process Development of High Energy Electron Beam Case Hardening of Cast Iron” (M. Jean and Y. Tzeng, Surface Engineering, 2003:150–156)describes a factorial experiment designed to determine factors in a
Refer to Exercise 10. The treatments with a delivery ratio of 1:0 were controls, or blanks. It was discovered after the experiment that the high apparent levels of sorption in these controls were largely due to volatility of the trifluralin.Eliminate the control treatments from the data.a.
The article “Anodic Fenton Treatment of Treflan MTF” (D. Saltmiras and A. Lemley, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2001:261–274) describes a two-factor experiment designed to study the sorption of the herbicide trifluralin. The factors are the initial trifluralin concentration and
Artificial joints consist of a ceramic ball mounted on a taper. The article “Friction in Orthopaedic Zirconia Taper Assemblies” (W. Macdonald, A. Aspenberg, et al., Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2000:685–692) presents data on the coefficient of friction for a push-on
Adding glass particles to clay brick may improve the structural properties of the brick. The article “Effects of Waste Glass Additions on the Properties and Durability of Fired Clay Brick” (S. Chidiac and L. Federico, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2007:1458–1466) describes
The lifetime of a tool was investigated under three settings for feed rate and three settings for speed. Four tools were tested under each combination of settings. The results (in hours) were as follows.Feed Rate Speed Lifetime Light Slow 60.6 57.0 61.4 59.7 Light Medium 57.8 59.4 62.8 58.2 Light
The article “Change in Creep Behavior of Plexiform Bone with Phosphate Ion Treatment” (R. Regimbal, C. DePaula, and N. Guzelsu, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering, 2003:11–25) describes an experiment to study the effects of saline and phosphate ion solutions on mechanical properties of
An experiment was performed to measure the effects of two factors on the ability of cleaning solution to remove oil from cloth. The factors were the fraction of lauric acid and the concentration of soap (in percent) in the solution. The levels of the lauric acid fraction were 5, 10, 20, and 30, and
An experiment to determine the effect of mold temperature on tensile strength involved three different alloys and five different mold temperatures. Four specimens of each alloy were cast at each mold temperature. With mold temperature as the row factor and alloy as the column factor, the sums of
A machine shop has three machines used in precision grinding of cam rollers. Three machinists are employed to grind rollers on the machines. In an experiment to determine whether there are differences in output among the machines or their operators, each operator worked on each machine on four
To assess the effect of piston ring type and oil type on piston ring wear, three types of piston ring and four types of oil were studied. Three replications of an experiment, in which the number of milligrams of material lost from the ring in four hours of running was measured, were carried out for
For some data sets, the F statistic will reject the null hypothesis of no difference in mean yields, but the Tukey–Kramer method will not find any pair of means that can be concluded to differ. For the four sample means given in Exercise 8, assuming a sample size of 4 for each treatment, find a
For some data sets, the F statistic will reject the null hypothesis of no difference in mean yields, but the Tukey–Kramer method will not find any pair of means that can be concluded to differ. For the four sample means given in Exercise 7, assuming a sample size of 5 for each treatment, find a
In an experiment to determine the effect of curing time on the compressive strength of a certain type of concrete, the mean strengths, in MPa, for specimens cured for each of four curing times were X1. = 1316, X2. = 1326, X3. = 1375, and X4. = 1389. Assume that four specimens were cured for each
In an experiment to determine the effect of catalyst on the yield of a certain reaction, the mean yields for reactions run with each of four catalysts were X1. = 89.88, X2. = 89.51, X3. = 86.98, and X4. = 85.79. Assume that five runs were made with each catalyst.a. If MSE = 3.85, compute the value
Refer to Exercise 16 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey–Kramer method to determine which pairs of nail types, if any, differ at the 5% level.
Refer to Exercise 14 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey–Kramer method to determine which pairs of diameters, if any, differ at the 5% level.
Refer to Exercise 9 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey–Kramer method to determine which pairs of plants, if any, differ at the 5% level.
Refer to Exercise 5 in Section 9.1. Use the Tukey–Kramer method to determine which pairs of ages, if any, differ at the 5% level.
The article “Optimum Design of an A-pillar Trim with Rib Structures for Occupant Head Protection” (H. Kim and S.Kang, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:1161–1169) discusses a study in which several types of A-pillars were compared to determine which provided the
The article “Organic Recycling for Soil Quality Conservation in a Sub-Tropical Plateau Region” (K. Chakrabarti, B.Sarkar, et al., J. Agronomy and Crop Science, 2000:137–142) reports an experiment in which soil specimens were treated with six different treatments, with two replicates per
The article “Solid-Phase Chemical Fractionation of Selected Trace Metals in Some Northern Kentucky Soils”(A. Karathanasis and J. Pils, Soil and Sediment Contamination, 2005:293–308) presents pH measurements of soil specimens taken from three different types of soils. The results in the
The article “Withdrawal Strength of Threaded Nails” (D. Rammer, S. Winistorfer, and D. Bender, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2001:442–449) describes an experiment comparing the withdrawal strengths for several types of nails. The data presented in the following table are consistent with
The article “Multi-objective Scheduling Problems: Determination of Pruned Pareto Sets” (H. Taboada and D. Coit, IIE Transactions, 2008:552–564) presents examples in a discussion of optimization methods for industrial scheduling and production planning. In one example, seven different jobs
The article “The Lubrication of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Joints: A Slide Down the Stribeck Curve” (S. Smith, D. Dowson, and A. Goldsmith, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2001:483–493) presents results from wear tests done on metal artificial hip joints. Joints with
An experiment was performed to determine whether the annealing temperature of ductile iron affects its tensile strength. Five specimens were annealed at each of four temperatures. The tensile strength (in ksi) was measured for each. The results are presented in the following table.Temperature
The article “Characterization of Effects of Thermal Property of Aggregate on the Carbon Footprint of Asphalt Industries in China” (A. Jamshidi, K. Kkurumisawa, et al., Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering 2017:118–130) presents the results of measurements of CO2 emissions
Refer to Exercise 10. Is it plausible that the brands of spark plug all have the same mean lifetime?
An experiment to compare the lifetimes of four different brands of spark plug was carried out. Five plugs of each brand were used, and the number of miles until failure was recorded for each. Following is part of the MINITAB output for a one-way ANOVA.One-way Analysis of Variance Analysis of
The article “Experimental and Statistical Investigation of Self-Consolidating Concrete Mixture Constituents for Prestressed Bridge Girder Fabrication” (E. Torres, J. Seo, and R. Lederle, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2017, online) presents measurements of compressive strength (in
The article “Impact of Free Calcium Oxide Content of Fly Ash on Dust and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in a LigniteFired Power Plant” (D. Sotiropoulos, A. Georgakopoulos, and N. Kolovos, Journal of Air and Waste Management, 2005:1042–1049) presents measurements of dust emissions, in mg/m3, for
The article “Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone Oscillates Depending on the Change in Serum Ionized Calcium During Hemodialysis and May Affect Bone Metabolism” (T. Kitahara, K. Ueki, et al., Nephron Clinical Practice, 2005:c9–c17) presents measurements of basal ionized calcium (Ca) levels for
Archaeologists can determine the diets of ancient civilizations by measuring the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in bones found at burial sites. Large amounts of carbon-13 suggest a diet rich in grasses such as maize, while small amounts suggest a diet based on herbaceous plants. The article
The article “Influence of Age on Masonry Bond Strength and Mortar Microstructure” (H. Sugo, A. Page, and S. Lawrence, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2007:1433–1442) investigates the effect of age on tensile strength of mortar. Several specimens of various ages were loaded until
The antibiotic gentamicin sulphate is often blended with acrylic bone cement to help prevent infection following joint replacement surgery. The article “Incorporation of Large Amounts of Gentamicin Sulphate Into Acrylic Bone Cement: Effect on Handling and Mechanical Properties, Antibiotic
The removal of ammoniacal nitrogen is an important aspect of treatment of leachate at landfill sites. The rate of removal (in % per day) is recorded for several days for each of several treatment methods. The results are presented in the following table. (Based on the article “Removal of

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Principles Of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists 2nd International Edition William Navidi - Solutions

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