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statistical sampling to auditing
Using Statistical Methods In Social Science Research 3rd Edition Soleman H. Abu-Bader - Solutions
What statistical test appears to be most appropriate to examine the hypothesis in question 6? Why? What is the alternative test, if any?
What are the independent and dependent variables in question 6 and their levels of measurement?
State a null and a two- tailed research hypothesis for the relationship between gender and marital status.
A ssuming an alpha .05 and a two- tailed p value of .08, would you reject the null hypothesis in question 1? Why?
Based on your answers for questions 2 and 3, what statistical test appears to be most appropriate to examine the hypothesis in question 1? Why? What is the alternative test, if any?
Evaluate the distribution of the dependent variable in question 1 including skewness and kurtosis coefficients.
What are the independent and dependent variables in question 1 and their levels of measurement?
State a null and a one- tailed research hypothesis for the relationship between age and self- perception.
Researchers may use ______________ to examine the relationship between race and overall quality of life while controlling for income.
The statement “there is a significant improvement in students’ statistics scores after completing a tutorial training” is an example of a(n) ______________.
Researchers should reject the null hypothesis when the observed test statistic value falls at or ______________.
______________ occurs when researchers fail to reject a false null hypothesis.
The ______________ examines the association between two ordinal variables.
The Wilcoxon signed ranks test compares the means of two skewed paired observations.a. Trueb. False
Researchers reject the null hypothesis if the test statistic falls below the critical value.a. Trueb. False
Confidence level is the complement of level of significance.a. Trueb. False
A s sample size increases, the standard error of the mean increases.a. Trueb. False
False negative is the probability of rejecting a false hypothesisa. Trueb. False
The z critical value for a positive one- tailed hypothesis and alpha of .0001 is:a. – 3.10b. 3.10c. +2.32d. None of the above is correct.
With alpha set at .01, a two- tailed hypothesis, and a p value of .05, researchers:a. Reject the null hypothesisb. Reject the alternative hypothesisc. Do not reject the null hypothesisd. Not enough information
These factors affect sample size except:a. Effect sizeb. Powerc. Sample selectiond. Alpha
Power is defined as:a. Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is trueb. Rejecting the research hypothesis when it is falsec. Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is falsed. Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false
The following are hypotheses except:a. There is a significant relationship between gender and body mass index.b. There is a significant increase in the number of hours of physical exercise among college students.c. Levels of PTSD significantly decrease after therapy is completed.d. A ll are
Dana participated in the Senior Citizens’ study. Her scores on life satisfaction, self- esteem, and depression were 13, 23, and 30, respectively. What appears to be Dana’s main concern?Explain your answer in detail.
Given the z scores for self- esteem, what percentage of senior citizens will have a self- esteem score between 28 and 34? Explain your answer in detail.
Given the z scores for depression, at approximately what percentile will a senior citizen with a depression score of 12 fall? A score of 22? Explain your answer in detail.
Evaluate the shape of the new distribution in detail. What is your conclusion?
If either one is significantly skewed, what method of transformation would you use to improve their skewness? Use SPSS syntax to run the transformation.
Evaluate the shape of the distributions of self- esteem and depression in detail. What is your conclusion?
The process of converting raw data to another type of data is known as _____________.
A(n) _____________ is a graph that compares an observed distribution with a normal distribution on a diagonal straight line.
A distribution that has a mean of 25 and a median of 28 is _____________.
A _____________ is a distribution with a mean that is not in the center and most scores fall at either end of the curve.
The _____________ implies that the distribution of all mean scores taken from an adequately large number of samples tends to approach a normal curve.
A negative z score must always fall at or below the mean.a. Trueb. False
The results of the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test and Fisher’s skewness may not always be consistent.a. Trueb. False
Pearson’s and Fisher’s skewness coefficients use the same normal range value.a. Trueb. False
The Shapiro- Wilk test measures whether a distribution is too peaked or too flat.a. Trueb. False
Assuming an alpha of .01, a distribution is said to be normal if it has a Fisher’s skewness of – .568 and a standard error of .233.a. Trueb. False
A distribution that is too flat is known as:a. Positively skewedb. Negatively kurtosedc. Platykurticd. Answers b and c are correct.
Researchers may use these to evaluate the shape of a distribution except:a. Normal probability plotsb. Skewness coefficientsc. Z scoresd. All the above are correct.
These are skewed distributions except:a. Mesokurticb. Platykurticc. Leptokurticd. None of the above is correct.
Among the following z scores, which one would fall at the lowest percentile?a. .085b. .850c. – .580d. – .850
The following are properties of a standard normal distribution except:a. Mean = 0b. Median = 1c. Variance = 1d. Standard deviation = ±1
Approximately at what percentile will a 27- year- old participant fall?
Approximately at what age or below will 40% of participants fall? 70%?
C reate a boxplot for age using the SPSS syntax. Write the syntax and discuss what the plot and the descriptive table convey.
C reate a boxplot for self- perception by gender. Discuss what this plot conveys.
Using your answer for question 3, compute the upper and lower reasonable boundaries(RUB and RLB) for self- perception.
What are the quartiles and interquartile range for self- perception?
C ompute the mean deviation for self- perception. Discuss your SPSS steps.
C ompute measures of central tendency and variability for gender, age, marital status, physical health, and total scores for self- perception and life satisfaction. Report only the appropriate measures for each variable.
A boxplot is a useful tool to identify ___________.
The sum of deviation around the mean must always be ___________.
The distance between the 25th and 75th percentile is known as ___________.
A ___________ is a score at or below which a given percentage of cases fall.
The middle score in a distribution is known as the ___________.
A score is considered an outlier if it is greater or less than one and a half times the interquartile range.a. Trueb. False
A standard deviation must always be positive value.a. Trueb. False
A distribution may have one mode, two modes, or multiple modes.a. Trueb. False
Standard deviation is the square root of the sum of square deviations around the mean.a. Trueb. False
A distribution may have multiple medians.a. Trueb. False
These are components of a boxplot except:a. Minimum and maximum scoresb. Mean scorec. Quartilesd. All are components of a boxplot
Mathematically, the variance is defined as:a. The average of the sum of the absolute values of deviations around the meanb. The average of the sum of the deviations around the meanc. The average of the sum of squared deviation around the meand. The average of the sum of scores of a distribution
The statement “the percentage of cases scored at or below a given score” refers to:a. Quartilesb. Percentilec. Percentile rankd. None of the above
The median and mode in this distribution (10, 12, 14, 6, 8, 12, 8, 10, 12, 16) are:a. 10 and 8, respectivelyb. 12 and 10, respectivelyc. 11 and 12, respectivelyd. 10 and 12, respectively
The following are measures of central tendency except:a. Meanb. Mean deviationc. Mediand. Mode
Create a frequency polygon and a cumulative frequency polygon for age. What is the main difference between the two graphs?
Create a stem- and- leaf plot for self- esteem. What information does it convey?
What information does it convey?
Create a class- interval frequency distribution table of 5- unit width for self- perception.Begin with a score of
From the variables in question 1, choose one categorical variable and one continuous variable, and display their frequencies in a bar graph and a histogram according to their level of measurement. What information do these graphs convey?
Run frequency tables for age, gender, marital status, and physical health. What information do these tables tell you about the sample’s characteristics?
A frequency polygon is a line graph connecting the of groups _____________ of scores or class intervals.
A stem- and- leaf plot is only available through the _____________ commands.
A(n) _____________ is an arrangement of scores from low to high.
The sum of all frequencies at and below a given score in a study is known as _____________.
A(n)_____________ is an arrangement of values that shows the frequency/ percentage for a given score in a distribution.
In the SPSS main toolbar, the Transform- Compute commands are used to regroup raw scores into class intervals/ exact- limits intervals.a. Trueb. False
A bar graph is to categorical data as an ogive is to continuous data.a. Trueb. False
Except for their limits, exact- limits and class- interval frequency distributions convey same information about the specific variable.a. Trueb. False
Descriptive statistics are used to generalize the study results to the general population.a. Trueb. False
A cumulative frequency polygon displays the frequency for nominal data.a. Trueb. False
A stem- and- leaf plot shows the following information except:a. Raw scoresb. Class- interval scoresc. Cumulative frequenciesd. Shape of the distribution
The height of a bar in a histogram or a bar graph conveys:a. Frequency of scoresb. Percentage of scoresc. Shape of scoresd. Either a or b is correct
Which of these graphs can be used to display categorical data?a. Ogive graphb. Histogramc. Bar graphd. Stem- and- leaf plot
A cumulative percentage (cf) for Xi is calculated by:a. Dividing f(Xi) by Nb. Dividing f(Xi) by the cf(Xi)c. Dividing cf(Xi) by Nd. Not enough information
A frequency distribution table conveys the frequencies and percentages for these variables except:a. Nominalb. Ordinalc. Scaled. All of the above
K uder- Richardson 20 is used to assess reliability among ________________ items.
Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient assesses a scale’s ________________.
________________ is the process to ensure that all scale items have the same direction.
In SPSS language, this “frequency age/ statistics = mean, median, mode, sum.” is known as a(n) ________________.
The ________________ provides a pull- down menu to all buttons and functions in the SPSS program.
Defining “Missing Values” must be done prior to data entry in SPSS.a. Trueb. False
Variable names, labels, and value categories can be created in the SPSS Data View tab.a. Trueb. False
“$alary” can be used as a SPSS variable name.a. Trueb. False
K uder- Richardson 20 reliability coefficient is used with continuous data.a. Trueb. False
Variable names and variable labels follow the same SPSS guideline.a. Trueb. False
A working codebook can be generated under which of the following SPSS menu?a. Fileb. Datac. Transformd. Analyze
The correlation coefficients between a 20- item Likert scale measuring depression are known as:a. K uder- Richardson 20 reliability coefficientb. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficientc. Inter- item correlation coefficientd. Total- scale correlation coefficient
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